“A consideration of the foregoing leads to the conclusion that prompt aggressive naval action against Japan by the United States would render Japan incapable of affording any help to Germany and Italy in their attack on England and that Japan itself would be faced with a situation in which her navy could be forced to fight on most unfavorable terms or accept fairly early collapse of the country through the force of blockade. A prompt and early declaration of war after entering into suitable arrangements with England and Holland, would be most effective in bringing about the early collapse of Japan and thus eliminating our enemy in the pacific before Germany and Italy could strike at us effectively. Furthermore, elimination of Japan must surely strengthen Britain’s position against Germany and Italy and, in addition, such action would increase the confidence and support of all nations who tend to be friendly towards us.
“It is not believed that in the present state of political opinion the United States government is capable of declaring war against Japan without more ado; and it is barely possible that vigorous action on our part might lead the Japanese to modify their attitude. Therefore, the following course of action is suggested:
“If by these means Japan could be led to commit an overt act of war, so much the better. At all events we must be fully prepared to accept the threat of war.”
According to U.S. Army military historian Conrad Crane, “A close reading [of the above memo] shows that its recommendations were supposed to deter and contain Japan, while better preparing the United States for a future conflict in the Pacific. There is an offhand remark that an overt Japanese act of war would make it easier to garner public support for actions against Japan, but the document’s intent was not to ensure that event happened.”[xv]
The dispute between interpretations of this memo and similar documents is a subtle one. Nobody believes the memo quoted above was aimed at negotiating peace or disarmament or establishing the rule of law over violence. Some think the intention was to get a war started but be able to blame it on Japan. Others think the intention was to get ready for a war to start, and take steps that might very well provoke Japan to start one, but might instead — it was just barely possible — frighten Japan out of its militaristic ways. This range of debate turns an Overton window into a keyhole. It’s a debate that has also been sidetracked into a focus on whether one of the eight recommendations above — the one about keeping the fleet in Hawaii — was part of a nefarious plot to get more ships destroyed in a dramatic attack (not a particularly successful plot, as only two ships were permanently destroyed).
Not just that one point — which is significant with or without such a plot — but all eight recommendations made in the memo or at least steps similar to them were pursued. These steps were aimed at intentionally or accidentally (the distinction is a fine one) starting a war, and they seem to have worked. Work on the recommendations, coincidentally or not, began on October 8, 1940, the very next day after the memo was written. On that date, the U.S. State Department told Americans to evacuate Eastern Asia. Also on that date, President Roosevelt ordered the fleet kept in Hawaii. Admiral James O. Richardson wrote later that he had strongly objected to the proposal and to its purpose. “Sooner or later,” he quoted Roosevelt as having said, “the Japanese would commit an overt act against the United States and the nation would be willing to enter the war.”[xvi]
EARLY 1941
Richardson was relieved of his duties on February 1, 1941, so perhaps he lied about Roosevelt as a disgruntled former employee. Or perhaps getting out of such duties in the Pacific in those days was a popular move by those who could see what was coming. Admiral Chester Nimitz declined to command the Pacific Fleet. His son, Chester Nimitz Jr. later told the History Channel that his father’s thinking had been as follows: “It is my guess that the Japanese are going to attack us in a surprise attack. There will be a revulsion in the country against all those in command at sea, and they will be replaced by people in positions of prominence ashore, and I want to be ashore, and not at sea, when that happens.”[xvii]
In early 1941, U.S. and British military officers met to plan their strategy for defeating Germany and then Japan, once the United States was in the war. In April, President Roosevelt started having U.S. ships inform the British military of the locations of German U-boats and planes. Then he started allowing the shipment of supplies to British soldiers in North Africa. Germany accused Roosevelt of “endeavoring with all the means at his disposal to provoke incidents for the purpose of baiting the American people into the war.”[xviii]
In January 1941, the Japan Advertiser expressed its outrage over the U.S. military build-up at Pearl Harbor in an editorial, and the U.S. ambassador to Japan wrote in his diary: “There is a lot of talk around town to the effect that the Japanese, in case of a break with the United States, are planning to go all out in a surprise mass attack on Pearl Harbor. Of course I informed my government.”[xix] On February 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner wrote to Secretary of War Henry Stimson to warn of the possibility of a surprise attack at Pearl Harbor.
On April 28, 1941, Churchill wrote a secret directive to his war cabinet: “It may be taken as almost certain that the entry of Japan into the war would be followed by the immediate entry of the United States on our side.” On May 24, 1941, the New York Times reported on U.S. training of the Chinese air force, and the provision of “numerous fighting and bombing planes” to China by the United States and Britain. “Bombing of Japanese Cities is Expected” read the subheadline.[xx]
On May 31, 1941, at the Keep America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin gave a dire warning: “A total economic boycott of Japan, the stoppage of oil shipments for instance, would push Japan into the arms of the Axis. Economic war would be a prelude to naval and military war.”[xxi]
By July, 1941, the Joint Army-Navy Board had approved a plan called JB 355 to firebomb Japan. A front corporation would buy American planes to be flown by American volunteers. Roosevelt approved, and his China expert Lauchlin Currie, in the words of Nicholson Baker, “wired Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and Claire Chennault a letter that fairly begged for interception by Japanese spies.” The 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force, also known as the Flying Tigers, moved ahead with recruitment and training immediately, were provided to China prior to Pearl Harbor, and first saw combat on December 20, 1941.[xxii]
On July 9, 1941, President Roosevelt asked top U.S. military officials to draw up plans for war on Germany and its allies and on Japan. His letter doing this was quoted in full in a news report on December 4, 1941 — which was the first time the U.S. public heard anything about it. See December 4, 1941, below.
On July 24, 1941, President Roosevelt remarked, “If we cut the oil off, [the Japanese] probably would have gone down to the Dutch East Indies a year ago, and you would have had a war. It was very essential from our own selfish point of view of defense to prevent a war from starting in the South Pacific. So our foreign policy was trying to stop a war from breaking out there.”[xxiii] Reporters noticed that Roosevelt said “was” rather than “is.” The next day, Roosevelt issued an executive order freezing Japanese assets. The United States and Britain cut off oil and scrap metal to Japan. Radhabinod Pal, an Indian jurist who served on the war crimes tribunal after the war, found the embargoes a predictably provocative threat to Japan.[xxiv]
On August 7, 1941, the Japan Times Advertiser wrote: “First there was the creation of a superbase at Singapore, heavily reinforced by British and Empire troops. From this hub a great wheel was built up and linked with American bases to form a great ring sweeping in a great area southwards and westwards from the Philippines through Malaya and Burma, with the link broken only in the Thailand peninsula. Now it is proposed to include the narrows in the encirclement, which proceeds to Rangoon.”[xxv]
On August 12, 1941, Roosevelt met secretly with Churchill in Newfoundland and drew up the Atlantic Charter, which set out the war aims for a war that the United States was not yet officially in. Churchill asked Roosevelt to join the war immediately, but he declined. Following this secret meeting, on August 18th, Churchill met with his cabinet back at 10 Downing Street in London. Churchill told his cabinet, according to the minutes: “The [U.S.] President had said he would wage war but not declare it, and that he would become more and more provocative. If the Germans did not like it, they could attack American forces. Everything was to be done to force an ‘incident’ that could lead to war.”[xxvi]
British propagandists had also argued since at least 1938 for using Japan to bring the United States into the war.[xxvii] (영국은 최소 1938년 부터 미국을 전쟁에 끌여들이기 위해 일본을 이용햇다)At the Atlantic Conference on August 12, 1941, Roosevelt assured Churchill that the United States would bring economic pressure to bear on Japan.[xxviii] Within a week, in fact, the Economic Defense Board began economic sanctions.[xxix] On September 3, 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Japan a demand that it accept the principle of “nondisturbance of the status quo in the Pacific,” meaning cease turning European colonies into Japanese colonies.[xxx] By September 1941 the Japanese press was outraged that the United States had begun shipping oil right past Japan to reach Russia. Japan, its newspapers said, was dying a slow death from “economic war.”[xxxi] In September, 1941, Roosevelt announced a “shoot on sight” policy toward any German or Italian ships in U.S. waters.
