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Words in Hawthorne - a glossary

[Following are selected words that might be unfamiliar to a new reader of Hawthorne's works. Most are from The Scarlet Letter, but some also from The Marble Faun--usage may be different in other texts. Use your browser's Find command to locate the word in a web page, or use our /Search/ tool to locate a web page from Hawthorne that contains the word. Students: you might want to write down and memorize some of these words, since it will occur to teachers to put them on quizzes as a simple way to determine if you have understood the reading!]

A

abased

humiliated; lowered in rank, prestige, or esteem

abate

lessen in degree, reduce

abbate

a priest, abbé, serving as a cicerone

abhorrence

looked at or felt with disgust, horror; shunned or rejected with scorn or fear

abide

put up with, tolerate

abode

home, place where a person lives or stays

abomination

disgusting thing; something to be looked at with great dislike, disgust, or horror

abstruse

hard to get the sense of; difficult to understand or comprehend; hidden away, recondite

abyss

deep hole; bottomless pit of hell

accord

be in harmony or agreement with

accost

go up and say something to a strange person

accountable

responsible, answerable, capable of being explained

accrued

increased, become a permanent addition

accumulate

get greater by addition; pile up

acquiescing

giving agreement, making no protest against; consenting quietly or passively

acquisition

prize, gift, something gained

acrid

biting, sharp, bitter taste or smell

acuteness

sharpness of mind, clear-minded

adduced

put forward as an example or authority, for proof or for consideration

admonished

warned, told by someone about one's wrongdoing, mildly or kindly but seriously

adultery

consenting sexual intercourse between a married person and another person to whom the first person is not married; usually against religious law if not political or social statute. Note: this word never appears in the text of The Scarlet Letter.

advance

to go before, ahead of

advent

coming, arrival, esp. one of importance

adverse

going against one's interests; going in an opposite direction

afflicted

in pain with or because of; physical suffering or in distress because of

agency

action, being an instrument of, operating through

agitate

shake up, disturb, cause to move violently and irregularly

ails

wrong with, diseased

airily

high in the air, not seriously--there is some implication also of supernatural power (in the air)

airy

like or in the air, as light as air, immaterial or without substance or weight

alacrity

speed, quickness; eagerness, cheerful willingness

alchemy, alchemist

magical power, chemical philosophy of transmutation or changing metals into gold; (alchemist); Parcelsus was the most famous medieval alchemist

allot

to parcel out; assign a portion

alloy

to mix (a metal) with another one of less value

alms-house

poor-house; place where people who cannot support themselves are housed and fed by public charity

amenable

controlled by, responsible to authority

amiss

improper, wrong, whatever offends

amplest

most sufficient or adequate

analogy

parallel to, reasoning by like, corresponding qualities

anathemas

curses, strong denunciations

anatto

variant of annatto, yellow-red dye from a tropical seed

animadversion

pointing out bad qualities, hostile criticism

annihilated

completely destroyed, put out of existence

anon

again; archaic: in a short time, quickly

anthracite

hard coal used for stove fuel

antics

foolish acts, jumps

Antinomian

Religious liberal who believes in individual grace through self-knowledge, not church law or teaching, and thus persecuted by Puritans

antipathy

a dislike or aversion; animosity, enmity; (synonym: repugnance)

antiquarian

one who studies very old, historic things

antiquated

old, having gone out of use

antique

very old, of old times

antiquity

early times in history

apartment

set of rooms; British: flat

apostle

religious missionary, ardent supporter

apothecary

keeper of medical store, one who supplies medical drugs

apotheosized

glorified, exhalted

appalled

shocked, dismayed, made pale

apparition

strange-looking thing

appellation

name or title

apple-peru

a weed, originally from tropical America, with white or blue flowers

appliances

instruments, things, esp. of household use

apprehension, apprehensive

fear; or, understanding or perception in general

aqua-vitae

strong liquor such as brandy or whisky

archaic

old, ancient, old-fashioned

arch-fiend

the devil, Satan

archive

library, storehouse of books

aright

correctly

armorial

having to do with coats of arms

array

clothing or armor

arraying

dressing, composing

art

second person familiar 'are'; also, black art: sorcery, evil, black magic

ascended

went up

ascending

going up

ascertain

get knowledge of, make sure of

ascetic

(adj.) self-denying, austere, severe; (noun) one who renounces comforts of life

askew

at an angle

aspect

facial expression‎; appearance to the eye

asperity

sharpness, roughness

attainments

accomplishments

attire

clothing

audacity

boldness, bravery, unrestrained impudence

auditor

one who hears; a listener

aught

archaic: the least bit, anything at all

augur

to predict, forecast the future

austerity

simple, unadorned, with no ornaments

auspicious

favorable; (see inauspicious)

autumnal

fall-like in age, old, elderly

avail

help, make use of, to be of advantage

averred

said that thing is so, affirm

avowed

acknowledged openly, said to be the case

B

baffling

confusing, perplexing, uncertain

baggage

immoral woman

balked

got in the way of, stopped

balm

sweet oil as medicine to give peace or relief from pain

balustrade

staircase rails and supporting posts

bandied

thrown back and forth in a casual or humorous manner

bane

cause of death, ruin, destruction

bark

sailing ship with square-rigged sails on the foreward masts and a fore-and-aft sail on the rear mast

