스크랩 영문 번역 요령

[돌쇠(권총)]

1 LESSON 주어나 목적어로 번역해야 하는 소유격

주어나 목저어로 번역해야 하는 소유격 한국어에서 『Tom이 등자하자』라는 식의 「문장」으로 표현하는 것을, 영어에서는 『Tom의 등장이』라는 식의 「명사」로 표현한다. 다시 말해서, 영문의 명사를 한국어로 옮길 때 기계적인 명사번역을 하지 말고, 문장을 읽어내도록 하라는 것이다. 이때, 「누가」「무엇이」라는 식으로 주어에 해당하는 부분에 명사나 대명사의 소유격이 쓰이는 경우가 종종 있다. 물론, 소유격이 단순히 소유, 소속을 나타내는 경우도 많지만, 어쨌든, 소유격이 다음에 오는 명사에 대해 내용적으로 어떤 관계에 있는지 확인해 볼 필요가 있다는 것이다. 아울러 알아두어야 할 것은 「명사/대명사의 소유격」혹은 「of+명사」가 목적격 관계를 나타내는 일이 있으며, 단순히「~의」로 처리하게 되면 의미가 불분명해질 수가 있다는 것이다. 이 두 가지의 격(case)은 형태는 다르지만 번역상의 발상을 마찬가지이기 때문에 하나의 항목으로 묶었다. 주어를 나타내는 경우와의 구별은 문맥으로 판단하는 것 외에는 방법이 없다.

(1) 주어를 나타내는 소유격(명사)

예를 들어서, The dog's attempts to climb the tree after the cat came to

nothing. 이라는 문장에서 dog's의 소유격은 attempts에 대해 주격관계에 있다.

즉, 「개가 시도한」것이다. 여기서는 우선, 「명사의 소유격」인 경우를 연습해 보

기로 하자.

1. George wallace's threat to resign was genuine.

2. So affected was Joe by Ricky's sudden appearance that other ghosts of the bygone war began to haunt him.

3. Garnet's irritability was such that he did not even reply.

(1) 주어를 나타내는 소유격(대명사)

명사의 경우와 마찬가지로, 대명사에 있어서도 소유격이 주어를 나타내는 경우는 종종 있다. 예를 들어 His inattention should have made his partner lose, too. 라는 문장에서 his inattention을 He was inattentive.라고 독해하여 즉,「그는 자신이 부주의한 탓에」라고 번역을 해보자.

4. She sighed, "his death has given us both freedom".

5. It struck him suddenly that Davidson knew of his visit to the governor and of its ill success.

6. My belief is he was happier here than anywhere.

(3) 동명사의 의미상의 주어

일반적인 문법 설명서에 있듯이 동명사의 앞에 오는 소유격은 그 동명사의 의미상의 주어이다. 지금까지 우리가 해온 것은 명사를 마치 동명사로 생각하는 연습을 해 온 것이다.

7. "There's no use in your staying up." jimmy said to her. "why don't you go to bed?"

8. Edgar didn't like the idea of my driving about alone.

9. I suppose she was afraid of your catching her here. At any rate she changed color, and left the room.

(4) of + 명사(주격관계)

of+명사」의 형태가 주격관계를 나타내는 경우가 있다. 「of+명사」는 문법적으로는 소유격의 범주에 속하지 않으나, 한국어로 말할 때는「~의」에 해당하는

표현이기 때문에 여기서 연습해 두는 것이 좋을 것이다.

10. The success of his first novel won him over to letters.

11. His eyes were dazzled from the darkness by the lights inside : he heard but he could hardly see the advance of Cranbin.

12. The belt showed, by the worn shiny places opposite each hole, the gradual increase of Billy's middle over a period of years.

(5) of + 명사(목적격관계)

of+명사가 목적격을 나타내는 경우는 대단히 많기 때문에 그 처리법을 익혀두면 유용하다. 예를 들어서, He succeeded in recovery of the stolen bag. 라는 문장이 있으면, 「그는 도난당한 가방을 성공적으로 되찾았다」라는 식이다.

13. I have just made a discovery of the highest importance and one which would have been overlooked had I not made a careful examination of the walls.

14. Though he continued writing novels, he concentrated more and more on the propagating of the ideas.

15. After the assassination of the king and queen, many of the crown jewels, which had fallen into the hands of mob, found their way to paris.

16. Mrs. Bird was always going on about Paddington's fondness for marmalade, but it was noticeable she was never without a spare jar in the larder in case of emergency

17. He had caught cold playing golf, it had gone to his chest, and he had had a cough that he couldn't shake off. He had always been strong and healthy, and had no opinion of doctors : but at last at his wife's persuasion he had consented to see one.

18. It was on a rainy day about a week after Pollyanna's visit to Mr. John Pendleton that Miss Polly was driven by Timothy's to an early afternoon committee meeting of the Ladies' Aid Society. When she returned ay three o'clock her cheeks were bright, pretty pink, and her hair, blown by the damp wind, had fluffed into kinks and curls wherever the loosened pins had given leave.

19. The five kittens were resolutely anti-social and fled at my approach.

An occasional paw or tail could be seen through the chinks of the logs, but these remained unresponsive.

20. I had a hard time, Jane, and shed a good many bitter tears over my failures : for in spite of my efforts, I never seemed to get on. Then your father came and I was so happy that I found it easy to be good.

21. Between the Macphails and Davidsons, there had arisen the intimacy of shipboard. Their chief tie was their disapproval they shared of the men who spent their days and nights. in the smoking-room playing poker or bridge and drinking.

22. "It's no good my saying one swallow doesn't make a summer, my son doesn't see that it was just a fluke, he thinks the whole thing was due to his own cleverness. It may ruin him."

23. That night I told Anna Luise of my encounter with Mr. Kips. "You can't get away from them," she said. "Fist Mr. Steiner and then Mr. Kips." "Mr. Kips's business had nothing to do with your father. In fact, he asked me not to mention our meeting if I saw your father."

LESSON 2 부사적으로 번역하는 무생물 주어

무생물 주어의 구문은 영어와 한국어에 있어서 표현이나 발상의 차이가 가장 현저하게 나타나는 구문중의 하나이다. 가장 전형적인 형태는 무생물(추상명사이기 쉽다)이 주어가 되어 있고, 이 무생물 주어가 사람을 목적어로 취하며 타동사로 연결되는 형태이다. 이 구문을 처리하기 위한 원칙으로는 우선 「무생물 주어」의 명사(구)를 부사절로 읽는다(이유를 나타내는 부사절일 경우가 많다). 그리고 다음으로 원문에서 목적어로 되어있는 사람을 주어로 보고 그 사람의 입장에서 상황을 파악한다(자동사적인 표현이 되는 경우가 많다).

예를 들어 Lesson 1의 “of+명사”의 항목에서 The success of his first novel won him over to letters.라는 예문을 들었다. The success of his first novel이 주어, him이 목적어, 그리고 두 문장은 win이라고 하는 타동사로 연결되어 있다. 이것을 우리는 「처음으로 쓴 소설이 성공하여 그는 문학의 길을 걷기로 결심을 굳혔다」라고 번역했다.

(1) 동사가 내포되어 있는 경우

무생물로서 주어된 명사 자체에 이미 동사의 개념이 포함되어 있는 경우, 문장으로 풀어 읽는 것은 비교적 간단하다. 앞 페이지에서 말한 원칙에 따라 처리 하면 된다.

1. Her conversation with the Davidsons had left her a little uneasy.

2. One glance at her pale, frightened face showed him that she had heard what had passed.

3. "The long applause made me nervous," Mr. Scarrow told me years later.

(2) 동사를 보충해 주어야 하는 경우

무생물 주어에 동사의 개념이 포함되어 있지 않아도 동사를 보충한다는 생각에 입각하여 대원칙을 응용하는 경우도 많다. 예를 들어 Diligence made him rich. 라는 경우에서처럼 주어가 추상명사의 경우 「근면했기 때문에 그는 부자가 된 것이다. 」라고 해석할 수 있다. 또 This road will lead you to the station. 과 같은 경우 주어가 되는 사람의 입장에서 상황전체를 다시 파악하여 「이 길로 가면 역이 나온다.」라고 동사를 보충해 준다.

4. Inexperience and foolhardiness cost him his life.

5. He looked far from well. The cure at New Haven had not done him the good he expected, and his subsequent wanderings had exhausted him.