--))
정리 하면....일본이 미국을 공격할 것이다는 것을.......특별하게 멍청이가 아니엇다면...다 예상하고 잇엇다는 것입니다.
이런것은 한국 전쟁(625) 직전의 38선이 터진다....는 소문 만큼이나 일반적인 것이엇고,
기습공격??
이런것은 그냥 패 갈라서 악다구니 질 할때나 쓰는 말이지.....다 알고 치는 고스돕이엇다는 것이지요..
다 알고 싸운것이고....힘과 기술이 부족한 쪽이 진 것이지요..
A WAR SALES PITCH
On October 27, 1941, Roosevelt made a speech[xxxii]:
“Five months ago tonight I proclaimed to the American people the existence of a state of unlimited emergency. Since then much has happened. Our Army and Navy are temporarily in Iceland in the defense of the Western Hemisphere. Hitler has attacked shipping in areas close to the Americas in the North and South Atlantic. Many American-owned merchant ships have been sunk on the high seas. One American destroyer was attacked on September fourth. Another destroyer was attacked and hit on October seventeenth. Eleven brave and loyal men of our Navy were killed by the Nazis. We have wished to avoid shooting. But the shooting has started. And history has recorded who fired the first shot. In the long run, however, all that will matter is who fired the last shot.(누가 마지막까지 총을 쏠 수 잇느냐?? 이것이 누가 먼저 총을 쏘앗느냐 보다 더 중요하다.............이런 말 정도는 암기해 둿다 써 먹기 바랍니당) America has been attacked. The U.S.S. Kearny is not just a navy ship. She belongs to every man, woman and child in this nation. Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia — those are the home states of the honored dead and wounded of the Kearny. Hitler’s torpedo was directed at every American whether he lives on our sea coasts or in the innermost part of the nation, far from the seas and far from the guns and tanks of the marching hordes of would-be conquerors of the world. The purpose of Hitler’s attack was to frighten the American people off the high seas — to force us to make a trembling retreat. This is not the first time he has misjudged the American spirit. That spirit is now aroused.”
The ship sunk on September 4th was the Greer. The Chief of U.S. Naval Operations Harold Stark testified before the Senate Naval Affairs Committee that the Greer had been tracking a German submarine and relaying its location to a British airplane, which had dropped depth charges on the submarine without success. After hours of being tracked by the Greer, the submarine turned and fired.
The ship sunk on October 17th, the Kearny, was a replay of the Greer. It may have mystically belonged to the spirit of every American and so forth, but it was not innocent. It was taking part in a war that the United States had not officially entered, that the U.S. public was adamantly opposed to entering, but that the U.S. president was eager to get on with. That president continued:
“If our national policy were to be dominated by the fear of shooting, then all of our ships and those of our sister Republics would have to be tied up in home harbors. Our Navy would have to remain respectfully-abjectly-behind any line which Hitler might decree on any ocean as his own dictated version of his own war zone. Naturally we reject that absurd and insulting suggestion. We reject it because of our own self-interest, because of our own self-respect, because, most of all, of our own good faith. Freedom of the seas is now, as it has always been, a fundamental policy of your government and mine.”
This strawman argument depends on the pretense that innocent ships not participating in the war were attacked, and that one’s dignity depends on sending war ships around the world’s oceans. It’s a ridiculously transparent effort to manipulate the public, for which Roosevelt really ought to have paid royalties to the propagandists of WWI. Now we come to the claim that the President seems to have thought would clinch his case for war. It’s a case based almost certainly on a British forgery, which makes it theoretically possible that Roosevelt actually believed what he was saying:
“Hitler has often protested that his plans for conquest do not extend across the Atlantic Ocean. But his submarines and raiders prove otherwise. So does the entire design of his new world order. For example, I have in my possession a secret map made in Germany by Hitler’s government — by the planners of the new world order. It is a map of South America and a part of Central America, as Hitler proposes to reorganize it. Today in this area there are fourteen separate countries. The geographical experts of Berlin, however, have ruthlessly obliterated all existing boundary lines; and have divided South America into five vassal states, bringing the whole continent under their domination. And they have also so arranged it that the territory of one of these new puppet states includes the Republic of Panama and our great life line — the Panama Canal. That is his plan. It will never go into effect. This map makes clear the Nazi design not only against South America but against the United States itself.”
--)) 이건....뭐 .... 애기들 예날 호랑이 이야기도 아니고..
이 정도가...미국인 들이 가장 존경한다는 대통령의 연설 수준입니다..
딱 다른소리 국민학교 시절 반공웅변대회 연설문 수준입니다....
-빵갱이들 대갈통엔 뿔이 나 잇고....인륙을 주식으로 하며, 날카로운 송곳니를 갖고 잇다..
-홍알 홍알 홍알~~~
한국의 대통령들의 화술의 저속함을 쉽게 이야기 하지만....야나들도 만만쟎아요..
수 없니 나발 거린 소리중에서 가장 그럴싸한 말이나 영어 공부 차원에서 읽어보는 것과..
실제 현실에서 일어나고 잇는 그들의 화술이나 의식 수준은......증말 참혹합니다..
우린 우리 눙깔로 직접 ...조지 부시를 보앗고,,,오바마를 보앗고....트럼프를 보앗고...바이든을 보고 잇는 중입니다..
야나는 씨불 거리는 것 보면......그 어법도 내용도 하두 한심해서 말도 안 나와...
a4지 없으면 버벅되는 문재인도.....미국에다 갖다 놓으면....상급 판정은 받을꺼야
중국에 갖다 놓으면 공산당 입당도 못 하겟지만...
Roosevelt had edited this speech to remove an assertion as to the map’s authenticity. He refused to show the map to the media or the public. He did not say where the map came from, how he connected it to Hitler, or how it depicted a design against the United States, or — for that matter — how one might have sliced up Latin America and not included Panama.
When he had become Prime Minister in 1940, Churchill had set up an agency called British Security Coordination (BSC) with the mission to use any necessary dirty tricks to get the United States into the war. The BSC was run out of three floors of Rockefeller Center in New York by a Canadian named William Stephenson — the model for James Bond, according to Ian Fleming. It ran its own radio station, WRUL, and press agency, the Overseas News Agency (ONA). The hundreds or thousands of BSC staffers, later including Roald Dahl, kept busy sending forgeries to the U.S. media, creating astrologers to predict Hitler’s demise, and generating false rumors of powerful new British weapons. Roosevelt was well aware of the BSC’s work, as was the FBI.