barter

exchange of goods, trade

battery

blows, throws

beadle, town-beadle

church usher, official whose duty it was to keep order

beckoning

making signs to come toward

bedizen

dress or ornament in a loud or bad way

begs leave

asks permission

behest

request, order

behold

see

behoof

behalf, benefit (not archaic, but more common, behooved)

beneficence

doing good, acting kindly, charity

benevolence, benevolent

kindly, well-wishing

benign

kind, gentle, mild

bequeathed

passed on, left in a will

beseeching

implore, beg for, make a strong request for

besmirch

stain, causes shame or bad reputation

besom

broom made of a bundle of twigs

besought

sought, looked for

bespatter

soil by splashing with a liquid (1640 variant of "spatter")

bestow, bestowing

give; give as gift; use

bethought

reflected on; thought about; remembered

betimes

early

betoken

to mean, stand for

betwixt

between

bid

invite, order, command, offer

birch-bark

smooth white skin, like paper, of birch tree

blackguard

low, rough person; scoundrel, foul-mouthed person

black-letter

book in Gothic type, with heavy dark strokes, like Olde English

blasoned

made as headline; set on fire; glowing; lit up

blasphemous

impiously irreverent; something said or sworn without respect, especially for God

blight

like a plant disease, putting an end to development or hope

bodice

a vest, or part of a dress from waist to shoulder

bond-servant

something like a slave; a person who sold his or her services for a period of years without wages, in return for passage to the New World and housing. See a separate page on bond-servant.

boon

thing of great value, favor; blessing

boorish

rough, crude, rude, offensive

bosom

chest; breasts of female or mother; body near heart, center of emotion

brat

nasty, ill-mannered, spoiled child; one who is a trouble

brazen-clasped

with brass locks holding shut

breach

opening, gap, hole

brig

sailing ship with two masts, both square-rigged, but with also a fore-and-aft sail on stern mast

bright-apparelled

with clothing strong and clear in color

brooch

large decorative pin

brow

part of face over eyes

buccaneer

pirate, sea outlaw

buckramed

covering made of cloth made stiff with paste

burdock

prickly herb or weed with sticky burrs

burnished

made bright by rubbing

burrs

prickly envelope of fruit that sticks to clothes

button, seize by the

to hold in conversation, as by grabbing someone's coat button so he does not move away

bygone

former, old, past, historic

C

cadence

rhythm in sound, going up and down

calamity

serious trouble, shocking events

calculable

come to decision as to probable events, readily relied on

cankered

diseased or corrupted, or spreading it

capering

playful leaping like a young goat

caprice

impulse, whim, an impulsive change of mind; capricious: fickle, impulsive and unpredictable; wanton, wilful behavior, without rational motivation

capriole

playful, goatlike leap in air

careering

going quickly or violently, running or moving at full speed, in a rush

catarrh

inflammation of the lining of the nose and mouth

catechism

book of questions and answers used by the Church to teach a system of Christian belief

celestial

pertaining to the sky, heavenly, divine

centrifugal

having a tendency away from the center

chamber

room, esp. bedroom

chamber-window

(upstairs) bedroom window

chaos

without any order or form

charger

archaic: a platter, a large shallow dish

chased

decorated with engraving or embossing

cheery

in good spirits, happy

chink

crack, narrow opening

chirography

writing with a pen

chirurgical

surgical

choleric

easily angered

cicerone

a tourist guide

circuit

circle

circumference

outline of circle, distance around

clamor

big noise, protest

clangor

loud, metallic sounds

clarion

trumpet

clench

tightly shut

clew

clue, something that guides to the solution of a problem or mystery

cloister

monastery, place of secluded study

close

ending; but also, narrow passageway or alley (now chiefly British); neighborhood of a church or other building

coadjutors

workers along with a person; assistants

cogitating

thinking, pondering

colloquy

a talk between persons

commodiousness

comfort in spaciousness

commodity

anything that can be traded

communed

communicated quietly

communion

union, shared feeling or place

compass

range, distance around

compeers

equals (persons)

compliance

as ordered or requested

comports

behaves

comprehension, comprehended

understanding; comprehend: see clearly in a wide range

condescension

recognition

conceits

strange comparisons or ideas

concoct

make, mix

concord

harmony, agreement between two aspects

confer

give, consult, make conference with

confidant

one to whom secrets or private matters are told or confided; (female, confidante)

confinement

imprisonment; also, lying-in, period of time around childbirth when mother lies in bed separate from other people (according to the OED, that euphemism was not yet in common use in 1600s-- term was "bands", or "Our Lady's bands", while "confinement" is a euphemism cited from 1774 and was popular in Hawthorne's Victorian times)

