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Common Archery Activities | Types of Equipment
Archery Costs | Parts of a Bow and Arrow
Archery Rules: Safety & General | 9 Steps to the 10-Ring

WELCOME TO ARCHERY!
Archery can be enjoyed many different ways, and with many different types of equipment. It can become a lifetime sport for you where strong friendships are made. Here's a brief summary of some of the most common types of archery activities in which you might choose to participate. In most cases, there are national organizations for each activity ready to give you more information and help you get involved. Links to their websites are included. Special thanks to the National Archery Association for providing these summaries.

Common Archery Activities

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TARGET: The most commonly practiced form of archery are target tournaments and are held both indoors and outdoors. The archers shoot from a line which runs parallel to and is a designated distance from the target faces. Targets are comprised of multi-colored concentric circles which each have point values. A shot in the innermost circle scores the highest point value (usually 10), while a shot in the outermost circle scores the fewest (usually one). No points are awarded for a shot that misses the target. Target divisions include the recurve (Olympic) bow, compound bow and barebow. Events at the Olympic Games are in the outdoor target discipline, using the recurve (Olympic) bow only, and are shot at a single common distance, 70 meters (230 feet).

FLIGHT: Shooting for distance is the objective of Flight archery. Two types of arrows, regular flight and broadhead flight (arrows with cutting heads, suitable for hunting), are used and can be combined with many types of bows: standard recurve and compound bows, crossbows, flight bows that have an extended handle and a large overdraw, "primitive" bows and the "footbow". Records are kept for each combination of bow, arrow and shooter class sanctioned by the NAA's Flight Committee. In a flight tournament, each archer shoots four ends of six arrows. Each end may be in a different class. A different bow can be used for each class or the archer may shoot the same bow for all four classes. Note that the world's record for the footbow is over a mile!

CLOUT: A rarely practiced discipline, most archers take part in clout archery only for fun. Basically, it is a test of trajectory skill, the same talent used in the lighting of the flame at the 1992 Summer Olympic Opening Ceremonies. In clout archery, the target (15 meters in diameter) consists of five concentric circular scoring zones on the ground, which are outlined on the ground. The innermost circle is worth five points, and scores decrease to one point in the outermost circle. Each archer shoots 36 arrows at the target, 165 meters away for men and 125 for women.

SKI-ARCHERY (aka Ski-Arc): A relatively new discipline, Ski-Archery combines archery with cross country skiing. It is performed much like the Olympic Biathlon, which features rifle shooting instead of archery. Bows are carried in a special backpack by the archers while they are skiing. The course is 12 kilometers long for the men and eight for the women. One end of four arrows is shot every four kilometers, and, in one of those ends, the archer shoots from a kneeling position.

Targets are 16 centimeters in diameter and are positioned 18 meters from the shooter. Each shot is either a hit or a miss. For every target missed, the archer must ski a 350 meter penalty circuit before leaving the target site. The first athlete to complete the course is the winner.

ARCATHLON: A summer arcathlon event is a combination of target archery shooting and running, a challenging experience. The athlete is required to run a course and stop at prescribed points to shoot at fixed targets. The typical course is between 5 and 12 km. Athletes make three shooting stops, shooting four arrows at each. The typical event consists of a one-mile run followed by four arrows shot from a standing position, then another one-mile run followed by four arrows shot from the kneeling position, then another one-mile run followed by four arrows shot from the standing position. Bows are normally stored at the shooting range, but competitors have the option of carrying them. Targets are 16 centimeters in diameter and are positioned 18 meters from the shooter.

CROSSBOW: Crossbow events are held in target (indoor and outdoor) and clout. Outdoor target events are shot at a 60-cm, 10-ring multi-colored target face. Indoor rounds are shot at a 40-cm, 10-ring target face. In the clout round, six ends of six arrows are shot from 165 meters at a 48-ft diameter target on the ground.

For more information visit:
National Archery Association Web Site
Stick Bow Web Site

3-D ARCHERY: Targets in 3-D events are lifesize replicas of a variety of wildlife. These events combine the skills of determining distance to the target, determining what part of the target to hit and the actual shot. The majority of these events are outdoor, but several indoor tournaments exist. Most archers who compete in these events use a compound bow. Archers competing in the typical 3-D tournament walk a course and shoot 40 arrows at 40 different targets. The tournament is usually held over either one or two days.