According to William Boyd, a novelist who has investigated the agency, the “BSC evolved a prankish game called ‘Vik’ – a ‘fascinating new pastime for lovers of democracy’. Teams of Vik players across the USA scored points depending on the level of embarrassment and irritation they caused Nazi sympathisers. Players were urged to indulge in a series of petty persecutions – persistent ‘wrong number’ calls in the night; dead rats dropped in water tanks; ordering cumbersome gifts to be delivered, cash on delivery, to target addresses; deflating the tyres of cars; hiring street musicians to play ‘God Save the King’ outside Nazi sympathisers’ houses, and so on.”[xxxiii]
Ivar Bryce, who was Walter Lippman’s brother-in-law and Ian Fleming’s buddy, worked for the BSC, and in 1975 published a memoir claiming to have produced there the first draft of Roosevelt’s phony Nazi map, which had then been approved by Stephenson and arranged to be obtained by the U.S. government with a false story as to its origins.[xxxiv] Whether the FBI and/or Roosevelt was in on the trick is not clear. Of all the pranks pulled by “intelligence” agents over the years, this was one of the more successful, and yet least trumpeted, as the British are supposed to be a U.S. ally. U.S. book readers and moviegoers would later dump fortunes into admiring James Bond, even if his real-life model had tried to deceive them into the worst war the world had ever seen.
Of course, Germany was struggling in a drawn-out war with the Soviet Union, and had not dared to invade England. Taking over South America was not going to happen. No record of the phony map has ever turned up in Germany, and speculation that somehow there might have been some shadow of truth to it seems especially strained in the context of the next section of Roosevelt’s speech, in which he claimed to possess another document that he also never showed anyone and which may never have existed, and the content of which wasn’t even plausible:
“Your government has in its possession another document made in Germany by Hitler’s government. It is a detailed plan, which, for obvious reasons, the Nazis did not wish and do not wish to publicize just yet, but which they are ready to impose — a little later — on a dominated world — if Hitler wins. It is a plan to abolish all existing religions — Protestant, Catholic, Mohammedan, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jewish alike. The property of all churches will be seized by the Reich and its puppets. The cross and all other symbols of religion are to be forbidden. The clergy are to be forever silenced under penalty of the concentration camps, where even now so many fearless men are being tortured because they have placed God above Hitler. In the place of the churches of our civilization, there is to be set up an International Nazi Church — a church which will be served by orators sent out by the Nazi Government. In the place of the Bible, the words of Mein Kampf(나의 투쟁) will be imposed and enforced as Holy Writ. And in place of the cross of Christ will be put two symbols — the swastika and the naked sword. A God of Blood and Iron will take the place of the God of Love and Mercy. Let us well ponder that statement which I have made tonight.”
Needless to say, this was not based in reality; religion was openly practiced in Nazi-controlled nations, in some cases newly restored after Soviet-imposed atheism, and medals that the Nazis bestowed on their biggest supporters were shaped like crosses. But the pitch to enter a war for love and mercy was a nice touch. The next day, a reporter asked to see Roosevelt’s map and was turned down. As far as I know, nobody even asked to see this other document. It’s possible that people understood this not to be a literal claim to have an actual document in possession, but rather a defense of holy religion against evil — not something to be questioned with skepticism or seriousness. Roosevelt continued:
“These grim truths which I have told you of the present and future plans of Hitlerism will of course be hotly denied tonight and tomorrow in the controlled press and radio of the Axis Powers. And some Americans — not many — will continue to insist that Hitler’s plans need not worry us — and that we should not concern ourselves with anything that goes on beyond rifle shot of our own shores. The protestations of these American citizens — few in number — will, as usual, be paraded with applause through the Axis press and radio during the next few days, in an effort to convince the world that the majority of Americans are opposed to their duly chosen Government, and in reality are only waiting to jump on Hitler’s band wagon when it comes this way. The motive of such Americans is not the point at issue.”
No, the point seems to have been to limit people to two options and get them into a war.
“The fact is that Nazi propaganda continues in desperation to seize upon such isolated statements as proof of American disunity. The Nazis have made up their own list of modern American heroes. It is, fortunately, a short list. I am glad that it does not contain my name. All of us Americans, of all opinions, are faced with the choice between the kind of world we want to live in and the kind of world which Hitler and his hordes would impose upon us. None of us wants to burrow under the ground and live in total darkness like a comfortable mole. The forward march of Hitler and of Hitlerism can be stopped — and it will be stopped. Very simply and very bluntly — we are pledged to pull our own oar in the destruction of Hitlerism. And when we have helped to end the curse of Hitlerism we shall help to establish a new peace which will give to decent people everywhere a better chance to live and prosper in security and in freedom and in faith. Each day that passes we are producing and providing more and more arms for the men who are fighting on actual battle-fronts. That is our primary task. And it is the nation’s will that these vital arms and supplies of all kinds shall neither be locked up in American harbors nor sent to the bottom of the sea. It is the nation’s will that America shall deliver the goods. In open defiance of that will, our ships have been sunk and our sailors have been killed.”
Here Roosevelt admits that the U.S. ships sunk by Germany were engaged in supporting war against Germany. He just seems to believe it more important to convince the U.S. public that it is already at war than to continue further with the claim that the ships attacked were wholly innocent.
LATE 1941
In late October, 1941, U.S. spy Edgar Mowrer spoke with a man in Manila named Ernest Johnson, a member of the Maritime Commission, who said he expected “The Japs will take Manila before I can get out.” When Mowrer expressed surprise, Johnson replied “Didn’t you know the Jap fleet has moved eastward, presumably to attack our fleet at Pearl Harbor?”[xxxv]
On November 3, 1941, the U.S. ambassador to Japan, Joseph Grew, tried — not for the first time — to communicate something to his government, a government that was either too incompetent to understand, or too cynically engaged in plotting war, or both, but which certainly was not even considering working for peace. Grew sent a lengthy telegram to the State Department warning that the economic sanctions imposed by the United States might force Japan to commit “national hara-kiri.”(할복) He wrote: “An armed conflict with the United States may come with dangerous and dramatic suddenness.”[xxxvi]
On November 6, 1941, Japan proposed an agreement with the United States that included partial Japanese withdrawal from China. The United States rejected the proposal on November 14th.[xxxvii]
On November 15, 1941, U.S. Army Chief of Staff George Marshall briefed the media on something we do not remember as “the Marshall Plan.” In fact we don’t remember it at all. “We are preparing an offensive war against Japan,” Marshall said, asking the journalists to keep it a secret, which as far as I know they dutifully did.[xxxviii] Marshall told Congress in 1945 that the United States had initiated Anglo-Dutch-American agreements for unified action against Japan and put them into effect before December 7th.[xxxix]
On November 20, 1941, Japan proposed a new agreement with the United States for peace and cooperation between the two nations.[xl]
On November 25, 1941, Secretary of War Henry Stimson wrote in his diary that he’d met in the Oval Office with Marshall, President Roosevelt, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Roosevelt had told them the Japanese were likely to attack soon, possibly the next Monday, December 1, 1941. “The question,” Stimson wrote, “was how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves. It was a difficult proposition.”
일본이 조만간 공격을 해 올 것이다...다음주 월요일인 12월1일 이 될 것이다....문제는,
우리에게 너무 많은 위험을 허용하지 않으면서 어떻게 일본이 선제공격을 하는 모양세를 갖추는 것인데....이것은 쉬운일이 아니다..
On November 26, 1941, the United States made a counter-proposal to Japan’s proposal of six days earlier.[xli] In this proposal, sometimes called the Hull Note, sometimes the Hull Ultimatum, the United States required complete Japanese withdrawal from China, but no U.S. withdrawal from the Philippines or anywhere else in the Pacific. The Japanese rejected the proposal. Neither nation, it seems, invested remotely the resources into these negotiations that they did into preparing for war. Henry Luce referred in Life magazine on July 20, 1942, to “the Chinese for whom the U.S. had delivered the ultimatum that brought on Pearl Harbor.”[xlii]
“In late November,” according to Gallup polling, 52% of Americans told Gallup pollsters that the United States would be at war with Japan “sometime in the near future.”[xliii] The war was not going to be a surprise to over half the country, or to the U.S. government.