congregated

grouped together

conjectural

conclusion inferred from incomplete evidence

conjoined

joined, joined together, united

conjunction

state of being joined; simultaneous occurrence in time or space

conjuration

magic spell; also, solemn invocation or appeal

conscious

aware of

consciousness

awareness, understanding

consecrated, consecration

given up to God, declared or set apart as sacred

considerable

big, a lot of, large in amount

consigned

given over to

consolation, consolations

comforting, solace

consternation

great surprise and fear; sudden confusion or amazement

constitution

makeup, how put together of parts

constraining, constrained

limited, restricted; forced, not natural

consummation

fulfillment, ultimate end or goal, made complete

contadina

Italian peasant girl; masculine = contadino; plural = contadini

contagion

poision, bad influence that spreads rapidly

contiguity, contiguous

joining, touching

contingency

happening, occurence, esp. by chance

contortions

twisted out of normal form

contrive

devise with cleverness, fabricate

contumely

rough, rude, haughtily contempuous language or treatment

convulsed, convulsive

violent, uncontrolled movement of muscles

cope

coping, top part of a wall

cordial

liqueur

countenanced

supported or encouraged in belief

countenance, countenanced

(noun) face, facial expression‎, aspect; (verb) to condone, to approve (cliche: out of countenance = visibly upset or embarrassed)

conversant (with)

having knowledge of or about

craftily

falsely, not straightforwardly

crave

beg, want greatly, desire

credibility

possibility of being believed in

creed

short statement of belief in Christian church

culprit

person caught violating the law

cumbrous

bulky, hard to handle

cut

clothing design

D

dame

married woman

dank

wet, unhealthy

darksome

dark, somber

dauntless

bold, not capable of being discouraged, fearless

deacon

man who helps minister in church functions

dearth

scarcity, lack, shortage

decapitated

head cut off; fired from job; [note: fake decapitation tricks were common in traveling magic shows in Hawthorne's time]

decease

death

decorous

proper, appropriate, polite

decorum

appropriate, polite behavior

decrepit

broken down, old and weak

decried

condemned, disapproved of

deem

consider, believe

defrauding

taking away from, especially by cheating

defunct

dead

degenerate

lost quality, gone down hill

deleterious

having a harmful effect

dell

small hollow with trees, usually secluded

delusive

having the nature of a delusion or false belief

delved

archaic word for dug

demeanour

behavior, way he handles himself, conduct

demerits

faults, offenses, defects

demonstration

public display

denizens

animals living in that place

denoted

indicated, served as a direct sign of

deportment

conduct, demeanor, bearing, behavior

depravity

moral corruption

depredations

plunder, preying on

deserts

deserved result, reward or punishment

design

form a plan for

desperadoes

pirates, dangerous criminals

despondency

feeling without hope, depression from lack of courage

despots, despotic

ruler with absolute power

detriment

harm, damage

device

in heraldry, a graphic motto or symbol

devoid

without, empty, lacking

devout

deeply religious

diabolical

devilish

diffused

spread out

dilapidated

ruined, decayed, fallen down

disapprobation

disapproval

disastrous

causing disaster, evil influence, esp. supernatural (from the Greek word for 'star')

discern

to perceive differences; to make distinctions

disclaim

deny (responsibility for)

disclosure

revealing, revelation, opening up to public view

discourse

formal, long, discussion of a subject

disdainful

scorning, looking down on, with contempt

disporting

playing

disposition

mood, (likely) pattern of behavior, attitude

disquietude

state of worry, uneasiness

dissolute

lacking in moral restraint

distracted

unsettled, pulled in opposite emotional directions

diversify

vary, mix in

divine

minister, clergyman, theologian; (maybe there is a hint of sarcasm sometimes, of the man who pretends to compare to God)

domain

owned area, place, home

domestic

private, home, family

dost

do (second person singular present tense)

dotage

senile, state of feeble-minded old person

draught

draft, a drink

drearier

dismal, boring, bleaker

dryad

wood nymph, a nature divinity in Greek mythology

due

at the right time

dusky

dark, in shadow, without adequate light

dynasty

source of ultimate power, succession of rulers in a kingdom

E

earnest

serious, grave, sincere

eccentricity

deviation from the normal; oddity

ecstasy

intense joy

edifice

building

effected

made, brought about; (not to be confused with 'affected' = influenced)

effervescence

bubbling, high spirits

efficacy

(noun) power to produce desired effect; ability to achieve results; (adj.) efficacious: effective, capable of producing desired effect

effusion, effluence

pouring out, flood

ejaculation

outburst, exclamation

ejectment

firing, forcefully thrown out

eldritch

weird, eerie, supernatural, ghastly; an eldritch scream is unnerving and makes chills go up and down your spine; an Eldritch Press would sound much like that, like a bearing going bad on a disk drive, if you could hear it operate; also, a frequent mispronunciation of that dreadful surname, "Eldred," always feared in e-mail message headers

elf

mischievous child or small creaure believed to have magical powers

Elizabethan

of the period of Elizabeth I, queen of England (1558-1603)

emaciated

thin, haggard, gaunt

embowed

arched, like a bow

embroidery

ornamental work sewing with needle and thread

eminence

height, commanding place higher than surrounding

emissary

ambassador, secret agent

emolument

profit derived from office or employment

encumbrance

burden, heavy weight

endowment

natural gift or ability

enervating

weakening, lessening of strength

engraved

written in stone or metal, so as to be permanent

engrossed

written in large, clear, words

enigma

mystery, ambiguous or inexplicable riddle

enjoined

commanded by authority

enmity

deep-seated hatred, antagonism

entreat

plead, make an earnest request for

enumerated

numbered

epoch

time, particular period of history

ere

before in time

erudite

(adj.) deeply learned; showing extensive knowledge; sagacious; (noun) erudition: deep and extensive learning, profound knowledge