For more information visit:
International Bowhunting Association
Archery Shooter's Association

FIELD: A challenging outdoor discipline in which the archer takes on the terrain along with the target, field archery has widespread participation. A course is set up with 24 targets which are marked with the distance to the shooting line. The distances to another 24 targets remain unmarked. Three arrows are shot on each target for a total of 144. The targets are placed with such difficulty that the shots do not resemble target archery. Many of the shots are made uphill or downhill and require consideration for obstacles. Field events are held for the recurve (Olympic) bow, compound bow and barebow divisions.
For more information visit:
National Field Archery Association

To find a facility, visit: www.wheretoshoot.org

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Types of Equipment

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Olympic, or Recurve: The only type of bow allowed in Olympic competition, as yet. Its limbs curve away from the archer. This is the direct descendant of the bows of antiquity, differing only in the materials used and refinements. The force required to pull an Olympic bow increases directly with the distance pulled.

Compound: This bow uses cams and cables to make the holding weight less than half of the draw weight. These bows are favored by bowhunters because of their greater accuracy, flatter arrow trajectory and their ease of use.

Beginners are often referred to the Olympic bow to start with, because it is deemed more difficult to master. The force required to hold the bow while aiming is considerable, sometimes requiring an archer to "let down" the bow without firing in order to rest the back and arm muscles. Mastery of the Olympic bow results in better muscle tone and overall archery habits; once that is accomplished the Compound bow represents a leap forward in accuracy and force. Also, a Compound bow is built for a particular draw length, which may not be easily changed. Growing bodies will grow out of compound bows swiftly in the teen years.

Barebow: This is a recurve bow without a mechanical sight or stabilizers. There are two types in use: the primitive, or traditional, longbow, made of wood with no arrow rest or other acoutrements, and the modern longbow, which may use other materials and have a simple arrow rest. These are used in traditional archery events, as well as target, 3-D and other disciplines.

Crossbow: A short bow mounted horizontally at the end of a stock that is similar to a rifle stock. The bow must be cocked before use, an arrow (or quarrel) inserted and the string released with a finger trigger, just as with a rifle.

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Archery Costs

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How much does it cost to get started in archery? It all depends on what kind of archery you want to do, and whether you start off with used equipment, renting equipment from an archery dealer, or buying new equipment right away. In general, here's some guidelines on what you might to pay. Check out the Archery Manufacturers and Merchants Organization for a list of archery dealers near you:

Beginners' Level: Equipment can be rented for approximately $3. Used beginners' equipment (bow, arrows), can be bought for less than $100. Beginners' equipment (new) can be bought for about $100. Basically, archery is like golf when it comes to equipment - if you want to go out and buy top of-the-line equipment at the start, you can spend up to $1,500 or more.

Competitive Level: Equipment (bow, arrow, sights & other accessories) can range from $800 to $1,500., or more.

Coaching Costs: The cost of coaching varies upon the circumstances. Many coaches work on a volunteer basis. For youth under the age of 18, the NAA supports JOAD programs where they may have good basic coaching and intra-club, even national, tournaments for nominal fees.

Range Fees: Let's not forget the commercial enterprises that support the sport on a local level. Range fees for indoor ranges vary from $5 per day to as much as $7 per hour, depending on local costs. Outdoor (and some indoor) ranges are run by clubs or local government agencies, like park and recreation districts. All generally have a nominal, annual fee for the use of the facilities.

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Parts of a Bow and Arrow

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The Recurve Bow: Bow handles (risers) are made of aluminum alloys and are machined for a combination of strength and lightness. Some bow handles are made of a magnesium and aluminum mixture which is heated to liquid form and poured into a mold. Once cooled, it is cleaned, final machined and painted. Some lower cost, childrens bows have wood risers, as do some rather expensive, hand made bows.

Bow limbs are generally constructed of man-made materials, such as fiberglass, carbon and syntatic foam. The limbs store the energy of the draw and release it to the arrow. The string and the limbs are commonly removed from the riser when the bow is not in use, allowing for easy storage of the "knocked-down" bow.

Bows have stabilizers to reduce torque (twisting) in the arrows upon release. They also have sights to aid in aiming and rests to help align the shot.

Most bow strings are made of either "Fast Flight", a hydrocarbon product that also has medical and other uses, or "Kevlar", the material used to make bullet-proof vests. The important point to be made about the string is that it must not stretch under normal environmental conditions, as that would change the bows pull weight and make consistency impossible. A layer of string material called the serving is placed where the arrow is nocked to snugly match the notch on the arrow, and a small ring is permanently placed on the serving to mark where the arrow rests when nocked. A small button, called the kisser button, is often used to assure that the back end of the arrow is always pulled back to the proper, repeatable anchor point. When properly drawn, the kisser button rests right between the lips.