On November 27, 1941, Rear Admiral Royal Ingersoll sent a warning of war with Japan to four naval commands. On November 28, Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark re-sent it with the added instruction: “IF HOSTILITIES CANNOT REPEAT CANNOT BE AVOIDED THE UNITED STATES DESIRES THAT JAPAN COMMIT THE FIRST OVERT ACT.”[xliv] On November 28, 1941, Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., gave instructions to “shoot down anything we saw in the sky and to bomb anything we saw on the sea.”[xlv] On November 30, 1941, the Honolulu Advertiser carried the headline “Japanese May Strike Over Weekend.”[xlvi] On December 2, 1941, the New York Times reported that Japan had been “cut off from about 75 percent of her normal trade by the Allied blockade.”[xlvii] In a 20-page memo on December 4, 1941, the Office of Naval Intelligence warned, “In anticipation of open conflict with this country, Japan is vigorously utilizing every available agency to secure military, naval and commercial information, paying particular attention to the West Coast, the Panama Canal, and the Territory of Hawaii.”[xlviii]
On December 4, 1941, newspapers, including the Chicago Tribune, published FDR’s plan for winning the war. I had written books and articles on this topic for years before I stumbled across this passage in Andrew Cockburn’s 2021 book, The Spoils of War: ”
“[T]hanks to a leak that makes the revelations of Edward Snowden appear trivial by comparison, the full details of this ‘Victory Plan’ appeared on the front page of the isolationist Chicago Tribune just days before the Japanese attack. Suspicion fell on an Army general of alleged German sympathies. But the Tribune‘s Washington bureau chief at the time, Walter Trojan, told me years ago it was the Air Corps commander, Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, who had passed along the information via a complicit senator. Arnold believed the plan was still too stingy in its allocation of resources to his service, and so aimed to discredit it at birth.”
These five images contain the Tribune article:
The victory plan, as reported and quoted here, is mostly about Germany: encircling it with 5 million U.S. troops, possibly many more, fighting for at least 2 years. Japan is secondary, but plans include a blockade and air raids. The Tribune quotes in full the July 9, 1941, letter from Roosevelt mentioned above. The victory program includes U.S. war aims of upholding the British Empire and preventing the expansion of a Japanese empire. The word “Jews” does not appear. U.S. war in Europe was planned for April 1942, according to “reliable sources” of the Tribune. The Tribune opposed war and favored peace. It defended Charles Lindbergh against charges of Nazi sympathies, which he actually did have. But nobody, as far as I can tell, has ever questioned the accuracy of the report on the pre-Pearl Harbor plan for U.S. waging of WWII.
As of December 6, 1941, no poll had found majority U.S. public support for entering the war.[xlix] But Roosevelt had already instituted the draft, activated the National Guard, created a huge Navy in two oceans, traded old destroyers to England in exchange for the lease of its bases in the Caribbean and Bermuda, supplied planes and trainers and pilots to China, imposed harsh sanctions on Japan, advised the U.S. military that a war with Japan was beginning, and — just 11 days before the Japanese attack — secretly ordered the creation of a list of every Japanese and Japanese-American person in the United States. (Hurray for IBM technology!)
--)))..다시한번 분명하게 알아 둡시다....
진주만 기습 공격이 태평양 전쟁을 일으킨 것이 아니고....진주만을 기점으로 태평양 전쟁이 본격화 되엇다..
625 기습 남침이 한국 전쟁을 일으킨 것이 아니고....625를 기점으로 한국전쟁이 본격화 되엇다....get it???
On December 7, 1941, following the Japanese attack, President Roosevelt drew up a declaration of war against both Japan and Germany, but decided it wouldn’t work and went with Japan alone. On December 8th, Congress voted for war against Japan, with Jeanette Rankin casting the only no vote.
Jeanette Rankin 과...대 일본전쟁에 반대를 한 유일한 의원을 보도한 당시의 신문
이 여인은 1차 대전의 참전에도 반대를 한 50명의 의원중 한명이고..
일본과의 전쟁에서는 유일하게 반대표를 던졋습니다..
그 여인은 공화당입니다..
지금의 공화당 민주당의 시각으로 보면 엉뚱한 일이겟지만....
대외적인 평화노선은 오히려 공화당 쪽이 적극적인 경우가 많습니다..
한국의 20대 젊은층들에 국힘당 지지자들이 많다고 하지요?
다른소린 솔까 ...이런 말 못 믿겟습니다....
다른소리도 젊은 시절이 잇엇고...그 젊음의 혈기가 주는 분위기와 흐름이 무엇인지 잘 알고 잇는데...국힘당을 지지 한다??
그런데
현실이 그리 바꿧답니다...
그런식의 구분이 더 이상 약발을 받지 않게 되엇다는 것이지요..
세삼 세월의 힘을 느끼지 않을 수 없습니다.
다른소리가 바뀐것이 아니고, 그 젊음의 혈기가 바꿧다고는 생각하지 않습니다..
그런것을 담아내지 못하고 교주님 할렐루야 집단으로 타락해 버린 민주당이 문제인 것이지요..
CONTROVERSY AND LACK THEREOF
Robert Stinnett’s Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor is controversial among historians, including in its claims about U.S. knowledge of Japanese codes and coded Japanese communications. I don’t think, however, that either of the following points should be controversial:
While Stinnett believes his most important findings only made it into the 2000 paperback of his book, the New York Times review by Richard Bernstein of the 1999 hardcover is notable for how narrowly it defines the questions that remain in doubt:[li]
“Historians of World War II generally agree that Roosevelt believed war with Japan was inevitable and that he wanted Japan to fire the first shot. What Stinnett has done, taking off from that idea, is compile documentary evidence to the effect that Roosevelt, to ensure that the first shot would have a traumatic effect, intentionally left Americans defenseless. . . .
“Stinnett’s strongest and most disturbing argument relates to one of the standard explanations for Japan’s success in keeping the impending Pearl Harbor attack a secret: namely that the aircraft carrier task force that unleashed it maintained strict radio silence for the entire three weeks leading up to Dec. 7 and thus avoided detection. In truth, Stinnett writes, the Japanese continuously broke radio silence even as the Americans, using radio direction finding techniques, were able to follow the Japanese fleet as it made its way toward Hawaii. . . .
“It is possible that Stinnett might be right about this; certainly the material he has unearthed ought to be reviewed by other historians. Yet the mere existence of intelligence does not prove that that intelligence made its way into the proper hands or that it would have been speedily and correctly interpreted.
“Gaddis Smith, the Yale University historian, remarks in this connection on the failure to protect the Philippines against Japanese attack, even though there was a great deal of information indicating that such an attack was coming. Nobody, not even Stinnett, believes that there was any intentional withholding of information from the American commander in the Philippines, Douglas MacArthur. The information available was for some reason just not put to use.
“In her 1962 book, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision, the historian Roberta Wohlstetter used the word static to identify the confusion, the inconsistencies, the overall uncertainty that affected intelligence gathering before the war. While Stinnett assumes that most information that now seems important would have gotten speedy attention at the time, the Wohlstetter view is that there was a great avalanche of such evidence, thousands of documents every day, and that the understaffed and overworked intelligence bureaus may simply not have interpreted it correctly at the time.”