esoteric

confidential, within a small circle

escutcheon

shield bearing a coat of arms

essayed

tried, attempted

estate

landed property

esteem

consider, have an opinion

estranged

removed, made a stranger

etherealized

(adj.) heavenly, delicate, intangible, spiritual; (verb) etherealize: to spiritualize

eulogium

eulogy, speech of great praise

evanescent

fleeting, likely to vanish; transitory

evaporated

come to nothing, turned to a gas

eventide

evening

ever

always

evoked

called forth

exemplary

(adj.) serving as a model, commendable; (noun) exemplar: model

exhilarating, exhilaration

stimulating, made free or strong

exhort

strongly encourage

exigencies

great needs, pressing requirements

expatiate

talk at long length

expiation

making payment for some wrong, esp. by undergoing punishment

expostulation

demand, attempt to persuade or change another person's behavior

expunge

erase, strike out

extinguished

eclipsed, obscured

extravagant

unrestrained, growing beyond reasonable bounds

extremity

end, far point

F

faculty

power of mind or body (often plural)

fain

(adverb) preferably, gladly, willingly

faint

weak

fame

good name, reputation

familiarity

intimately, as closely acquainted, as members of the same family

fantastic

unreal, based on fantasy; extravagant, ingenious

farthingale

skirt hoop fashionable in that day

fathomless

so deep that it cannot be measured

feigned

pretended

fervently

with burning, strong feelings

festal

as in a feast, festive

festoon

string held up between two points as in a garland

fidelity

being true

field sable

heraldic term for a black shield

fiend

devil, very cruel person

filial

son-like, responsibility as a son or younger dependent person

fire-water

alcoholic drinks particularly intoxicating to Native Americans because of their lack of enzymes to digest alcohol.

flannel

soft woven cloth of wool or cotton

flit

moving like a bird, darting rapidly from place to place

flush

blush, red in face

folio

large book, about 15 inches in size

foolscap

large sheet of writing paper, about twice the width of a letter sheet

forbearance, forborne

holding back comment, restraint, tolerance

foreboded, foreboding

sense of impending evil, ominous

forenoon, meridian

morning, time before noon or mid-day; an hour past meridian would be one hour after the sun was at its highest, or one o'clock

form

appearance

forsooth

archaic: indeed

forthwith

now, right away, without delay

fortified

made stronger

foundered

sank or sunk

fourscore

eighty (four times a score, which is twenty years)

frailty

readiness to give way to wrong impulses

frame

body

frank

honest, sincere, open

frantic

anxious, nervous, emotionally out of control

freak

monster or very unusual thing

freight, freighted

verb: to load with goods to be transported

fretted

gnawed or worn away by nervous movements

fringed

sewn fringes on

frisking

leaping, dancing in playful way

futurity

future, time to come

G

gable-peaks

triangular end sections of a building wall, between the pitched roof lines and the ridge pole

gait

peculiar way of moving

galliard

archaic: lively and happy, as in a popular dance of the time by that name

garb

clothing, esp. a distinctive form of dress

gat

Archaic: past tense of 'get'

Geneva

black academic cloak with wide sleeves worn by Puritan ministers in style of Calvin of Geneva

genial

friendly, kindly, pleasant

germ

seed, early stage of life

gesticulation, gesticulating

making gestures, emphatic hand or body motions

ghastly

frightening, terrifyingly horrible, like a ghost or corpse

gibe

making sport, usually with unkind words

gild, gilded

gold, make gold, bright

given

said, ascribed, submitted for acceptance

glimmer, glimmered, glimmering

faint, intermittent light; flickering

gorgeous

magnificent, brilliant, dazzlingly beautiful

gossip

archaic word for kinsman, close friend, or godparent

gouty

sick with the disease gout, which causes pain in joints

grassy-margined

grass at edges

gratuitous

iunearned, unnecessary, unjustified

grievous

causing pain, serious

grimace

(verb) to contort the face to show pain, etc.; (noun) facial contortion to show pain, disgust, etc.

gripe

grip, hold

grisly

causing fear or repugnance

grossness

coarseness, unrefined, vulgar

grotesque

thing of strange or unnatural form

grovelled

got down on one's face to show great fear to someone else, making a low opinion of oneself

guise

outward appearance

gules

heraldic term for red

H

habituated

got used to

haggard

very tired-looking, with lined, worried face

hap

luck, by chance

harassed

annoyed, troubled again and again

harrowed

gave pain to feelings

haughty

stiff, high, with a good opinion of oneself and looking down on others

heraldic, herald

related to heraldry, which keeps track of families and their coats of arms

hermitage

place where a hermit lives, cabin away from others

heterogeneous

mixed, having different ingredients

heterodox

disagreeing with some church belief, or just having different beliefs, unorthodox

hieroglyphics

writing in pictures, hard to understand

hither

toward, to the place of the speaker

hoary-bearded

with a beard white from age

horn-book

a book to teach children to read, formerly one page covered with clear horn

humors

amusements, whims

humorsome

comical

hussy

immoral or mischievous woman

hypocrite

insincere person, falsely making oneself seem better

I

idolized

gave over-great love to

ignominious

deserving shame; despicable, degrading; (see ignominy)

ignominy

bad name, dishonor, infamy, disgrace, shame

ill-omened

marked by signs of bad luck

illumination, illumined

light, gave light to

imbibed, imbibes, imbibing

took in (drink, ideas)