An arrow is pulled back to the anchor point using the middle three fingers of the draw hand. These fingers are often covered with a glove or a leather "tab" which protects the fingers. A tab may have a metal shelf built in so that the two fingers on either side of the arrow do not squeeze it.

On Olympic bows a clicker is a small, spring-loaded lever that is held out away from its resting point by the arrow. When the arrow is drawn back to exactly the same point each time, the clicker slips past the tip of the arrow, producing an audible "click", which tells the archer he has the arrow at the same, repeatable release point. This causes close to the same amount of tension to be used on every shot, so the arrow flight is the same.

A sight allows the archer, when the arrow is properly drawn, to line the bow up with the center of the target by eye. The sight generally has adjustments in up-down and left-right dimensions with caliper-style read outs so that ageing equipment, weather, temperature and distance to the target may be accommodated. Olympic archery allows for sights which do not have lenses or electronics associated with them.

Arm guards and chest protectors protect the skin from string burn, as well as provide a low-resistance surface that the string may skim over easily upon release. A pair of binoculars or a sighting scope allows the archer to see the arrows in the target, and thereby make corrections to the sight as required. A quiver to hold arrows and other periphernalia completes the archer's accessories. The NAA, in accordance with FITA rules, has established a dress code that is used at all NAA tournaments; this accounts for the "whites" look of the competitors.

The Compound Bow: The Compound bow, unlike the Olympic bow, is never knocked-down between uses. The great tension preset into the lambs can only safely be countered when the bow is couched in piece of equipment called a bow press. The cams are synchronized when this is done, and are held in place by the tension. Compound bow cases must be able to accommodate the entire bow. Because the Compound bow's forte is accuracy, equipment which increases the accuracy is deemed fair for compound use while it is not for Olympic archery. The site may include electronics and/or lenses to increase accuracy, and a release, rather than fingers, may be used. A release is a mechanical "finger" that grips the string and releases it when the trigger is pressed by the draw hand.

The Arrow: Arrows in the recurve (Olympic) bow events can travel in excess of 150 miles per hour, while compound arrows can fly in excess of 225 miles per hour. The shafts are made of either aluminum or aluminum with carbon fibers. Aluminum arrows are more uniform in weight and shape, while carbon arrows fly faster and provide less cross-wind resistance, and are therefore more useful in long distance outdoor archery.

The business end of the arrow is weighted and tipped with a target point, designed to penetrate but a short distance in the target butt. Hunting arrows, of course, use a different, extremely sharp cutting point called a field point. All NAA sanctioned events use only target points, except for certain Flight archery events.

The other end features a nocking point, a plastic cap glued or otherwise attached to the end of the arrow. Its fingers grip the string until flung loose, and it provides a protection for the shaft by deflecting hits from later incoming arrows. This generally destoys the nock, but leaves the arrow reusable. Sometimes, of course, the aim is too perfect to deflect; the resulting "Robin-Hood" is both spectacular and expensive, as both arrows are usually destroyed.

On the shaft itself fletchings are glued to stabilize the arrow's flight. Sometimes they are glued in such a way as to cause the shaft to spin around its long dimension, further stabilizing its flight at a cost to its flat trajectory. The fletchings are generally three in number, one of which (the index feather) has a different color than the other two. The nock is installed gripping the string perpendicular to the odd fletch, so that it's friends both brush the riser equally, minimally disturbing the arrow's flight.

Fletchings may be plastic "feathers" or solid vanes, in a variety of shapes, lengths and, of course, colors.

Markings, called crests, may be drawn on the arrows at the owner's discretion. However, the NAA requires that all arrows be marked with the owner's initials so that they can be unequivically identified while embedded in the target.