Incompetence or malevolence? The usual debate. Did the U.S. government fail to know the exact details of the coming attack because it was incapable or because it didn’t want to know them, or didn’t want certain parts of the government to know them? It’s an interesting question, and it’s all too easy to underestimate incompetence, and all too reassuring to underestimate malevolence. But there is no question that the U.S. government knew the general outlines of the coming attack and had been knowingly acting for years in ways that made it more likely.
THE PHILIPPINES
As the book review above mentions, the same question about the details of foreknowledge and the same lack of any question about the general outlines of it apply to the Philippines as to Pearl Harbor.
In fact, the case for an intentional act of treason would be easier for historians to speculate about in regard to the Philippines than in regard to Hawaii, if they were so inclined. “Pearl Harbor” is a strange shorthand. Hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor — on the same day but technically December 8th due to the International Date Line, and delayed six hours by the weather — the Japanese attacked the U.S. military in the U.S. colony of the Philippines, fully expecting to have a harder go of it, given that surprise would not be a factor. In fact, Douglas MacArthur received a phone call at 3:40 a.m. Philippines time alerting him to the attack on Pearl Harbor and the need to be prepared. In the nine hours that elapsed between that phone call and the attack on the Philippines, MacArthur did nothing. He left U.S. airplanes lined up and waiting, like the ships had been in Pearl Harbor. The result of the attack on the Philippines was, according to the U.S. military, as devastating as that on Hawaii. The United States lost 18 of 35 B-17s plus 90 other airplanes, and many more damaged.[lii] In contrast, in Pearl Harbor, despite the myth that eight battleships were sunk, the reality is that none could be sunk in such a shallow harbor, two were rendered inoperable, and six were repaired and went on to fight in WWII.[liii]
On the same day of December 7th / 8th — depending on the position of the International Date Line — Japan attacked the U.S. colonies of the Philippines and Guam, plus the U.S. territories of Hawaii, Midway, and Wake, as well as the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, and the independent nation of Thailand. While the attack on Hawaii was a one-off attack and retreat, in other locations, Japan attacked repeatedly, and in some cases invaded and conquered. Falling under Japanese control in the coming weeks would be the Philippines, Guam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, and the western tip of Alaska. In the Philippines, 16 million U.S. citizens(필리핀을 미국영으로 보고 미국시민이라 말 한것) fell under a brutal Japanese occupation. Before they did, the U.S. occupation interned people of Japanese origin, just as was done in the United States.[liv]
Immediately after the attacks, the U.S. media didn’t know it was supposed to refer to them all with the shorthand of “Pearl Harbor,” and instead used a variety of names and descriptions. In a draft of his “day of infamy” speech, Roosevelt referred to both Hawaii and the Philippines. In his 2019 How to Hide an Empire, Daniel Immerwahr argues that Roosevelt made every effort to depict the attacks as attacks on the United States. While the people of the Philippines and Guam actually were citizens of the U.S. empire, they were the wrong sort of people. The Philippines was generally viewed as insufficiently white for statehood and on a track to possible independence. Hawaii was whiter, and also closer, and a possible candidate for future statehood. Roosevelt ultimately chose to omit the Philippines from that part of his speech, relegating it to one item in a later list that included the British colonies, and to describe the attacks as having happened on “The American Island of Oahu” — an island whose Americanness is, of course, disputed to this day by many native Hawaiians. The focus has been kept on Pearl Harbor ever since, even by those intrigued by the blundering or plotting behind the attacks.[lv]
FURTHER INTO THE PAST
It’s not hard to think of things that could have been done differently in the years and months leading up to U.S. entry into WWII, or even leading up to the first sparks of war in Asia or Europe. It’s even easier to describe things that could have been done differently if one goes back a little further into the past. Things could have been done differently by every government and military involved, and each is responsible for its atrocities. But I want to mention some things that the U.S. government could have done differently, because I’m trying to counter the idea that the U.S. government was forced reluctantly into a war that was exclusively of others’ choosing.
The United States could have elected William Jennings Bryan president over William McKinley who was succeeded by his vice president, Teddy Roosevelt. Bryan campaigned against empire, McKinley in favor of it. To many, other issues seemed more important at the time; it’s not clear that they should have.
Teddy Roosevelt didn’t do anything halfway. That went for war, imperialism, and his previously noted belief in theories about the Aryan “race.”(아리안 종자 왓다 주의= 백인 우월주의) TR supported the abuse and even killing of Native Americans, Chinese immigrants, Cubans, Filipinos, and Asians and Central Americans of nearly every variety. He believed only whites capable of self-rule (which was bad news for the Cubans when their U.S. liberators discovered some of them to be black). He created a display of Filipinos for the St. Louis World’s Fair depicting them as savages who could be tamed by white men.[lvi] He worked to keep Chinese immigrants out of the United States.
https://www.ladyscience.com/human-zoos-worlds-fair-and-imperialism/no53
센트루이스 국제박람회와 ....인종 전시장에 관한 글(시간 되면 읽어보시기 바랍니다..)
James Bradley’s 2009 book, The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War, tells the following story.[lvii] I’m leaving out portions of the book that have had doubts raised about them.
In 1614 Japan had cut itself off from the West, resulting in centuries of peace and prosperity and the blossoming of Japanese art and culture. In 1853 the U.S. Navy had forced Japan open to U.S. merchants, missionaries, and militarism. U.S. histories call Commodore Matthew Perry’s trips to Japan “diplomatic” although they used armed war ships to compel Japan to agree to relations it adamantly opposed. In the years that followed, the Japanese studied the Americans’ racism and adopted a strategy to deal with it. They sought to westernize themselves and present themselves as a separate race superior to the rest of the Asians.
(일본의 야마토 민족주의의 태동의 배경입니다...비록 단일 민족 국가가 아니더라도 어떤 형태의 종자주의는 존재 하엿습니다...
그런데 그런것과는 전혀 다른 새로운 민족주의가 도입되엇고 이런 민족주의의 기원은 당연히 유럽에서 기원합니다.
일본의 민족주의는 자신들을 강제 개항케 한 미국의 백인 우월주의의 짝뚱이고....
한국이 열이 쳐 받처 흉내냇고 지금도 약발을 존나 쳐 받고 잇는 배달 민족주의도 주체만 쩍빨이에서 한족으로 바뀐 ..시작 부터 완벽하게 정신질환인 민족주의입니다.
후꾸자와 유키치
일본종족은 천황폐하의 특수한 종자라는 정신질환을 체계화 시킨 일본의 대표적인 미친개 입니다..
이 자의 종자론은 고대로 카피햇서 배달민족으로 바꿔...꼭 같은 정신질환 체체를 만들어 낸 사람이 춘원 이광수 입니다.
이광수의 민족개조론은 ..... 도산 안창호에 의해 다시 한번 복사 되엇고....안창호는 이른 "실력양성론" 이라 개 드립을 처 됫습니다.
꼭 같은 주장인데...........
이광수에게는 개소리 라고....안창호에게는 존경한다고 합니다.
꼭 같은 뇌물인데....노무현의 뇌물은 생계형 범죄라고 하고 박그뇌 뇌물은 대를 이어 추징해야 하는 빌어먹을 범죄라고
꺅꺅 거리는 것과 같습니다..