imbue

stain, spread all the way through

imminent

near, ready to take place, threatening

imparted, imparting

gave

impediment, impeded

holding back, block

impelled

drove forward, forced

imperative

necessary to be done right away

imperceptibly

not noticed because so small or slow

imperious

with an air of authority

impiety

lacking reverence or respect

import

sense, meaning

importunately

making strong and frequent requests

imposed

put on, passed off as

impropriety

something improper or inappropriate

impunity

without fear of ending or harm

inalienable

inseparable; incapable of being transferred or lost

inarticulate

not clearly spoken

inauspicious

ill-omened; unfavorable

incited

spurred or urged on, put into motion

inclement

stormy, unfriendly

inclosure

variant of "enclosure," something closed in, confined, or surrounded

incoherent

loose; lacking order or cohesion

incommodities

disturbing details

incongruity

not proper, inharmonious

incumbent

in office, holding a position

incurious

not curious, indifferent

indefeasible

not capable of being undone

inditing

writing, writing down

indolent

lazy

inducements

motives, persuasions

indulgent

lenient, tolerant

inefficacious

not effective or useful for the desired result

ineffectual

not effective or leading to the desired result

inexplicable

not capable of being explained or accounted for

inextricable

not capable of being untangled, untied, or solved

infamy

a bad name, disgrace, an extremely bad thing

infer

arrive at a conclusion, by reasoning from evidence

inferred

arrived at a conclusion, by reasoning from evidence

infirmity

without resolution or determination

inflicted

caused, as punishment

infusion

pouring in of something, as into the veins

inimical

harmful, hostile, unfriendly, malevolent

iniquity

wickedness; sin; a grossly immoral act

innate

by nature, born with

inopportune

inconvenient, at the wrong time

inquietude

in a disturbed state

inquisitively

curiously, prone to asking questions

inscrutable

mysterious, hard to understand

insomuch

inasmuch, in the degree of, as far as

instilment

instillment, given drop by drop

instruction

teaching, order, authoritative advice

insurmountable

incapable of being overcome or solved

intercourse

connection, dealings

interloper

someone from the outside who interferes with a process

intertwined

tied together, mutually involved

intervening

coming between

intervolutions

spiraling folds

interview

meeting

intimacy

of a personal, private nature

intimate

private, personal

intimations

suggestions, hints, indirect communications

intricacy, intricacies

complex parts

introspection

looking inward, self-examination

intuitions

insight, knowledge gained without rational thought

inured

accustomed to, esp. something undesirable

invested

clothed, covered, endowed with

investing

clothing, covering

invests

endowing with

inveterate, inveterately

obstinate, firmly established habit

inviolable

secure from assault or violation

irksome

annoying, a bother, full of trouble

irksomeness

tediousness, weariness

irrefragable

impossible to refute or alter

irrevocable

unalterable; impossible to take back

irrevocably

impossible to change

J

jet

intense black

joint-stool

small piece of furniture used for sitting, with legs but no back, made of pieces of wood fitted together; sometimes a term of disparagement

K

kindled

caught fire, lighted, stirred up or aroused

kindred

family, relationship, similarity or alikeness

L

labyrinth

maze, intricate structure of passages

languid

slow, long

languor

weakness of mind or body, lethargy

lapse

passage of time, slip, forfeit

late

recent, in the period shortly before

latent

quality present but not yet active

latitude

scope or range, esp. of freedom of action (archaic)

lattice

structure of crossed wood strips across window

laudable

worthy of praise

lavished

spent in great amount, squandered

learned

educated

leaves

the two sides or leafs of a window that opens to the sides like a book

leech

archaic for physician--because of the practice of using bloodsucking worms to take amounts of blood from patients in hopes of some cure--be aware that the word was used like we use "doc," and did not necessarily have a disgusting connotation

lees

sediment, more solid leftovers in bottom of [wine] glass

lieu; in lieu of

instead of, in place of

ligaments

attachments, binding strings

limbs

arms and legs

listlessness

lack of energy (see languor)

little

in small, summarized as, as through a telescope

locks

curls of hairs

looking-glass

mirror

loquacity

talking a lot or too much

lot

fate, share, way of life

lucubrations

scholarly work -- origin of word indicates work by the light of a lamp

ludicrous

something that should be laughed at because foolish

lumber

stored furniture or other items

lunacy

losing his mind, insanity, foolishness (once thought to be caused by phases of the moon)

lurid

shining with a red glow as of fire through smoke, also a horrifying, shocking, or revolting color from yellow to orange

lustre

glow of reflected light

luxuriance

indulgent, growing profusely or richly

M

machination

act of plotting, hostile intrigue, conspiracy, schemes; (usually plural)