6. Mary's face clouded at the word "beauty." Just the word alone seemed an implied criticism of her own looks.

7. Anne looked on the second shelf of the pantry. but could not find the bottle there. Search revealed it away on top shelf. anne put it on the table with a tumbler. "Now, please help yourself, Diana," she said politely.

8. On the door, thoughtfully placed, is a small white card, on which is printed in uneven capitals : HAVE YOU SWITCHED OF THE LIGHT? The missing F tweaks at my schoolmistress's sensibilities so severely that I itch to be alone in the hall one day, when I shall give myself the exquisite satisfaction of adding the F.

9. Discreet questioning of Joseph, later in the morning, revealed that the state of his home affairs was even worse than suspected. The candle does go out, Joseph is too terrified to get out of bed, so wets it, and Arthur Coggs on his return from the pub shows his fatherly disapproval what by Joe calls "a good hiding with his belt."

10. We emerged into the grey London twilight with our eyes swollen. We had tea, and drove back in a pleasantly nostalgic atmosphere of ancient memories shared. It was good of Amy to take me out. A day away from Fairacre refreshed me enormously.

11. “Monsieur Poirot." Poirot got hastily to his feet. He had remained sitting out on the terrace alone after everyone else had left. Lost in meditation he had been staring at the smooth shiny black rocks when the sound of his

name recalled him to himself.

12. Near the bank there stood what I was lusting for-a row of neat little white houses on the green meadow by the river, and a small office and lunch room with a sign on the roadside that bore the welcome words "Open" and "Vacancy." I swung Rocinante off the road and opened the cab door to let Charley out. The afternoon light made mirrors of the windows of the office and lunch room.

3. LESSON 번역을 생략해도 좋은 인칭대명사 .

영어의 경우, 한국어에 비해서 인칭대명사를 쓰는 빈도가 훨씬 높다. 그렇지만 이것을 곧이곧대로 번역을 하게 되면 무슨 말인지 파악하기가 어려울 때가 많다.「없앨 수 있는 것은 번역문에서 삭제 한다」는 것을 원칙으로 인칭대명사의 처리를 어떻게 해야 할지 연습해 보자. 또 명사의 반복을 피하기 위해 사용되는 지시대명사, 부정대명사 등의 처리에 있어서도 마찬가지이다.

(1) 인칭대명사

이론을 말하기 시작하면 수도 없이 많이 있겠지만, 실천적인 원칙은 극히 간단명료하다. 의미만 제대로 통한다면 「인칭대명사는 번역을 생략 한다」는 것이 철칙이다. 인칭대명사를 모두 번역한 문장과 될 수 있는 한 생략한 문장을 비교해 보게 되면 어느 쪽이 읽기 쉽고 깨끗한 문장인지 금방 알 수 있을 것이다.

1. I was on my way home with my baby in my arms.

2. "Have you done your homework?" "Sure, I did. with my mother's help, of course."

3. You went down side streets by the harbor, in the darkness, across a rickety bridge, till you came to a deserted road, all ruts and holes, and then suddenly you came out into the light.

(2) 명사의 반복을 피하는 that, one

해석의 원칙은 인칭대명사와 마찬가지로 하여튼 생략할 수 있는 것은 생략한다. 그렇지 않으면 원래의 명사를 반복해서 옮긴다. 원채의 명사를 반복한다는 이 방법은 인칭대명사에도 응용할 수 있다. 인칭대명사를 표면에 내지 않으면 의미에 혼란이 생기는 경우, 단순히 「그」라던가 「그녀」라고 번역하기 보다는 원래의 고유명사로 번역하던가, 혹은 예를 들어서 「경관」이라던가 「비서」라던가 최소한 「그 남자」나「상대여성」이라고 하는 편이 한국어다운 한국어가 될 수 있다.

4. Lena was going to stay with friends on the ltalian Riviera and Frank saw her off by the same train as that by which she had arrived.

5. Leamas was not a reflective man and not a particularly philosophical one.

6. This Seattle had no relation to the one I remembered.

7. Ashenden looked once more at the time. He was very tired. He sat

now not even trying to read, his mind blank.

8. Though not amusing, Gray was so good-humored and so easily pleased that it was impossible not to like him. He was the kind of man with whom one would have hesitated to pass a lonely evening, but with whom one might cheerfully have looked forward to spending, six months.

9. The more I reflected the more certain it seemed that the future had in store for us only horrible, evil things. The thought filled me with such nameless fears that I felt almost incapable of going on living. The strength left my fingers, and I dropped my knitting needles on my lap. A great sigh shook me. With my eyes still shut, I lifted my head. Before I knew what I was doing, I had cried, "Mother!"

10. Although Ernest liked to watch movies in his living room in cuba, the only ones he went to see in New York were those based upon his books and stories.

11. He strolled across the park in an unusually thoughtful mood. He purposely chose to approach the house from the same direction as that from which he had come on the fateful Thursday night, and looked up at the window, cudgeling his brains to make sure of the one where he had seen the light.

12. When she left England the lawyer had patted her hand. "Now you've got nothing to worry about, my dear," he said, "except to get back your health and strength. You're a young woman and a very pretty one, and I have no doubt you'll marry again. But don't marry for love next time ; it's a mistake ; marry for position and companionship."

LESSON 4 관계대명사의 번역이 왜 어려운가

한국어에는 원래 관계대명사에 해당하는 품사는 없다. 번역을 조금이라도 해 본 적이 있는 사람이면 관계대명사가 들어가 있는 문장의 해석이 얼마나 어려운지 알 것이다. 그런 만큼 관계대명사가 있는 문자를 한국어다운 한국어로 번역하기 위해서는 나름대로의 연구가 필요하다. 여기서는 번역을 위해서 1. 「접속사를 보충한다」, 2.「일단 자른다」, 3.「분해한다」, 4.「해체 한다」라는 4개의 방법으로 나누어서 생각해 보기로 하자.

관계대명사는 접속사와 대명사의 역할을 하는 것이다. 그래서 관계대명사가 이끄는 형용사절을 번역할 경우, 그대로 명사 앞에 붙이는 것이 아니라 관계대명사에 포함된 접속사를 표면에 내세우고, 다음에 대명사를 보충하여 전체를 부사절로 바꿔 번역한다. 혹은 and나 but 등으로 연결하는 연습을 해보자.

1. A man who recognizes no higher logic than that of the dollar may become a rich man, yet remains a poor creature all his life.

2. "What did you think of Tim Hardy?" I was a little surprised at the sudden question, which seemed to have nothing to do with the subject of our conversation.

3. Their daughter was expected home that day from boarding school, where an outbreak of measles had brought the term to an early conclusion.

관계대명사 부분을 뒤로부터 해석했는데 좀 어색한 경우 일단 끊는 방법이 있다. 예를 들어서 We were much influenced by the young teacher, who, in his last class, advised us to be always true to our own feelings. 라는 문장에서, 관계대명사 뒤의 문장을 그대로 번역하게 되면 정리가 안 될 뿐만 아니라 원문의 뉘앙스와 미묘하게 다른 번역문이 된다. 역시 「~ 영향을 받았다. 그 선생은 마지막 수업 시~ 」라는 식으로 일단 잘라야만 할 것이다. 특히 관계대명사 앞에 전치사가 있을 경우 일단 끊어서 해석하는 것 외에는 방법이 없는 경우가 적지 않다.

4. They were staying in the same hotel and were treated by the same doctor who used them with the same ruthlessness.

5. The spot that entraced him was a pool a mile or two away from Apia to which in the evening he often went to bathe.

6. It was June now and Mary spent most of the day, when she was at home, on the terrace from which she could see the domes and towers of Florence.

「분해 한다」는 것은 「일단 끊는다」는 방법에서 한 발짝 더 나아가 원문의 구조를 분해하고 새로운 형태로 조립하여 번역한다는 방법이다. 원문의 형태에 구애받지 말고 그 내용을 정리한 후에 재구축하여 그것을 읽기 쉬운 번역문으로 만드는 작업을 말한다. 연습을 통해서 그 비결을 익히도록 하자.

7. Bond talked cheerfully to the girl about Jamaica-about the birds and the animals and the flowers which were an easy topic for her.

8. "Mt dear fellow," said Sherlock Holmes, as we sat on either side of the fire in his lodging at Baker street, "life is infinitely stranger than anything which the mind of man could invent."