이런 정신질환은 한번 번식하게 되면 잘 사라지지 않습니다...그래서 처음부터 번식하지 못하게 하는 것이 중요하지만
오히려 그런 현실이 독버섯을 더욱 자라게 합니다.....악화가 양화를 구축해 내는 원리이지요.
백인 우월주의나...여전히 기승을 부리고 잇는 내오 나찌즘 처럼....
이런 미친개들의 개 소리에 환장하는 쩍빨이들은 여전히 우글 우글 합니다..
한국에서는 국뽕에 쩌른 것들이 주류이지요..
한국과 일본은 특히 단일민족국가라서...국뽕이 약발을 받기가 너무 좋은 환경입니다....
한국의 국뽕 종자주의는 일제강점기 식민의 역사 때문에 더욱 확창되어..오늘날의 완벽한 정신질환으로 자리잡은 것이지요.
다른소리가 가장 듣기 싫어 하는 단어가...국가, 민족, 애국 이란 단어입니다....요즘엔 민주주의, 인권 이란 단어도...그렇습니다.
They became honorary Aryans. Lacking a single god or a god of conquest, they invented a divine emperor, borrowing heavily from Christian tradition.(지금의 한국의 민족주의에도 기독교가 자리 하고 잇는 것은 같습니다.....단군 신화??....뭔 개소리....어차피 절대자의 피조물과 ..절대자의 특별한 선택을 받앗다는 기독교식 국뽕은 차이가 없습니다) They dressed and dined like Americans and sent their students to study in the United States. The Japanese were often referred to in the United States as the “Yankees of the Far East.”(극동의 양키....오늘날 일본 보다는 오히려 대한민국에 더 어울리는 표현이 되엇지요...일본을 제끼고 더욱 미국화 된 위대한 단군의 자손....취지지ㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣ......광화문 미 대사관 앞에 가 보시기 바랍니다......돌아가지도 않는 혀를 굴러....아릴 나브 욤메리카.......처연하게 악을 쓰는 사람들을 볼 수 잇습니다........허리도 제대로 펴지 못하는 영감 할망구들에게 영어로 미국 국가를 가르치는 ....위대한 하느님의 성령 내림을 받은 너무나 많은 기독교인들을 볼 수 잇습니다) In 1872 the U.S. military began training the Japanese in how to conquer other nations, with an eye on Taiwan.
Charles LeGendre(샤를 르 장드르), an American general training the Japanese in the ways of war, proposed that they adopt a Monroe Doctrine for Asia, that is a policy of dominating Asia in the way that the United States dominated its hemisphere. Japan established a Bureau of Savage Affairs and invented new words like koronii (colony). Talk in Japan began to focus on the responsibility of the Japanese to civilize the savages(야만인들을 문명화 시키기 위해). In 1873, Japan invaded Taiwan with U.S. military advisors(모란사 사건-牡丹社事件....을 이유로 일어난 일본의 대만 침공사건). Korea was next.
Korea and Japan had known peace for centuries. When the Japanese arrived with U.S. ships, wearing U.S. clothing, talking about their divine emperor, and proposing a treaty of “friendship,” the Koreans thought the Japanese had lost their minds, and told them to get lost, knowing that China was there at Korea’s back. But the Japanese talked China into allowing Korea to sign the treaty, without explaining to either the Chinese or Koreans what the treaty meant in its English translation.
In 1894 Japan declared war on China(청일전쟁), a war in which U.S. weapons, on the Japanese side, carried the day. China gave up Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula(랴오퉁 반도), paid a large indemnity, declared Korea independent, and gave Japan the same commercial rights in China that the U.S. and European nations had. Japan was triumphant, until China persuaded Russia, France, and Germany(3국간섭) to oppose Japanese ownership of Liaodong. Japan gave it up and Russia grabbed it. Japan felt betrayed by white Christians, and not for the last time.
In 1904, Teddy Roosevelt was very pleased with a Japanese surprise attack on Russian ships. As the Japanese again waged war on Asia as honorary Aryans, Roosevelt secretly and unconstitutionally cut deals with them, approving of a Monroe Doctrine for Japan in Asia. In the 1930s, Japan offered to open up trade to the United States in its imperial sphere if the United States would do the same for Japan in Latin America. The U.S. government said no.
CHINA
Britain was not the only foreign government with a propaganda office in New York City leading up to WWII. China was there too.
후쓰.....중국이 서방측의 지워을 받기 위해서는 최소 1년 정도는 처참하게 깨질 필요가 잇다는 주장을 햇던 중국의 대표적인 우익 지성)
How did the U.S. government shift from its alliance and identification with Japan to one with China and against Japan (and then back again the other way after WWII)? The first part of the answer has to do with Chinese propaganda and its use of religion rather than race, and with putting a different Roosevelt(프랭크린 루스밸트) into the White House. James Bradley’s 2016 book, The China Mirage: The Hidden History of American Disaster in China tells this story.[lviii]
For years leading up to World War II, the China Lobby in the United States persuaded the U.S. public, and many top U.S. officials, that the Chinese people wanted to become Christian, that Chiang Kai-shek(장개석) was their beloved democratic leader rather than a faltering fascist, that Mao Zedong was an insignificant nobody headed nowhere, and that the United States could fund Chiang Kai-shek and he would use it all to fight the Japanese, as opposed to using it to fight Mao.
장개석과 송미령의 연예이야기를 뺄 수 없습니다.
기독교 환자(신자를 훨씬 넘은 )송미령의 환심을 사기 위해 장개석은 팔짜에도 없이 기독교 인이 되겟음을 약속하엿고
이것은 지켜 젓다....그런데 장개석은 시작도 끝도 개독교 따위완 관심이 없엇다....는 것이 널리 알려진 장-송 연예사 입니다.
사내답고 멋 잇써 보입니다..
그런데 이런것도 다 정치적인 이해 득실 때문이엇다는 것이.....최근의 주된 해석입니다..
정치인은 정치적이지 않은 것이 없습니다..
노무현과 문재인을 격고 나온 지금의 한인들에게....정치인들이 어떤 종들이라는 것은 분명하게 알앗을 것이고
미국의 환심을 사기 위한....장개석의 전략적인 기독교 우호 정책 이엇다는 해석이 더 합리적으로 느껴집니다..
이승만이 미국의 절대적인 신임을 받을수 잇엇던 것도....그가 아이비 리거 출신의 영어를 존나게 잘하는 몇 안 되는
조선인 이엇다는 것 보다는.....철쩌하게 기독교에 기생한 이승만의 배경이 훨씬 더 큰 작용을 햇다는 것이 정설입니다.
김영삼이 선거에 승리 햇을때.....장하다 김영삼 장로 청와대 입성....이라는 프랙카드가 널렷습니다.
이명박은 대통령이 되고 나서 대한민국을 하느님게 떠다 받치겟다고 악악거렷지요..
그때나 지금이나 다르지 않습니다..
미국인들에겐 종교(기독교)는 ...자신들의 전부 입니다.....신에 환장한 메이프라호의 찌지리 정신질환으로 시작된 나라가
개독교인들에만 특별하고...이교도 (이슬람)에 악질적인 것은 당연한 것입니다.
The image of the noble and Christian Chinese peasant was driven by people like the Trinity (later Duke) and Vanderbilt educated Charlie Soong(쑹자수- 宋嘉樹), his daughters Ailing(송아령), Chingling(송경령), and Mayling(송미령), and son Tse-ven (T.V.), as well as Mayling’s husband Chiang Kai-shek, Henry Luce who started Time magazine after being born in a missionary colony in China, and Pearl Buck who wrote The Good Earth after the same type of childhood. TV Soong hired retired U.S. Army Air Corps colonel Jack Jouett and by 1932 had access to all the expertise of the U.S. Army Air Corps and had nine instructors, a flight surgeon, four mechanics, and a secretary, all U.S. Air Corps trained but now working for Soong in China. It was just the start of U.S. military assistance to China that made less news in the United States than it did in Japan.