magistracy

state or office of magistrate

magistrate

judge or law enforcement officer

make

compel, bring about, cause to happen

malefactress

female criminal, woman who has done wrong

malevolence

bitter hatred, ill will, wishing (and acting) bad of someone

malice

deep desire to see another suffer

malicious

deliberate or impulsive desire to do harm

malignant

injurious, tending to produce death

malignity

instance of malignant or malicious quality or behavior

manifest

(adj.) clearly apparent, obvious; (verb) to show, reveal

manifestation

demonstration of the existence of something; revelation

manifold

many, in various details

manse

Scottish word for house of a minister

marble

(like) white stone used for statues

margin

edge, border

marry

archaic exclamation, after Mary, mother of Jesus

marshal

arrange and direct so as to be in order

martial

warlike

martyrdom

suffering and death for a principle or belief

mask

now usually spelled 'masque,' a short play with masked actors

master-word

key, idea that would control

matronly

like a married woman, dignified

meed

archaic word for wages or earned reward, recompense

melancholy

sad, dark, depressing or depressed

memorials

memorandum, written statement of facts

mercenary

hired for pay to serve in armed force

meridian

noon, highest point of sun in day

Methinks

archaic: I believe, it seems to me

metropolis

main city (here, Boston)

mien

behavior, appearance, expression‎

mill-pond

quiet body of water stored to run a water mill

mimic

play, pretend

ministrations

aid or service, usually by ministers

misanthropy

distrust or hatred of humanity or men

misdemeanours

small crimes or misdeeds

mishap

happening by bad luck

mollified

soothed, softened

molested

disturbed, annoyed

momentous

important, consequential

monarch's

king's

morbid

sick, diseased

morions

helmets without crests

morsel

bite, small piece of food

mortal

human being

motto

phrase inscribed as a guiding principle

mould

mold, form in which to shape something

mouldy, mouldering

covered with mold, a fungus growth, and thus old, unused

mountebank

trickster, charlatan, impostor

multitudinous

great, large

muster

military gathering, usually for training

must needs

necessarily

mutability

capability for change

N

natal

birth

naturalized

to grow an introduced plant so it becomes as if native

necromancer

magician, conjurer; necromancy: black magic, sorcery

needful

something needed, wanted, or necessary

nether

down below the earth's surface

nigh

near

night-hags

(female) witches

night-whimseys

nightmares, bad dreams

nugatory

of little consequence, vain

nuptial

wedding, pertaining to marriage

nutriment

food, nourishment

O

oath

solemn promise; careless use of sacred name (as by sailors)

obeisance

a gesture of respect; a bow

obligations

duty, responsibilities, what one is supposed to do, promises or debts

oblivion

forgotten, overlooked

obscure

dark, indistinct, faint

obtuseness

slow, not sharp in understanding

obviated

anticipated, prevented, or made unnecessary

ochre

clay pigment containing iron ore

odious

hated

office

function, service, assigned or assumed duty, role, or task

offshoot

product, descendant

offspring

child; demon offspring = child of Satan and a witch

ominous

pertaining to an omen of evil, menacing, alarming

omniscience

all-knowing; All High Omniscience = God

opportune

happening at an appropriate time

optics

eyes

orb

circle, world, surroundings

ordinances

laws, regulations

outlandish

strange, foreign, bizarre

outskirt

part remote from center; the forest outside town that was thought to live the Devil

overmuch

too big an amount

P

pacify

calm, sooth, appease

pall

spreading covering, usually associated with gloom, as a cloth over a casket, or a dark cloud

palsied

trembling, shaking with a palsy, a nervous condition

palliate

moderate, cover over, lessen in intensity

pallid

pale, dull, lacking color

panoply

full armor

papist

Roman Catholic--heretics to the Puritans

parable

short fiction that illustrates a moral or religious principle

paramour

lover, esp. an adulterous one

parishioner

member of a parish, a church for a certain area

parochial

relating to a church parish

pastime

diversion, something amusing that helps to pass the time

pathos

emotion of pity or compassion

patriarchal, paternal

fatherly; 'patriarchal' implies authority

pauper

very poor person

pealing

ringing sound or succession of sounds

peculiar

strange, different, or odd

peculiarity

oddity, quirk, distinguishing characteristic

pelting

striking with many missiles

penitence

sad, humble feelings of regrets for doing wrong or sin; repenting adds resolve to change

pensiveness

sad or dreaming thinking

perchance, peradventure

perhaps, by chance, luck (mostly archaic now)

peremptory

urgent, commanding, no disagreement allowed

perforce

by necessity, no matter what

perilous

dangerous

perpetration

committing, carrying out, as of a crime

perpetuate

to make last forever

perpetuated

made to last forever

perplexity

bewilderment

persecutor

someone who annoys, harrasses, deliberately does harm to another

personage

person, esp. important one

pervading

present through the whole thing

perverse

stubborn, wrong-headed, cranky

perverted

twisted, corrupt

pestered

annoyed

pestilence

disease, esp. devastating and highly contagious

petrified

turned to stone

petty

small

petulant

peevish, insolent, rude

phantasmagoric

fantastic, dreamlike imagery

phantoms

illusions, dreams, visions

pharmacopoeia

book or collection of drugs

phial

vial, a shallow jar

physic

medicine

physiognomy

face; or, art of judging character from facial features

picturesque

quaint, charming, pretty as a picture

Pilgrim

a pilgrim is one who travels on a religious journey; the Pilgrims were English Puritans who founded the colonies in Massachusetts in the early 1600s.