9. Having taken a room at the hotel at which he had been instructed to stay, Sam went out.

관계대명사 구문이 복잡해지면 보통방법으로는 어떻게 할 수 없는 경우가 있다. 이럴 때 분해라는 방법에서 한 발짝 나아가 영문을 따로따로 해체하여 그것을 다시 정리하는 과감한 방법이 필요하다.

10. A little stout rosy man in tweeds whom he thought he had seen somewhere before was mixing himself a dry martini.

11. I know how much it wound cost for a bundle of wood that I must buy to make a fire that would warm the room.

12. That night when his mother came home from work, Bobby told her about this stranger who was dressed like a vaguely sinister character in a movie he had seen once at the Minerva.

13. He made dates which he broke. He made half-promises which he did not keep.

14. The villa stood on the top of a hill. From the terrace in front of it you had a magnificent view of Florence : behind was an old garden with an artificial grotto in which water cascaded with a cool, silvery sound from a cornucopia. The house had been built in the sixteenth century by a noble Florentine, whose impoverished descendants had sold it to some English people, and it was they who had lent it for a period to Marry Panton.

15. Slumped on her own bed, my wife succeeded in raising the phone to her lips and ordering a meal sent to her room. In about twenty minutes, there arrived a meal for which the door did not have to be opened : the waiter could have slipped under the door the bed of lettuce with the two stalks of celery, the two slices of tomato, and the four croutons.

16. On termination of his studies he became assistant master in a school at, Holt, North Wales. There he had a severe football accident from the effects of which suffered for very many years.

17. Colonel Daintry had a two-roomed flat in St. James' Street which he had found through the agency of another member of the firm. There were only three apartments in the building, which was looked after by an old housekeeper, who lived in a room somewhere out of sight under the roof.

18. Poor George, only a year older than his scapegrace brother, looked sixty. He had never taken more than a fortnight's holiday in the year for a quarter of a century. He was in his office every morning at nine-thirty and never left it till six. He was honest, industrious, and worthy. He had a good wife, to whom he had never been unfaithful even in thought.

19. "He wrote two very good books and one which was not completed which those who know his writing best say would have been very good. He also wrote some good short stories."

20. Now in many cases a mobile unit takes the place of additional building. A farmer from whom I bought eggs and home-smoked bacon told me of the advantages. The old folks are not irritated by crying babies. The mother-in-law problem is abated because the new daughter has a privacy she never had before.

21. He was charming and unscrupulous. I have never met anyone to whom it was more difficult to refuse a loan. He made a steady income from his friends and he made friends easily. But he always said that the money you spent on necessities was boring ; the money that was amusing to spend was the money you spent on luxuries.

22. Today the things that most impress me about these stories are the natural skills with which they are told and the quite subtle ways in which even the more fanciful plots are made believable.

23. Anne went to the litter graveyard the next evening to put fresh flowers on matthew's grave. she lingered there until dusk, liking the peace and calm of the place, with its poplars whose rustle was like low, friendly speech.

24. I had Hemingway's address in the little town of San Francisco de Paula, which is about twenty minutes outside Havana, but the more I considered going out there and knocking at his door and disturbing him face to face, which is what the editor had instructed me to do, the more my blood congealed.

LESSON 5. 서술적으로 번역해야 하는 형용사와 부사

예를 들어 주어에 no나 few가 붙은 경우, 그것을 그대로 번역하기란 거의 불가능할 것이다. no one knew the truth라는 영문을 [한 사람도 없는 사람이 그 사실을 알고 있었다]라고 번역하는 사람은 없을 것이다. 또 some의 경우에도 [몇 명인가의 사람이~]라고 번역하기보다 [~하는 사람도 있었다]라는 식으로 번역하는 것이 한국어답다. 이렇듯 형용사, 부사를 서술적으로 번역하는 비결을 익혀 두었으면 한다.

(1) no

형용사를 서술적으로 번역하는데 있어서 가장 분명한 것은 no의 경우일 것이다. 한국어에서는 주어나 목적어를 직접 부정하는 표현은 없으므로 술어를 부정할 수밖에 없다. 물론 nothing도 마찬가지이다.

1. A man with nothing to say has no words. Can its reverse be true-a man who has no one to say anything to has no words as he has no need for words?

2. At one time I never went out without a second-hand bookseller's list in my pocket. I know no reading more fruity.

3. I have always been convinced that if a woman once made up her

mind to marry a man nothing but instant flight could save.

(2) many, few

부정의 의미가 있는 few (a가 붙지 않는 경우)도 no에 준하여 술어를 부정할 수 밖에 없다. many의 경우도 한국어의 경우 술어식으로 번역하는 것이 한국어답다.

4. Brandon opened the door and looked out. He saw no one. The hotel in point of fact at that season was nearly empty. There were few foreigners in Naples and trade was bad.

5. May and October are the best months in Venice. The sun is soft and the night is cool. And there are fewer people.

6. When, in 1905, Mr. Wells first published this book, a number of his old admirers were a little alarmed and a few were disappointed.

(3) much, little

much나 little도 앞에서 살펴본 many나 few와 마찬가지이다. 수와 양이라는 차이는 있지만 양쪽 모두 의미는 마찬가지이다. 술어적으로 처리하게 되면 한국어답다.

7. He has much skill in teaching, but little patience with his students.

8. Even as a teen-ager, Charles Bolden found little time for sleep.

9. I gave them money, "it's going to be a hard journey." "We will make it," he said, with much doubt in his voice.

(4) some

형용사인 some도 서술적으로 번역하는 편이 한국어다워진다. 예를 들어 Some likes her, and some didn't. 라는 문장에서 몇 명인가는 그녀를 좋아했고 또 다른 몇 명은 좋아하지 않았다라고 번역하는 것과 그녀를 좋아하는 사람도 있었고 좋아하지 않는 사람도 있었다라고 하는 것 중 어느 쪽이 읽기 쉬운지는 금방 알 수 있다.

10. I have an idea that some men are born out of their due place.

11. Once you are in Texas it seems to take forever to get out, and some people never make it.

12. The women sit at their windows so that they may be clearly seen. Some are reading, some are sewing, and take no notice of the passers-by.

(5) sometimes, often, seldom

형용사인 some을 서술적으로 번역했으니 당연히 부사인 sometimes에도 마찬가지로 해당이 될 것이다. 물론 때로는 때때로라고 번역하는 편이 매끈한 한국어가 되는 경우가 많다는 것을 기억해 주었으면 한다. 또 often, seldom등의 부사에도 마찬가지로 이야기 할 수 있다.

13. There are many ways on which people get themselves together. Sometimes the group is small and its purpose is very specific. Sometimes the group is very large and its purpose is more general.

14. The social organization of the Deep South in the United States has sometimes been called a caste system. In some respects it certainly has been such.

15. The meaning of the word "political" or of the phrase "political organization" is often uncertain because of wide and varying usage.

(6) 문장을 수식하는 부사

부사 중에는 문중의 어느 한 부분이라기보다 그 문장전체를 수식하는 경우가 있다. 이런 부사의 경우도 서술적으로 번역하지 않으면 해석하는데 곤란을 겪게 될 것이다

16. He is justly called a walking dictionary.

17. Apparently there's nothing I can say to persuade you that you're mistaken.

18. I have no doubt about it : he is unmistakably the same person I saw here last time.

19. It was Mr. Brown who first broke the silence. "You know," he began, taking a long draw at his pipe, "it's a funny thing, but I've been through this encyclopedia a dozen times and there's no mention of a bear like Paddington."

20. Fifty-four? He did not look a day more than forty-five. A handsome man in the prime of life. He had dignity without arrogance. He inspired you with confidence. Here was a fellow whom no predicament could perplex and no accident discompose. He wasted no time on small talk.

21. Central Park in 1945 appears decidedly genteel. It was a place for family pleasures. No transistor radios blared upon thee morning. No buskers twanged their guitars. No wild roller skaters careered around those bosky lanes. Even the jogger was a rare figure, and was generally assumed, if spotted, either to be training for the first postwar Olympic Games, or to be one of those New York eccentrics one had so often heard about.

22. "I am clever," said the young man modestly. "But, mind you, very few people would understand that point of view. Most people, you see, haven't got any imagination.