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All of the information on archery listed to this point is copyrighted (c) 1997-1999 by the National Archery Association

Archery Safety Rules

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1. The use of any archery equipment by a minor should be closely supervised by a knowledgeable adult.
2. Prior to using new equipment, read the manufacturer's instructions or obtain instructions from a qualified dealer or authority.
3. Prior to each hunt, competition or practice session, inspect your equipment for signs of wear or damage, such as but not limited to the following:
   1. Frayed bow string.
   2. Loose nuts, screws or associated brackets.
   3. Any cracks or dents that may effect performance.
   4. Inspect arrows for any signs of cracks in either the shaft or nock.
      1. If the arrow shaft is cracked or badly bent, throw it away immediately.
      2. If a nock is cracked or fits the string poorly, replace it.
4. Consult the owner's manual when making adjustments and changes to equipment. Any change or adjustment not covered in the owner's manual should be referred to a qualified dealer or an individual trained in service and repair.
5. Never shoot arrows straight up into the air. Distance shooting should only be done on ranges designed for that sport.
6. Use the same common sense rules that apply to firearms:
   1. Never take "sound" shots. Be sure of what you are shooting at before you release an arrow.
   2. Never point or aim a drawn bow at another person.
   3. Never shoot at a target or object until you:
      1. Are sure that it is capable of stopping your arrows.
      2. Are sure the area behind and around the target is clear of living creatures and objects that could be endangered.
   4. Never pull back and release a bow string without an arrow attached. This is called "dry firing" a bow and each time it occurs you significantly reduce the life expectancy of your bow and may cause immediate damage to both the bow and yourself.
   5. Use of safety glasses is recommended when working with or around mechanical devices and when shooting firearms. The bow and arrow is in this category and good eye protection makes good sense.

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General Rules

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1. Be sure that your bow and arrows are properly matched to each other. Shooting too light of an arrow in either weight or stiffness can damage your equipment and will result in erratic and inconsistent performance.
2. Your bow should be matched to your physical ability and stature, i.e.:
   1. You should not have to struggle to draw the bow back, so peak draw weight should be correct for you.
   2. The draw length should be matched to you. You should not feel awkward at full draw.
3. Be sure arrows are of the correct length and stiffness for your bow.
4. Use only accessories that are compatible with your bow in that they do not interfere with its proper operation.
5. Never shoot hunting arrows in residential areas. Hunting arrows should only be shot on ranges designed for that purpose or under actual hunting conditions.
6. When shooting hunting arrows, be sure to account for all your arrows. Hunting arrows are usually sharp and could be dangerous if encountered unexpectedly.
7. Hunting arrows should have their sharp edges covered with a protective hood to safeguard both equipment and user. Always use covers on your broadheads when not in use.
8. When practicing with any archery equipment never allow anyone to retrieve arrows until all arrows have been shot.

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9 Steps to the 10-Ring

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1. STANCE: Place one foot on each side of the shooting line. Find a comfortable balanced stance with your feet shoulder-width apart. Stand straight and tall, with your head up and your shoulders down and relaxed.
2. NOCK: Place the arrow on the arrow rest, holding the arrow close to the nock. Keep the index fletching pointing away from the bow. Snap the nock of the arrow onto the bowstring under the nock locator.
3. SET: Set your bow hand on the grip using only the web and meaty part of your thumb. Your bow hand should be relaxed throughout the entire shot. Set the first groove of your first 3 fingers around the bowstring creating a hook. Keep the back of your drawing hand relaxed.
4. PRE-DRAW: Raise your bow arm towards the target, without raising your shoulder. Look at the target through the sight ring, and line up the bow string with the center of the bow. Rotate your bow arm elbow under. The elbow of your drawing arms should be near the level of your nose.
5. DRAW: Draw the bow back by rotating your draw arm shoulder around until your elbow is directly behind the arrow. Continue looking at the target through the sight ring, and keep the string lined up with the center of the bow as you draw. Maintain a continuous drawing motion throughout the shot.
6. ANCHOR: Draw the string to the front of your chin, placing the knuckle of your index finger directly under the side of your jaw (first finger to the point of your smile). The string and string hand should be felt firmly against your jawbone. Lightly touch the string to the center of your nose. Continue to draw the bow smoothly, without stopping.
7. AIM: Focus your eyes and your concentration on the center of the target, looking through the sight ring. Keep the string lined up with the center of the bow. Continue your gradual draw.
8. RELEASE: Simply release all the tension in your fingers and drawing hand, all at once, while you continue to draw the bow without stopping. Continue extending the bow arm towards the target as you release. Continue focusing on the target.
9. FOLLOW-THROUGH: Drawing hand continues back beside neck with fingers relaxed, ending up near shoulder. Bow arm continues extension towards the target. Continue focusing on the target. Keep your follow-through until the arrow hits the target.

[곰발바닥(고병주)]

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[소담이[張世佑]]

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[Stickbow]

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