pillory

See stocks

pious

sacred, worthy, dutiful

pit

the pit = Hell

pith

core, important meaning

placidity

quietness, complacency

plaintiveness

suffering, melancholy

plashy

splashing

plebeian

(adj.) characteristic of commoners, crude, vulgar, low; (noun) commoner

plumage

feathers

podere

Italian country estate

polluted

dirty, contaminated, defiled

pomp

showy display or ceremony

ponderous

heavy

port

appearance, carriage

portal

door

portent

omen, something that predicts important event

portico

entrance porch supported by columns

posterior to

after, later than

posterity

descendants, coming generations

potent

powerful, has the power to do something

potentate

great power or ruler

powdered head

in colonial days men wore wigs kept straight with white powder

prattle

childish, unimportant talk

precincts

within boundaries

precocity

exceptionally early development of mature powers

predilections

wishes, desires, preferences

predominant

main, most common or prevailing

prefigured

suggested by an image coming before

prejudices

preconceived opinions

premises

land and building

presentiments

feeling that something (bad) is going to happen

preternatural

abnormal, transcending natural order

priest

authorized, sacred, religious minister; (at that time, Puritan minister as well as Anglican or Catholic)

Prince

Prince of the Air = the Devil

pristine

in a pure state, uncorrupted, original

prithee

archaic, please (I pray you)

probity

upright, known to be highly honest

procured

got, obtained, bought

proffered

offered, presented for accepting

progenitor

ancestor, fore-father

projected

planned, designed

prolific

productive of, fruitful

prolixity

great length, tedious

promotion

making move ahead or along, advancing, furthering

propagate

pass along to offspring

propensity

leaning, natural inclination or preference

prophecy

prediction of something to come

propinquity

nearness in place or time

propounded

offered for discussion

proprietor

owner (more significantly, but probably only accidentally in this case, one of the legal founders of a colony)

propriety

appropriateness, following customs or rules

Providence

God's care and guidance

proximity

closeness, nearness

pulpit

high platform or desk a minister preached from; also, figuratively, the minister's position or office

puny

weak

Puritan

English Protestant dissenter in 1600s and 1700s who advocated strict religious rules and simplification in churches; some of them became Pilgrims, while others overthrew King Charles I in England

purple, born in the

of high rank (from the royal color)

purport

purpose, meaning, appearance

Q

quietude

repose, quiet and restful state

quitted

left, gone from

quaff

drink up rapidly

Quaker

member of the Religious Society of Friends, group considered heretic by Puritans

R

rack

torture instrument (engine) designed to stretch victim to death

ramparts

fortified wall

rank

excessively overgrown

rankle, rankling

to irritate or make bitter;irritating, festering

ransacked

examined carefully and thoroughly

ransomed

freed from captivity by payment of a price

rapture, rapturously

ecstasy, intense state of being carried away emotionally

ravenous

very hungry

rebuke

sharp criticism

reciprocated

returned (in the same way, kind, or degree)

recompense

payment, compensation

recounted

told, explained

recreate

play, refresh (with connotations of 'create himself anew')

redeem, redemption

save, win back, make up for

reduced

made more small

reeled

staggered, whirl around and around

regimen

healthy plan

rejoined

answer, reply

relinquish

give up

reminiscences

memories, recollections

remonstrance

reproof, protest, admonishment

remorse

long and bitter self-reproach for the wrongs one has done, esp. those that cannot be made up for

reparation

compensation for injury

repel, repelled

push back or turn away from

repent, repentance

to feel bad about one's past behavior and to decide to change it in the future

repining

expressing or feeling discontent, dejection, or wanting something else in life

replete

full, complete

repose

rest

reprimand

sharp rebuke, reproof

reproof

correction of a fault, v. 'reprove'

republican

federal, U.S.; (the Republican Party did not yet exist)

repudiate

refuse to accept, reject as untrue

repugnance

arousing loathing or dislike

repute

reputation, "fair repute" would be a good reputation. In a shame culture people are defined by how others look at them ("fair" being a light or attractive appearance)

requisite

necessary

requite, requited, requital, in requital

repay, in return, as payment for

resolve

determined, made a decision

resort

place to which one goes to do something

retribution

punishment, payback

retired

secluded, away from buildings and people

revelation

showing, discovery, coming to be known

revenue

tax, as on trade goods

reverberated

echoed

reverential

inspiring deference, awe

reverend

deeply respected, loved

reviled

verbally abused, scolded

revolution

overthrow, overturning, complete change; (but 'revolutionary' as in Ch. 12 of The Scarlet Letter means the American Revolution, which began in 1775)

rheumatic flannel

cloth worn to keep warm and to avoid pain in joints from the disease rheumatism

riotously

in wild profusion

rod

stick or twigs used to punish (in Hawthorne's time, it was beginning to be thought too harsh for children--Thoreau quit as a teacher after he used the rod, even though the blows were apparently light, on the hand, and soon forgotten by the misbehaving boy)

rude

rough, coarse

ruff

elaborate collar worn all around neck, looks like a big pleated wheel

russet

reddish brown or red

rustic

plain, country style not city

S

Sabbath

the Puritan holy day of the week, appointed by God for rest, was Sunday

sable, sable-cloaked

black, dark-colored, sober, serious in clothing

sad-colored

dark

sagacity, sagacious, sagaciously

(with) keen intelligence; shrewdness

sagamores

chiefs or subchiefs in the Abnaki language and culture

sanctified

sacred, holy (sometimes Hawthorne uses the term sarcastically, to mean 'sanctimonious,' or hypocritical holiness)

sanctity

sacred, godly, holy, consecrated

satiating

filling, satisfying to excess

scaffold

plaform for hanging condemned prisoners--in this case, also holding the stocks, although in 1642 Boston this was not historically the case

scandal

disgrace or moral offense

scarlet

red. It could be red in general, but, specifically, a bright red with an orange tinge.