23. It has often been said that English has no grammar, or that, if it has, there are no rules in it. English has indeed very few of the kind of inflections on the end of nouns and verbs, that play such an important part in the grammar of many other languages.

24. One time Coyote was going along and he came on a village. There were a lot of people living there and there was plenty to eat so Coyote decided to stay for a while. There was a good-looking man named Not Enough Horses living in the village who wannted to get married but he wouldn't have anything to do with the girls living there. He said they weren't the right kind for him, not good enough.

25. His bed is not slept in, and all his things have been left behind. He must have rushed straight after his attack upon you. I don't think there is much chance of our seeing him again.

26. At lunch the hostess placed me next to her and in some way or other we got on the subject of art. I believe it started by my admiring the view from the dining-room window, but Gertrude showed little enthusiasm. "Nature" she said, "is commonplace ; imitation is more interesting."

27. "My God ; do you think I've got time to do such a thing? I've got much more important things to do than that. And you'll find that after you've rehearsed for four hours and played a part at night, besides a couple of matinees, you will have little time or little energy."

28. Some said it was fur that took them west, and some said it was gold or land, but in the last analysis it was simply the West that took them west.

29. Some people read for instruction, which is praiseworthy, and some for pleasure, which is innocent, but not a few read from habit, and I suppose that this is neither innocent nor praiseworthy.

30. The sanatorium stood on the top of a hill and from it you had a spacious view of the snowclad country. There were people lying allalong the veranda in deck-chairs, some chattering with their neighbors and some reading.

31. "I hope you won't think I'm inquisitive. I'd like to know how you go about it." "Sometimes I rent hall and advertize sometimes I speak to the principal of the high school."

32. The boy of whom he spoke was his only son. His name was Nicholas and of course he was called Nicky. Nicky was a son that any parent might have been proud of. He has never given his parents a moment's uneasiness. As a child he was seldom ill and never naughty. As a boy he did everything that was expected of him.

33. When I go through the mail each day, I am constantly dismayed by this trend. It is getting to the point where a letter with no misspelled words is the exception. The problem goes across the board-letters from students, letters from businessmen, letters from people in public life. And - worst of all - I sometimes get letters from teachers, and even their letters are full of misspellings.

34. There can be nothing praiseworhty in sacrifice itself, and before a man does a self-sacrificing thing he may reasonably ask himself if it is worth while.

35. Charley is a born diplomat. He prefers negotiation to fighting, and properly so, since he is very bad at fighting. Only once in his ten years has he been in trouble-when he met a dog who refused to negotiate. Charley lost a piece of his right ear that time. But he is a good watch dog-has a roar like a lion.

36. What are the fears of childhood? We may safely assume that fear of disorientation-of getting lost-is universal. Above all, the small child needs to feel anchored in a center of nurture and of security. Beyond the home base is a threatening and confusing world : this may be forest, bush country, or desert.

LESSON 6 부사적으로 번역하는 형용사

지금까지의 연습을 통해서 원문에서의 품사를 그대로 번역하는 것은 별로 큰 의미가 없다는 것을 깨닫게 되었을 것이다. 그 대표적인 예가 원문에서의 명사를 문장으로 푸는 작업이었다. 다른 품사에 있어서도 이 원칙이 적용될 수 있다. 여기서는 부사로 번역하는 것이 바람직한 경우를 소개 하겠다

예를 들어서 all the boys를 모든 소년들은 이라고 하지 말고 소년들은 모두라고 처리한다. 혹은 every animal을 어느 동물이나 로 하지 말고 동물이면 어느 것이나 라는 식으로 생각해 본다. 여기서 중요한 것은 서술적으로 번역해보자는 발상으로 some을 서술적으로 처리한 것과 마찬가지 기법이라 할 수 있다.

1. There's no reason to fell sorry for him : all his misfortune comes from his own doing.

2. He clasped Ethel in his arms. He had forgotten all his bitter thoughts in the joy of beholding her once more.

3. My written direction said that I must take every road branch that turned right, and the word "every" was underlined.

부사적으로 번역하는 편이 나은 형용사는 all이나 every 혹은 each, both에 제한되는 것이 아니라 일반적인 형용사에도 마찬가지의 경우가 해당될 때가 종종 있다. 예를 들어서 Lesson 1의 of+명사에서 한 Had I not made a careful examination of the wall의 경우 examination을 동사로 풀어서 해석한 결과 careful도 carefully라는 식으로 부사로 해석했던 것이다. 이런 종류의 번역법을 여기서 다시 한 번 연습해보자.

4. "By the way. has anyone seen any of these things before?" There was a general shaking of heads.

5. He jumped up when addressed by Mr. Scarrow, who had made his usual noiseless entry.

6. He broke into a jovial laugh, but into his eyes came a quick look of suspicion.

부사적로 바꾸어 번역하는 편이 나은 형용사에 전이형용사가 있다. 전이형용사가 어떤 것인지는 아래의 예문을 통해서 이해해주었으면 한다. 해석법은 상황에 따라서 여럿 있지만 어쨌든 모두 곧이곧대로 번역하게 되면 기묘한 번역이 되어 버리는 경우가 종종 있다.

7. "But if I'm never to eat a thing I like, life isn't worth living," she expostulated. The doctor shrugged his disapproving shoulders.

8. "Go get your dinner, Sergeant, and thanks." Johnson left the room with a hungary stride.

9. she had an uneasy suspicion that I did not believe in her.

영어의 일반적인 특정 중에서 명사를 표현의 핵으로 삼는 경향이 있다. 여기서는 형용사+행위자라는 형태에 대해 성명하겠지만 이것도 앞서 말한 경향중의 하나의 예이다. 예를 들어 he is a good swimmer.라는 표현이 있다고 하자. 이것을 그는 좋은 수영수이다 라는 직역은 참으로 어색하다. He swims well.이라고 고쳐 읽어 “그는 수영을 잘한다.”라고 해석하는 편이 한국어로서 훨씬 자연스러운 표현이 된다.

10. Matthew is such a sympathetic listener.

11. Until he had had a third drink, I was under the impression that he wasn't an easy talker.

12. Nicky was a light sleeper and the least sound was apt to wake him.

13. While I waited for him I glanced at his shelves. " I see you've got a grand library of books on bridge," I remarked as we sat down to breakfast. "Yes, I get every one that comes out."

14. It is a dangerous thing to order the lives of others and I have always hesitated to give advice. I know nothing of others. Each one of us is a prisoner in a solitary tower and he communicates with the other prisoners by conventional signs that have not quite the same meaning for them as for himself.

15. When the editors of the paper first gave me a column, I found out quickly that all of my self-assuredness might be pure sham. I didn't know the city well enough, and for all my desire to make the thing work. I felt lost. There weren't many people who were too anxious to go out of their way to help me, either.

16. The attendant replied respectfully that it should be done. She gave a slight gracious nod of the head and rose. Her glance caught Poirot's and swept over him with the nonchalance of the uninterested aristocrat.

17. After the Bay of pigs fiasco, many Americans had written off the counterrevolution as a lost cause. There was a general assumption that the administration had, too. But Jack Kennedy had not been brought up to swallow a defeat. Together with his brother Robert, serving as attorney general, he set about getting rid of Castro.

18. Mary Debenham pushed back her chair and left with a slight bow to the other two. Colonel Arbuthnot got up and followed her. Gathering up her despised money, the American lady followed suit, followed by the lady like a sheep. The Hungarians had already departed. The restaurant-car was empty save for Poirot and Ratchett and MacQueen.

19. For a confused moment she tried to remember Charles' face-how he had looked when he slipped the ring on her finger.

20. "Coffee, sir?" Mallory groaned and fought his way up from the depths of exhausted sleep. The young air-gunner was standing patiently by his side. "Just passing over Cyprus, sir." "Thank you." Mallory eased himself back on the seat, and put the coffee to his lips. Then he looked round at the others, and smiled in satisfaction.

21. Scarlet felt, rather than saw, the black chin of Uncle Peter begin to shake with hurt pride, and a killing rage swept over him. She had listened with calm contempt while these women had underrated the Confederate Army, blackguarded Jeff Davis and accused Southerners of murder and torture of their slaves.

22. Colonel Daintry was a compulsive shaver. He had shaved already before dinner, but now he went over second time with his Remington.