In 1938, with Japan attacking Chinese cities, and Chiang barely fighting back, Chiang instructed his chief propagandist Hollington Tong(董顯光) a former Columbia University journalism student, to send agents to the United States to recruit U.S. missionaries and give them evidence of Japanese atrocities, to hire Frank Price (Mayling’s favorite missionary), and to recruit U.S. reporters and authors to write favorable articles and books. Frank Price and his brother Harry Price had been born in China, without ever encountering the China of the Chinese. The Price brothers set up shop in New York City, where few had any idea they were working for the Soong-Chiang gang. Mayling and Tong assigned them to persuade Americans that the key to peace in China was an embargo on Japan. They created the American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression. “The public never knew,” writes Bradley, “that the Manhattan missionaries diligently working on East Fortieth Street to save the Noble Peasants were paid China Lobby agents engaged in what were possibly illegal and treasonous acts.”
I take Bradley’s point to be not that Chinese peasants are not necessarily noble, and not that Japan wasn’t guilty of aggression, but that the propaganda campaign convinced most Americans that Japan would not attack the United States if the United States cut off oil and metal to Japan — which was false in the view of informed observers and would be proved false in the course of events.----핵심입니다..
선전선동되고 잇지 않는 느낌이 들게 하는 선전선동이...최고의 선전선동이라고 햇습니다.
장개석은 처음 부터 중일전쟁을 장기전으로 보앗고,,미국을 끌어들어 국제전쟁으로 몰아 가려 하엿습니다.
미국을 끌어 들여야 하는 최고의 방법이 무엇이냐??..
먼저 동정심을 유발하게 하는 것입니다.....감성을 흔들어야지요..
일본군의 진격에 일부러 저항하지 않고 일방적으로 당하는 모습을 보엿습니다.....일본군들이 중국에서 무슨 짓을 하고 잇는지를 생생하게 보여주어....이런 나쁜놈들....이라는 기독교적 정의감과 감성을 건들리는 것이엿습니다.
그리고 미국이 일본과 거래하고 잇는 석유와 전쟁물자의 공급을 중단하더라도 일본이 미국을 공격할 일은 없을 것이다는 세련된 프로파겐다를 완성시켯습니다..
가장 완벽한 선전선동술을 완성시킨것입니다.
덜 개방해고 여전히 봉건적이엇던 중국이 이미 신식화된 일본에게 일방적으로 무기력하게 당하기만 햇던 전쟁이란 기존의 분석과는 전혀 다른 분석입니다.....이런것이 최근의 주류입니다..
장개석은 껄렁한 모택동 따위에나 밀려난 무능한 찌지리가 아니고
모택동이 그 만큼 탁월한 인물이엇다는 것이지요.
장개석이 부정 부패로 망햇다....는 식의 주장도....일정 부분 이유는 되겟지만...전부라고 는 할 수 없고
장개석이 특별하게 망쪼가 들만큼의 부정 부패를 보인것도 아닙니다.
사마의가 아무리 뛰어 낫다 한들 공명을 넘지 못햇습니다.......
주유는 분을 이기지 못하고 급창이 터저 죽으면서 외첫지요....
-하늘은 왜 나 주유를 낳고 또 공명을 낳앗는가......미워....
뭐 그런 식이지요
영화 적벽대전의 주유와 공명..
주유가 못 난 것이 아니고.....공명이 너무 잘 낫던 것입니다..
장개석이 못 난 것이 아니고...모택동이 너무 뛰어낫던 것이지요.
Former Secretary of State and future Secretary of War Henry Stimson became chair of the American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression, which quickly added former heads of Harvard, Union Theological Seminary, the Church Peace Union, the World Alliance for International Friendship, the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, the Associate Boards of Christian Colleges in China, etc. Stimson and gang were paid by China to claim Japan would never attack the United States if embargoed, would in fact transform into a democracy in response — a claim dismissed by those in the know in the State Department and White House.
By February 1940, Bradley writes, 75% of Americans supported embargoing Japan. And most Americans, of course, did not want war. They had bought the China Lobby’s propaganda.
Franklin Roosevelt’s maternal grandfather had gotten rich selling opium in China,(전혀 새롭거나 깜짝 놀랄 사실이 아닙니다....미국 역사에 이런 것은 너무나 많아 오히려 이상한 것이 없는 것이 이상할 지경입니다.....역사의 사실 자체를 보세요...그리고 해석을 읽어 보시기 바랍니다) and Franklin’s mother had lived in China as a child. She became honorary chairwoman of both the China Aid Council and the American Committee for Chinese War Orphans. Franklin’s wife Eleanor was honorary chairwoman of Pearl Buck’s China Emergency Relief Committee. Two thousand U.S. labor unions backed an embargo on Japan. The first economic advisor to a U.S. president, Lauchlin Currie, worked for both the U.S. government and the Bank of China simultaneously. Syndicated columnist and Roosevelt relative Joe Alsop cashed checks from TV Soong as an “advisor” even while performing his service as a journalist. “No British, Russian, French, or Japanese diplomat,” writes Bradley, “would have believed that Chiang could become a New Deal liberal.” But Franklin Roosevelt may have believed it. He communicated with Chiang and Mayling secretly, going around his own State Department.
카이로 회담의 장개석.......장개석이 이런 회담에 한 자리 하게 된것은...루스밸트의 베려가 잇엇다는 것이 정론입니다.
Yet Franklin Roosevelt believed that if embargoed, Japan would attack the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) with the possible result of a wider world war. Morgenthau, in Bradley’s telling, repeatedly tried to slip through a total embargo on petroleum to Japan, while Roosevelt resisted for a time. Roosevelt did impose a partial embargo on aviation-fuel and scrap. He did loan money to Chiang. He did supply airplanes, trainers, and pilots. When Roosevelt asked his advisor Tommy Corcoran to check out the leader of this new air force, former U.S. Air Corps captain Claire Chennault, he may have been unaware that he was asking someone in the pay of TV Soong to advise him on someone else in the pay of TV Soong.
Whether the British or Chinese propagandists working in New York moved the U.S. government anywhere it didn’t already want to go is an open question.
당연 합니다..............
그렇다면 미국이 영국과 중국의 로비를 받아 원하지 않는 전쟁을 하게 되엇단 말이냐???......식의 결론적인 반어법은.......노무현교 똥파리때 종들의 종특이지요.....
사람들이 언제 부터....이런식으로 도팍이 되엇는지는 모르겟습니다..
혀튼 희안하게 퇴화 되엇음은 분명합니다..
사람들과 대화 하는 것이.....증말 짜증나게 되어 버렷습니다..
-내가 존경하는 박그뇌 대통령께서 어짜고 햇더니...진짜로 내가 박그뇌를 존경하는 것으로 알더라...................이재명
물론 이것 말고도 이 사람의 화법에 문제가 되는 것은 너무나 많습니다...만
저런 것 까지 국어공부가 되엇는지 여부를 사전에 추정하여 평가하고 이야기를 한다는 것은 증말 피곤한 일입니다.
느낌이 어떻습니까??
나찌즘이나 파시즘,,일본 군국주의가 생각햇던 것 보다 덜 나빳다..