23. I live in hope that someday things may turn for the better and we can all go home to Italy. Perhaps it is a foolish dream, but I am by nature an incurable dreamer.

24. Say what you will about my writing. You may think it's lousy, it may annoy you, it may even make you sick. But believe me on one thing. I am a hell of a speller. Ask any copy editor I've ever worked with. They will tell you. In the ten years I have been writing a newspaper column, I have misspelled no more than three words.

7 비교급 표현의 번역이 까다롭다.

형용사와 부사에는 비교급의 표현이 있는데 번역하기 어려운 경우가 꽤있다. 아무래도 한국어는 이런 논리적인 관례를 표현하는데 적합하지 못한 것 같다. 더 골치 아픈 것은 비교급의 경우, 하나의 원칙을 세우기 어렵다는 것이다. 요컨대 가능한 원문의 어순을 존중한 것, 그리고 원문에서 말하려고 하는 내용을 잘 파악하여 그것을 한국어다운 표현으로 재구성할 것. 여기서는 편의상 1. 보통의 비교급, 2.부정이 포함되어 있는 경우, 3.as~as의 구문 이세가지로 나누어서 생각해 보았다.

(1) 보통의 비교급

이렇다 할 방법이 있는 것은 아니다. 요컨대 원문에 끌려가는 어색한 번역이 되지 않도록 주의할 것. 또 발상의 전환을 하여 한국어식으로 재구성을 하지 않으면 원문이 이 통하지 않는 번역이 될 수 있다. 앞 페이지에서 말한 방침에 따라 원문이 말하는 바를 충분히 번역할 수 있도록 연구하자.

1. There were more antiques than he could count, none of later date probably than the seventeenth.

2. She was as strong as an ox and boasted that few men could drive a longer ball than she.

3. I was startled when the bill of fare was brought, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated.

(2) 부정이 포함되어 있지 않는 경우

부정이 포함되어 있는 경우 그 중에서도 no more ~than의 형태를 다루어 보자. 이형태는 일단 끊는 방법이 잘 통할 수 있다.

4. New York is no more America than Paris is France or London is England.

5. Charley is no more like a dog than he is like a cat. His perceptions are sharp and delicate. and he is a mind-reader

6. I can imagine no more comfortable frame of mind for the conduct of life than a humorous resignation

(3) as~as의 구문

흘깃 보기에는 평범한 구문으로 보이지만 막상 번역하려 하면 의외로 골치를 썩는 경우가 많다.「~만큼 ~이다」라는 의미이긴 하지만 번역에서 이 표현을 그대로 쓸 수 있는 경우는 그리 많지 않을 것이다. 비교급 표현의 설명에서 말한 방식에 따라 임기응변적으로 처리할 수밖에 없다.

1. Timmy is just as likely to be in Maine tomorrow morning as he is in Colorado, if he feels the whim.

2. The studio Ezra Pound lived with his wife Dorothy was as poor as Gertrude Stein's studio was rich.

3. Nothing can be as impressive as the memory of the house we grew up in.

4. From the standpoint of eternity is it better to have read a thousand books than to have ploughed a million furrows?

5. Americans are much more American than they are Northerners, Southerners, westerners, or Easterners. California Chinese, Boston Irish, wisconsin German, yes, and Alabama Negroes, have more in common than they have apart.

6. He had a dissipated, though entirely sympathetic, appearance. You might have hesitated to let him remove your appendix, but you could not have imagined a more delightful creature to drink a glass of wine with. "Surely you were married?" "Yes. My wife didn't like Spain, she went back to Camberwell, she was more at home there."

7. Sylvia had pretty legs and she was kind, cheerful, interested, and loved to make jokes and gossip. No one that I ever knew was nicer to me.

8. "Mysterious?" suggested father. "Yes, of course. Mysterious. But more than that. Dangerous." "He's dangerous all right.". Father said it in a musing way. Then he chuckled. "But not to us, dear." And then he said what seemed to me a curious thing."In fact, I don't think you ever had a safer man in your house."

9. Oh, don't think for a moment I believe in Him any more than I believe in the devil, but I have always found theology an amusing intellectual game. Albert, Mrs. Montgomery has finished her porridge. You can take her plate. What was I saying?" "That God is greedy."

10. "I don't know how you can say that," cried Bateman indignantly. "We often used to have discussions about it." "Yes, I know. They were about as effectual as the discussions of deaf mutes about harmony."

11. "Isabel is infinitely too good for me. I admire her more than any woman I have ever known. She has a wonderful brain and she's as good as she's beautiful. I respect her energy and her ambition. She was born to make a success of life. I am entirely unworthy of her."

12. S he is clever. She has charm. She has exquisite taste. She is generous and will spend her own money, to the last penny, as freely as she will spend other people's. She is hospitable and takes pleasure in the pleasure she gives her guests. Her emotion is easily aroused by a tale of love and she will go out of her way to relieve the distress of persons who mean nothing to her.

8. 시제표현 번역요령

이 과에서 동사를 다루게 되는데 우선은 시제의 문장을 다루기로 하겠다. 단 여기서 연습하는 것은 주로 현재형이며, 번역하는데 있어서 염두 해 두어야 할 것을 몇 가지 소개하겠다. 가령 「극적인 현재」의 경우, 이것을 쓰게 되면 번역문이 아주 생생해질 것이다. 반드시 익혀두었으면 하는 것 중의 하나이다.

(1) 현재형1 : 직업을 나타내는 경우

1."I met Mr. Leyden one Wednesday when he was at home, he travels a lot, you know. I think he sells heavy machinery or something."

2."His name's Terry Lennox. He works in pictures."

3. "Directing your attention to the sixth day of June this year, what was your occupation?" "I was renting boats."

(2) 현재형2 : 현재완료의 대용으로

1. "How on earth did you ever get to know him?" "Oh, it was years ago. Six years, seven years, I forget."

2. "Your mother is killed. Your brother is accused and convicted. Now it turns out that he was innocent. You should be pleased-thankful.

3. Your news shatters me. I shall never get over the blow, but of course your happiness must be my first consideration.

7. "Well, Doctor," I said, "Aren't you supposed to know anatomy and physiology?" So he fixes me with a terrible stare; he looks right through me, like an X-ray.

8. After a while she goes away. The next day, Monday, there's a new mailman. I ask him, "Where is Fuentes?" and he doesn't even know him.

9. But of course the French are always degrading the present in favor of the past. Camus and Sartre, they complain, were never like Balzac.

10. So many men in New York work at jobs they say they don't like, and they're always promising themselves that one day they will quit and do whatever it is they really want to do.

11. "But am I talking too much? People are always telling me I do."

12. Bond said, "there is no point in the girl hearing this. She has nothing to do with me. I found her yesterday on the beach. She is a Jamaican form Morgan's Harbor. She collects shells."

13. Charles Bolden shined shoes, but always near the saloons, honky-tonks of barbershops were there was music and talk. He listened and his mind found patterns. He read in hours when Storyville was not jumping, and hardly stopped thinking while he slept.

14. Robyn pulled the sunglasses down her nose and peered at her cousin over the top of them. "So?" she questioned blankly. "You really don't know, do you?" Kris took a deep breath, then said carefully, "Robyn shane Justice races. Stock cars. Like Brian did."

15. "When I got your card, I couldn't say no. But there's nothing really for us to talk about, is there?-Nothing." "I wanted to hear" "He's dead. That's the end. Everything's over, finished. What's the good of talking?"

16. "Anybody home? Oh, hello, Keith." "Hello, Jim." "Don't get up," I said. "Sit still." "Peggy isn't home yet." He was stretched out on a davenport. He rested his book, a fat textbook, on his belly. "What's new?" "Nothing much."

17. The ten o'clock bell is going to ring in two minutes. Our day is divided into sections by bells. We eat and sleep and study by bells. It's very enlivening ; I feel like a fire horse all of the time. There it goes! Lights out. Good night. Observe with what precision I obey rules-due to my training in the John Grier Home.

18. From the first I made it clear to the Audubon Society that I would not meet their representative. And then what happens? One day, out of a clear sky, I get a letter by the monthly boat. The Society gives me formal notification that they intend to build a hotel on their leasehold.

19. It costs us money to find him. But we made plenty in the black market after the war. We could afford it. All Terry gets out of saving our lives is half of a new face, white hair, and a bad cafe of nerves. Back east he hits bottle, gets picked up here and there, kind of goes to pieces.

20. As I see it, it was an impulsive crime-not a premeditated one. Mrs. Argyle comes into the library, tells them both about Jacko's threats and demands for money. And my guess is that, later, Leo Argyle goes down to spear to her about Jacko. The house is quiet, nobody about. He goes into her sitting room. There she is, her back to him, sitting at the desk. And there's the poker, still perhaps where JAcko threw it down after threatening her with it

21. "Oh," Cary said, "I wish we could go a long, long way to somewhere very hot and very gay and very-" I had to pull her back or she would have been under a bus. I was always saving her from buses and taxis-sometimes I wondered how she kept alive when I wasn't there.

22. "Did you love her a terrible lot?" "The night after she left me I took Ramage out to dinner and stood him the best champagne I could get. Then I went home and slept for nine hours right across the bed. She was one of those people who kick at night and then say you are taking up too much room."

9. 수동태는 능동태로 번역한다.

수동태는 관계대명사나 화법과 함께 번역하기 어려운 항목 중의 하나이다. 원문이 수동태라고 해서 기계적으로 수동태로 번역하는 것은 바람직하지 않다. 영어와 비교할 때 한국어에는 수동적인 표현이 적어서 수동태로 되어있는 영문을 한국어로 옮길 때는 능동적으로 번역을 해 주는 것이 좋다.

또한 수동태는 능동적으로 번역한다는 것이 원칙이긴 하지만, 수동 그대로 번역하는 것이 좋은 경우도 있고, 논문 등의 경우 의도적으로 수동 그대로 번역하는 것이 바람직한 경우도 있다고 할 수 있다. 수동으로 번역하는 것이 좋은 전형적인 예로는 수동태가 「피해」 「수익(受益)을 나타내는 경우이다.

(1) 자동사를 써서

예를 들어서 be taught를 「가르쳐진다」라고 하지 말고 「배운다」라고 번역할 수 있다. 이렇듯 수동태를 번역할 때, 자동사의 능동태로 바꾸는 방법이 있다.

1. She heard Madame Berger come into the house and supposed she was going into the kitchen, but the door was opened.

2. I know lots of girls (Julia, for instance) who never know that they are happy. They are so accustomed to the feeling that their senses are deadened to it.

3. For form's sake Lydia looked through the chest of drawers and the writing-desk. Nothing was locked and everything was carefully arranged.

(2) 주어와 동작주(動作主)를 바꾼다.

영어와 수동태를 한국어에서는 능동으로 번역한다 할 때, 가장 간단한 것은 주어와 동작주(즉 by~)를 바꾸는 방법이다. 그러나 동작주는 생물의 경우도 있고 무생물인 경우도 있다. 또한 동작주가 표면에 나타나지 않는 경우도 있다. 그러니 이렇듯 경우에 따라 해석하는 방법도 달라진다.

4. Intelligence work has one moral law-it is justified by results.

5. "You are a clever, black-hearted wretch, Rhett Butler, and you know very well this bonnet's too pretty to be refused."

6. There was some genuine worry about my traveling alone, open to attack, robbery, assault. It is well known that our roads are dangerous.

(3)「은」을 활용한다.

문장의 주제를 제시하는 「은」을 활용하면 수동태를 잘 처리할 수 있다. 예를 들어서 「이 개는 그에 의해서 길러지고 있다」→「이 개는 그가 키우고 있다」라는 발상이다. 동작주를 주어로 한다던지 자동사를 쓰는 방법과 비슷하지만 약간의 차이점이 있다. 응용범위가 넓으니 잘 연습해 두었으면 한다.

7. His letters were written by his secretary.

8. After informing the lady of the house that the diamond must have been taken by somebody in the house, the detective requested permission for himself and his men to search the servants' room

9. The house was painted white with green trim, rare thing in all that region.

(4) 「피해」「수익(受益)」

수동태를 능동으로 번역하는 연습을 해왔는데 수동태는 언제나 능동으로 번역한다는 오해를 해서는 안된다. 예를 들어서 「부모에게 혼났다」라던가 「선생님에게 칭찬받았다」등과 같이 「피해」「수익」을 표현하고 싶은 경우에는 그대로 수동으로 번역하면 된다.

10. Then there was something that sounded like a scuffle. The noise was more distinct. It might be that Davidson was being thrown out of the room.

11. They read that Captain Forestier had met his death in a forest fire when trying to save his wife's dog, which had been accidentally shut up in the house.

12. Later, when I was hired by the Sun-Times, I looked forward with almost giddy anticipation to meeting Griffin

10. 가정법을 어떻게 번역할 것인가

가정법 표현의 기본적인 패턴은 「만약～라면(이었다면), ~일 것이다(이었을 것이다」가 되지만 가정의 조건이 반드시 (if~)의 현태가 되어 있다고는 할 수 없다. 단어, 혹은 구문(부사절) 안에 가정이 포함되는 경우가 아주 많다. 이때는 단어나 부사구를 문장의 형태로 풀어서 해석하면 된다. 또 무생물 주어가 포함되는 경우도 많으니 그럴 때는 앞에서 한 무생물 주어의 해석법도 응용해야 한다.

(1) 주어에 가정이 포함되어 있는 경우

주어에 가정이 포함되어 있는 경우, 한번 문장을 풀어서 의미를 확실히 파악한 후에 번역하도록 한다. 예를 들어서 「그는 그렇게 했을 것이다」라고 번역하는 것과 「그라면 그렇게 했을 것이다」라고 번역하는 것과는 뉘앙스가 다르다. 또 가정을 포함하는 주어가 무생물인 경우, 문장의 형태로 푸는 작업이 불가피하다.

1. Shortly afterwards, anyone watching the Brown's house would have seen the small figure of a bear emerge from the front door.

2. Emily had stitched it from the inside with blue thread of the same shade as the overcoat. "A professional seamstress couldn't have done better."he said.

3. An expert search would have turned up the car keys.

(2) 부사구에 가정이 포함되어 있는 경우

가정법의 조건을 나타내는 부사절(if~)이 부사구로 압축되어 있는 경우가 종종 있다. 부사구를 일단 문장으로 풀어서 원문에 충실하게 번역할 필요가 있다.

1. The three blind men would not have been incongruous in Kingston where there are many diseased people on the streets.

2. I made some notes on a sheet of yellow paper on the nature and quality of being alone. These notes would in the normal course of events have been lost as notes are always lost.

3. In the old days, of course, he would have taken a taxi off to a decent toyshop and chosen his children something in five minutes.

(3) otherwise

여기서 다루는 것은 부사 otherwise이다. 이 단어는 under other circumstances. 즉 「만약 그렇지 않았더라면」「다른 상황이었더라면」이라는 의미로 가정의 뜻이 포함되어 있다. 문법적으로는 앞항의 범주에 속하지만, otherwise는 번역하기 까다로운 경우가 있기 때문에 항을 달리하여 연습해 보기로 하자.

1. Ann rose. "Thank you for being so honest."

"I had no choice. You would have thought us thieves otherwise."

"That's silly, "he said impatiently.

2. "Okay, it's silly. I'm silly. Otherwise I wouldn't be here."

3. Andy took Mr. Scarrow to the studios of the painters and thus enabled him to buy pictures for half the money he would otherwise have had to pay.

(4) 발상을 전환한다.

한국어에는 영어만큼 분명한 가정법 표현의 형식이 없기 때문에 원문의 가정법에 너무 구애를 받을 필요가 없다. 너무 신경을 쓰게 되면 이상한 번역문이 되어버리는 경우가 종종 있다. 그럴 때, 과감하게 발상을 전환하여 직설법으로 번역을 하게 되면 번역이 원활하게 되는 경우가 있다. 이러한 대담한 발상의 전환이 가정법을 번역하는데 필요하다.

1. Most of the jobs in Banking Department could have been done by an office boy were it not for the high degree of secrecy involved.

2. "My dear Holmes, you are too shrewd. You would certainly have been burned had you lived a few centuries ago."

3. "I would have spoken before had it not been for my dear daughter. It would break her heart-it will break her heart when she hears that I am arrested.

4. Anthony Cade walked into the small room where Jimmy McGrath was busy manipulating various bottles. "Make it strong, James," he implored.

"I can tell you, I need it."

"I should think you did, my boy. I wouldn't take on that job of yours for anything."