이들과 맞써 싸운 미국을 중심으로 한 연합국들이 우리가 생각햇던 것 처럼 썩 좋은 것들은 아니엇다........
그런말을 해 보자는 것도 아닙니다.......꼴통들에겐 이런 것을 깨우치는 것도 큰 일이겟지만..
전쟁의 속성이 무엇이고...그런 전쟁이 어떤식으로 전개되는지를 알게 되면...
누가 더 좋앗고 더 나빳다 따위는 자연적으로 시시하게 됩니다..
진짜 중요한 문제는...그런 전쟁이 가능하게 한...그런 전쟁몰이가 가능한 환경을 만들지 말아야 한다는 것이지요.
지금 미국이 중국이나 러시아에 하고 잇는 짓은....그래서 위험합니다..
그런 미국과 서방측의 일방적인 말도 않되는 주장을....마치 성서라도 되는양 번역하여 패 딱 갈라 함부러
아갈거리는 짓 따윈 하지 말라는 것이지요...
그것 ...난 실로 진정한 븅쉰쇗끼로쏘이다.....는 자뻑질 박에 않된다고요.....응????
어떤 기사가 던져 진다면....최소 잠시 생각이라도 해 보고 나서....깽깽되는 정도의 인성 확보가 그렇게도 어렵냐는 것입니다..
마치 쥐약 처 먹은 쥐쇄끼들 처럼....옳다구나...서둘러 앞장서서 생 지뤌 떨어되는 짓은 하지 말자는 것이다고....응???
이 시바ㅘㄹ놈드라 ....
[i] C-Span, “Newspaper Warning Notice and the Lusitania,” April 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/newspaper-warning-notice-lusitania
[ii] The Lusitania Resource, “Conspiracy or Foul-Up?” https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up
[iii] William M. Leary, “Wings for China: The Jouett Mission, 1932-35,” The Pacific Historical Review 38, no. 4 (November 1969). Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32.
[iv] Associated Press January 17, printed in New York Times, “‘WAR UTTER FUTILITY,’ SAYS MRS. ROOSEVELT; President’s Wife Tells Peace Advocates People Should Think of War as Suicide,” January 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 46.
[v] New York Times, “JAPANESE GENERAL FINDS US ‘INSOLENT’; Tanaka Decries Roosevelt’s ‘Loud’ Praise of Our Naval Establishment in Hawaii. DEMANDS ARMS EQUALITY He Says Tokyo Will Not Flinch From Disrupting London Parley if Request Is Denied,” August 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 51.
[vi] George Seldes, Harper’s Magazine, “The New Propaganda for War, “October 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 52.
[vii] David Talbot, Devil Dog: The Amazing True Story of the Man Who Saved America, (Simon & Schuster, 2010).
[viii] Major General Smedley Butler, War Is a Racket, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html
[ix] Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 56.
[x] Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 63.
[xi] Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 71.
[xii] Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 266.
[xiii] U.S. Navy Department, “Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II,” Volume I (Part I) Chapter V Procurement and Logistics for Advance Bases, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/building-the-navys-bases/building-the-navys-bases-vol-1.html#1-5
[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, “Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States,” October 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum
[xv] Conrad Crane, Parameters, U.S. Army War College, “Book Reviews: Day of Deceit,” Spring 2001. Cited by Wikipedia, “McCollum memo,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15
[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.
[xvii] Interview for the History Channel Program “Admiral Chester Nimitz, Thunder of the Pacific.” Cited by Wikipedia, “McCollum memo,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13
[xviii] Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick, The Untold History of the United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.
[xix] Joseph C. Grew, Ten Years in Japan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 282.
[xx] New York Times, “CHINESE AIR FORCE TO TAKE OFFENSIVE; Bombing of Japanese Cities Is Expected to Result From New View at Chungking,” May 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 331.
[xxi] New York Times, “AVOIDANCE OF WAR URGED AS U.S. AIM; Speakers at Roundtable Talks at Washington Meetings Ask Revised Foreign Policy,” June 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 333.
[xxii] Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 365.
[xxiii] Mount Holyoke College, “Informal Remarks of President Roosevelt to the Volunteer Participation Committee on Why Oil Exports Continued to Japan, Washington, July 24, 1941,” https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm
[xxiv] Dissentient Judgement of R.B. Pal, Tokyo Tribunal, Part 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm
[xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times, “JAPANESE INSIST U.S. AND BRITAIN ERR ON THAILAND; Warnings by Hull and Eden Held ‘Difficult to Understand’ in View of Tokyo’s Policies,” August 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain-err-on-thailand-warnings-by-hull-and.html Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 375.
[xxvi] Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick, The Untold History of the United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.
[xxvii] Cited by Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin in Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.
[xxviii] Cited by Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin in Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.
[xxix] Cited by Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin in Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.
[xxx] Cited by Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin in Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.
[xxxi] Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387
[xxxii] Video of a key section of this speech is here: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Full text of the speech is here: New York Times, “President Roosevelt’s Navy Day Address on World Affairs,” Oct. 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs.html
[xxxiii] William Boyd, Daily Mail, “Hitler’s amazing map that turned America against the Nazis: A leading novelist’s brilliant account of how British spies in the US staged a coup that helped drag Roosevelt to war,” June 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2673298/Hitlers-amazing-map-turned-America-against-Nazis-A-leading-novelists-brilliant-account-British-spies-US-staged-coup-helped-drag-Roosevelt-war.html
[xxxiv] Ivar Bryce, You Only Live Once (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).
[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil: A Personal History of Our Time (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1968), pp. 323, 325. Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 415.
[xxxvi] Joseph C. Grew, Ten Years in Japan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Cited by Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 425.
[xxxvii] Wikipedia, “Hull Note,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note
[xxxviii] Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of the End of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 431.
[xxxix] John Toland, Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath (Doubleday, 1982), p. 166.
[xl] Japanese Proposal (Plan B) of 20 November 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html
[xli] American Counter-Proposal to Japanese Plan B — November 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html
[xlii] Cited by Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin in Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.
[xliii] Lydia Saad, Gallup Polling, “Gallup Vault: A Country Unified After Pearl Harbor,” December 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx
[xliv] Robert B. Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) pp. 171-172.
[xlv] Statement of Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, U.S.N., in the Saturday Evening Post of October 10, 1942, cited by Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin in Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.
[xlvi] Al Hemingway, Charlotte Sun, “Early warning of attack on Pearl Harbor documented,” Dec 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented
[xlvii] Cited by Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin in Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.
[xlviii] Paul Bedard, US News & World Report, “Declassified Memo Hinted of 1941 Hawaii Attack: Blockbuster book also reveals FDR scuttled war announcement against axis powers,” November 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29/declassified-memo-hinted-of-1941-hawaii-attack-
[xlix] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Americans and the Holocaust: “How did Public Opinion About Entering World War II Change Between 1939 and 1941?” https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941
[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.
[li] Richard Bernstein, New York Times, “‘Day of Deceit’: On Dec. 7, Did We Know We Knew?” December 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html
[lii] Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States, (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019).
[liii] Richard K. Neumann Jr., History News Network, George Washington University, “The Myth That ‘Eight Battleships Were Sunk’ At Pearl Harbor,” https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489
[liv] Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States, (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019).
[lv] Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States, (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019).
[lvi] “Overview of the Philippine Reservation,” https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_
[lvii] James Bradley, The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War (Back Bay Books, 2010).
[lviii] James Bradley, The China Mirage: The Hidden History of American Disaster in Asia (Little, Brown, and Company, 2015).