5. Ashley's return would bring back some meaning into life.

6. An experience like that would leave a person spiritless and unwilling to go on living.

7 Scarlet had carefully avoided the back entrance, for Mammy's sharp eyes would certainly have seen that something was greatly amiss.

8. Martins was still on the telephone to me when Harry Lime came into the cafe. I don't know what he heard, if he heard anything. The mere sight of a man wanted by the police and without friends in Vienna speaking on the telephone would have been enough to warn him.

9. He (Scott Fitzgerald) had very fair wavy hair, a high forehead, excited and friendly eyes and a delicate Irish month that, on a girl, would have been the mouth of a beauty.

10. His only hope of escape was to attempt to catch his would-be-murderers off balance while the car was still in motion. With a gun leveled directly at him, this would have been hopeless, except for the fact that John Simmons was feeling his liquor.

11. Mary glanced at the clock on the wall that was made like a blue and white china plate. In London, at this time, she would just about be hurrying into the hall at the snap of the letter-box to see whether there was a square, white envelope with 'RECEIVED FROM H.M, SHIPS' stamped across the corner.

12. "The body can't have been found until late last night-or possibly this morning. Otherwise there would have been something about it in this morning's papers."

13. I'll explain the circumstances. You father's landlord. Mr. Jones, found the body. Jones came to collect the rent, which was past due Otherwise your father might have lain there dead God knows how long.

14. Suellen was an annoying sister with her whining and selfishness, and had it not been for Ellen's restraining hand, Scarlet would frequently have boxed her ears.

15. The spy was a stocky little fellow, with shifty blue eyes and a sallow skin. He did not inspire confidence, and but that Ashenden knew by experience how hard it was to find men willing to go into Germany he would have been surprised that his predecessor had engaged him.

17. "It has been good to see you, Ma'am. It was an adventure we shared, one that cannot be forgotten. I would never have believed" Miss Nesselrode smiled beautifully. "Teach Johannes what you can. None of us might be here were it not for his father. Each time I see Mr. Farley, he assures me that is true. He says he never saw a man shoot unerringly, so coolly."

11.간접화법을 직접화법으로 번역하라

화법(Narration)은 한국어와 영어의 발상의 차이를 가장 잘 나타내 주는 것 중의 하나이다. 그래서 번역하는데 있어서도 특히나 주의가 필요하고, 심혈을 기울이기만 하면 큰 효과를 낼 수 있는 항복이기도 하다. 번역하는데 있어서 하나의 원칙이라고 한다면, 「영어로는 간접화법으로 쓰여져 있더라도 한국어로 번역할 때는 직접화법으로 하게 되면 대단히 효과적일 수 있다」라는 것이다. 물론 전부를 직접화법으로 번역하라는 것은 아니다. 그렇지만 직접화법으로 해석하게 되면 효과를 발휘한다는 것을 염두에 두면 번역 실력은 향상될 것이다.

(1)직접화법을 살린다.

전형적인 간접화법을 직접화법으로 바꾸어 번역하는 비결을 연습해 보자. 응용범위도 넓고, 번역문을 생생하게 만드는 효과가 있는 기법이니 충분히 마스터 해주었으면 한다.

1. A day or two later Mrs. Strickland sent me round a note asking if I could go and see her that evening after dinner.

2. I had scarcely started (patience) before a man came up to me and asked me if he was right in thinking my name was so and so.

3. Edward's employer was a man who did not like delay and he had told him that if he took the post he offered he must sail that day week from San Francisco.

(2) 혼합화법과 묘출화법

영문을 읽고 있으면 전달동사가 있으며, 시제나 대명사의 취급은 간접화법인데 직접화법의 어순인 이른바 혼합화법 이나 전달동사가 없이 표면적으로는 그냥 평범한 문장처럼 보이지만 실제로는 작자나 등장인물이 말하거나 생각하고 있는 내용인 묘출화법이 종종 있다. 이런 때, 직접화법을 써서 번역하면 아주 효과적인 경우가 있다. 마치 내적인 독백인 것처럼 변역하는 것이다.

1. It was snowing harder and Anselmo thought : If only we could blow the bridge tonight. On a night like this you could do anything.

2. This Godfrey Norton was evidently an important factor in the matter. What was the matter of his repeated visit?

3. He complimented her on her beautiful French. Born in Jersey and educated in France? Ah, that explained it.

(3) 직접화법을 찾아낸다.

흘깃 보아서는 화법과 아무런 관계도 없는 것처럼 보이는 문장에도 직접화법을 찾아낼 수 있다. 문장 중에 숨어있는 직접화법을 찾아내는 예, 또한 하나의 명사에서 직접화법을 응용할 수 있는 예 등 많은 연습을 했으면 한다. 직접화법을 찾아냄으로써 번역문에 어떤 효과가 생기는가를 충분히 연구해 주었으면 한다.

1. He pressed her so strongly to accept the invitation, which he said he issued on his mother's behalf, that at last she did.

2. Those who confer favors upon another is seldom satisfied with the praise of the world. They demand gratitude into the bargain.

3. Dr. Travis looked at Davidson with troubled eyes. What he heard shocked him, but he hesitated to express his disapproval.

4. He did not pretend to have read very much, he had no time, he said, and life was more entertaining than books, but he was not stupid and he could speak intelligently of such books as he had read.

5. I was very shy when I first went into the bookshop and I did not have enough money on me to jin the rental library. She told me I could pay the deposit any time I had money and made me out a care and said I could take as many books as I wished.

6. "Mrs. Allan is perfectly lovely," Anne announced on Sunday afternoon. "She said right away she didn't think it was fair for the teacher to ask all the questions, and you know, Marilla, that is exactly what I've always thought. She said we could ask her any question we liked, and I asked ever so many. I'm good at asking questions, Marilla."

7. I have always hesitated to give advice, for how an one advise another how to act unless one knows that other as well as one knows oneself?

5. He began to feel hungry and looked at his watch. It was half-past eight. Lydia had not returned. Perhaps she had no intention of doing so? It wouldn't be very noce of her to leave him like this, without a word of explanation of farewell.

8. She was entirely lost without a man to take care of her, she said, and she did not know how, with her delicate health, she was going to bring up her dear Iris. Her friends asked why she did not marry again. Oh, with bad heart it was out of the question : who would want to be bothered with a wretched invalid like herself?

9. "You see, they were so naturally depraved that they couldn't be brought to see their wickedness."

8. "The question of your future was brought up and your record was discussed-thoroughly discussed."

10. His reason in requiring the letters is that he thinks nothing fosters facility in literary expression‎! as letter-writing.

11. Father was usually so set on working every possible minute to catch up on his plans that Mother would have a tussle making him ease some once a week out of respect for the Sabbath.

12. The thing immediately noticeable about him was the closeness with which his blue eyes were set.

12. 특수구문 번역요령

(1) 강조구문

영문해석의 공식에서는 강조구문(It is ~that)은 우선 that이하를 먼저 번역하고 ~한 것은 ~이다 (이었다)라는 형태로 하도록 되어 있다. 그러나 이 공식은 한국어의 경우, 문장 일부를 강조하는 방법에 지나지 않는다. 이렇게 하기보다는 원문의 흐름을 흐트러뜨리지 않으면서 앞에서부터 번역을 하면서 여러 가지 강조법을 생각하는 것이 더 좋은 번역문이 될 수 있다.

1. It was six months after Jeffrey's collapse and when the nightmare had faded that she went to see Harry's wife.

2. It is humor which discerns the infinite diversity of human beings, and if Russian novels offer only a restricted variety of types it is perhaps because they are singularly lacking in humor.

3. Potts tried hard to make a good impression on Professor Silenus, but in this he was not successful. In fact, it was probably Potts' visit which finally drove the professor from the house.

(2) 생략, 공통 구문

생략과 공통이라 하는 것은 표리의 관계이다. 문장의 어느 부분이 공통인 경우, 반복을 피하기 위해서 공통부분을 생략하는 것이다. 그런데 한국어의 경우 생략부분을 보충하여 번역하는 편이 자연스러워지는 경우가 많다고 할 수 있다.

1. Some people find happiness in money, (~~) some in fame, and some in knowledge.

2. He was courteous always, but aloof, remote. No one could ever tell what he was thinking, Scarlet least of all.(~~)

3. It was a time of exploration, (~~)of struggle, (~~)of titanic men walking a titanic land. It was an age akin to the Homeric or the Elizabethan.

4. Suddenly an idea occurred to him. It was such a good idea that it was only by the exercise of all his self-control that he prevented himself form jumping out of bed and carrying it out at once.

5. "And does Henry mind onions?"

"Yes. He can't bear them. Do you like them?"

"Yes." She helped me to them and then helped herself.

It is possible to fall in love over a dish of onions? It seems improbable and yet I could swear it was just then that I fell in love.

6. It was two or three days after the news of this reached London that Macalister came into the tavern in Beak Street and announced joyfully that things were looking brighter on the Stock Exchange. Peace was in sight, Roberts would march into Pretoria within a few weeks, and shares were going up already. There was bound to be a boom.

7. Joe Rogg looked at the pistol and (~~) at Charles. For a matter of seconds, five or six long seconds, during which a man can run half a hundred yards, no one moved.

8. When it became known that Byring was the amant de coeur (a prettier phrase than our English fancy man) of this famous harlot he became an object of admiration to many women and (~~) of envy to many men ; but when a rumor spread abroad that he was going to marry her consternation seized his friends and ribald laughter (~~) everyone else.

9. "Democracy has attached an absurd importance to human life. Biologically he's of no consequence. There is no more reason why it should shock you to kill a man than (~~) to swat a fly."

"I begin to see why you were interested in Robert Berger."

"I was interested in him because he killed, not for any sordid motive, not for money, nor jealousy, but to prove himself and affirm his power."

13. 접속사, 전치사 번역요령

(1) till(until), before

원칙은 원문의 흐름에 따라 번역한다는 것, till이나 before가 이끄는 절(구)부터 번역하게 되면 원문의 사고의 흐름을 흐트러뜨릴 뿐만 아니라 묘사된 내용의 순서에도 역행하고 원문의 뉘앙스가 다른 번역문이 될 때가 있다.

1. Joe strolled along till he found a tavern where he could have coffee in the open.

2. With so many trees in the city, you could see the spring coming each day until a night of warm wind would bring it suddenly in one morning.

3. I had not been in Tahiti long before I met Captain Nichols.

(2) except, as

단어의 뜻은 ~을 제외하고는, ~와 같이 인데 번역을 이대로 하게 되면 뒤로부터 번역하는 결과가 된다. 가능한 원문의 흐름을 존중하기 위해서는 이 단어의 번역에 집착하지 말고 과감하게 발상 자체를 바꿀 필요가 있다.

4. "Nice if everyone thought like that," mused Tarr. "Except that I'd be out of a job."

5. The pathways were lit by a rare lamp, but they would have been dark except for the lights that came from the open windows of the bungalows.

6. "Will you have a whisky, Doctor?" "No, thank you. I have still two more visits to make and I'm late for dinner as it is."

7. Anthony rose and paced up and down the room. His brow was slightly wrinkled, and it was some time before he spoke.

8. Denton reached home at 5 : 20 a.m., exhausted and wideawake. So he opened a fresh bottle of bourbon and sat down in his living room with it. He drank a quarter of the contents before he began to relax.

9. In ten minutes Bateman knew by his regular breathing that Edward was asleep. But for his part he had no rest, and it was not till the dawn crept into the room that he fell asleep.

10. It was the end of May before the boys brought the news that the salmon-pink blossoms of the azaleas were breaking free. It was on a Wednesday, as the nine 0'clock bell was ringing, that they told him.

11. There was nobody there. I couldn't see you, until I saw your arm stretching out from under the door. I thought you were dead."

12. I thought it was too humiliating for you to have to be seen with such a little drab as I was looking.

13.The windows of the room were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning, and it had a stuffy smell which seemed to Philip to have a mysterious connexion with banking

14. The story spread over the shop as stories do, and he had to put up with a good deal of chaff that evening. It was a fine joke that Mr. Know-all had been caught out.

15. Here is another false start, and more waste of good writing-paper. What's to be done now? Nothing that I know of, except for you to keep your temper, and for me to begin it all over again for the third time.

16. "We don't need salt here. There's too much as it is. You taste any bit of earth and you'll find it salt."

종합 번역 연습

1. Sid Halley left Chico to it and went in search of Henry Thrace, who was reported by a cleaning lady at the front door of the house to be "down there on the right, in his office." Down there he was, in an armchair, fast asleep. Halley's arrival woke him, and he came alive with the instant awareness of people used to broken nights. "Sorry. Been up half the night... Er... who are you, exactly? Do we have an appointment?"

2. As she sat now, with the letter in her hands, her thoughts went back to her sister Jennie, who had been this child's mother, and to the time when Jennie, as a girl of twenty, had insisted upon marrying the young minister, in spite of her family's remonstrances. There had been a man of wealth who had wanted her-and the family had much preferred him to the minister, but Jennie had not.

3. Our little plan didn't turn out as well as we had hoped. The Warner Brothers makeup department couldn't fault the job I had done on Bogie, but that didn't mean they were happy at the prospect of my working with him : in fact, I'm sure they looked upon the arrangement as setting an undesirable precedent. If word got around that Bogie had his own hairstylist, independent of the makeup department, other stars might demand the same treatment.

4. To this day Jane and Michael cannot be sure of what happened then. All they know for certain is that, as soon as Mr. Wigg had appealed to Mary Poppins, the table below began to wriggle on its legs. Presently it was swaying dangerously, and then with a rattle of china and with cakes lurching off their plates on to the cloth, the table came soaring through the room, gave one graceful turn, and landed beside them so that Mr. Wigg was at its head.

5. After the tragic death of her husband, a year before, after the anxious months when she had to be always on hand in case the lawyers who were gartering together what was left of his squandered fortune wanted to see her, she had been glad to accept the Leonards' offer of this grand old house so that she could rest her nerves and consider what she should do with her life.

6. As the evening deepened, I walked with Charley to the brow of the hill and looked down on the little valley below. It was a disturbing sight. I thought too much driving had distorted my vision or addled my judgment, for the dark earth below seemed to move and pulse and breathe. It was not water but it rippled like a black liquid the valley floor was carpeted with turkeys.

7. This preoccupation with art left time for social life ; they sought neither the great nor the distinguished, and their friends were very nice people who were well-to-do without being rich, and who took a judicious interest in the things of the mind. They did not much care for dinner parties and neither gave them often nor went to them more than civility required.

8. My parents have stayed married for thirty-five years. The three of us children never once doubted that they were there to turn to if we needed help, and I don't recall that we ever said thanks. I have been the worst offender. I have become so proficient at putting words on paper for consumption by large numbers of people that I have lost the ability to communicate privately with the two people who have meant the most to me. I can't write a letter ; I learned long ago that writing a letter to one person is a skill I have given up in exchange for the other.

9. I took one companion on my journey- an old French gentleman poodle known as Charley. Actually his name is Charles le Chien. He was born in Bercy on the outskirts of Paris and trained in France, and while he know a little poodle-English, he responds quickly only to commands in French. Otherwise he has to translate, and that slows him down.

10. Because a men does not state in so many words the reason that leads him to some action, it does not follow that he is led by no reason. Because he does not even know the reason, it does not follow that there is none. And giving himself one, he may be again mistaken and give the wrong one

11. Della street picked up her secretarial phone, and said to Mason, "Homer Garvin on the line." Mason grabbed the phone. "Hello, Homer. Where are you?" Garvin said, "Listen closely, Mason I may not have time for anything except a few words. There's a possibility Stephanie Falkner fired the shot that killed Casselman while she was acting in self-defense. I want you to get on the job and protect her.

12. Her father was a Norwegian called Breval‎!d who was often to be seen in the bar of the Hotel Metropole drinking rum and water. He was a little old man, knotted and gnarled like an ancient tree, who had come out to the islands forty years before as mate of a sailing vessel.

13. I started to keep a notebook in which I recorded sentences from the books which I found particularly enlightening : observations that affected my view of life and people. I have never stopped writing in that notebook, which I have in front of me now.

[도시락]

이게 다 뭐래요
오 마이 가아아드 중

[돌쇠(권총)]

지도 다 늘거서 공부좀 해볼려는데 머리님이 빡빡 소리만나고 안되네요 ㅎㅎㅎ 지는 포기하고 우리 딸래미에게 전해주었네유 ㅠㅠㅠ