schooner

sailing ship with two masts, the one forward shorter than the one to the rear, usually all fore-and-aft sails

scintillating

brilliant flashing

scorned

looked down upon, with disdain or contempt

scourge

(verb) to flog, to whip, to chastise severely; (noun) a whip or any means of inflicting punishment or vengeance

scrutinized

looked over with careful attention to small details

scurrilous

vulgar or coarse, possibly with obscenities

scurvy

disease encountered on long sea voyages of the time, with bleeding into the skin and teeth falling out and even death, later found to be preventable by citrus juice, and even later found to be caused by lack of vitamin C (word was first used in 1565)

scythe

mowing tool with sharp blade, used with both hands, as the one carried by Father Time

seclusion

solitary, away from being seen by others

sedulous

diligent, busy, careful in doing

seemly, unseemly

fit, proper; unfit, improper

selfsame

identical

semblance

form, aspect, likeness

sensibility

awareness and responsiveness to another's emotion; sensitiveness or taste (important word for Romantics); there is also the element of common sense or level-headedness, so Jane Austen's title 'Sense and Sensibility' is a pun or two

sentiment, sentimental

emotion, feeling, or opinion; 'sentimental' is a positive or excess of feeling

sepulchre

tomb, grave structure

serf

servant (but here more like a feudal slave or bond-servant)

serving-men

i.e., serving meals, waiting on table

severed

cut or broken off

sexton

church official or employee who digs graves, rings bell, and takes care of church property

shield of arms

heraldic decorative emblem, a square field on the coat of arms

ship-chandlers

one who sells equipment for ships (a chandler is one who makes or sells candles)

shot

figurative for things like bullets

shrewd

sharp, piercing, looking carefully with intense awareness

shrubbery

low woody plants planted in a garden

signification

the meaning of a sign, esp. the one it is intended to convey

similitude

alike to the eye

simples

medicine--usually from one herb or plant

singular, singularity

unusual, distinctive or peculiar

sire, grandsire

father, grandfather

slumber

sleep

smite, smiting, smote, smitten

hit, strike a blow with the hand

sobriety

moderate, serious, thoughtful character

sojourn

(noun) temporary stay, brief residence; (verb) to reside temporarily

solace

source of relief or freedom from anxiety

sombre

somber, dark, gloomy, dismal. Not "sobre"--a spelling Hawthorne never used.

somnambulism

sleep-walking

somniferous

causing sleep (humorous)

sooth

archaic: true, truly

soothed

comforted, brought relief to

sore

difficult, hard

species

kind, sort

spectre, spectral

ghost; supernatural, like a ghost

speculation

reflection, talk without evidence

sportive

playsome, frolicsome

spruce

dressed neatly

stalwart

strong, sturdy

steeple-crowned

with a crown (the part that fits over the head) high up, like the Pilgrims traditionally wore

sterling

of the highest standard (like the precious metal or coin made of silver)

steward

on a ship, the employee who looks after passengers

stifling

smothering, muffling, repressing, discouraging

stigma

mark, brand, esp. of shame

stocks, pillory

device usually holding a prisoner's head and hands in public view as shame and punishment (Hawthorne sometimes uses the phrase 'the scaffold of the pillory' or 'platform of the pillory', but the pillory was not placed on the scaffold or gallows at this time in Boston)

stole

go quietly, unobserved, as if stealing

stomacher

clothing worn around waist, usually highly embroidered or jeweled in front

stop

halt, as in the period ('full stop') at the end of a sentence

storey

story, rooms on a floor of a building

straitly

archaic: rigorously, carefully

strenuously

vigorously, zealously

stripes

whip blows--they cause striped bruises or cuts

strove

struggled, tried hard, attempted (past of 'strive')

stupefied

made stupid or groggy

subsequent

later, following

subserve

serve, be useful for

subtile

subtle, elusive, crafty

suffice, suffices, sufficed

be enough for, be sufficient

sumptuary regulations

laws governing personal or moral behavior, usually excessive spending or clothing, both religious and to preserve class distinctions (however, Puritan ministers did eventually follow the fashion, as with elaborate wigs and ruffs)

sundering

splitting apart, break into two

suppressing

stopping, checking, arresting

swarm

mass of animate things in motion, as a honeybee swarm

T

taint

stain, bad mark

talisman

anything having apparently magical properties

taper

candle

tarry

wait; but 'tarry blackguard' is a bad sailor with tar on his skin

temporal

on earth (as opposed to eternal, in heaven)

tenacity

firm hold on

tenure

terms or period under which a position is held

terminating

ending, bringing to a conclusion

thither, thitherward

away from, toward

threshold

doorsill or doorway, piece of wood below the door or entry

thwarted

defeated, frustrated

tidings

news, information

tithing-men

men who collected taxes for the church

token

symbol or piece of metal used to represent something else

tome

large, scholarly book

torpid

sleepy, dormant, hibernating

torrent

violent stream of liquid as down a mountain

tost

tossed

trait

peculiarity, distinguishing quality

trammelled

caught as in a net, confined, restrained

transfiguration

a change in appearance, usually exalted or glorified

transformation

change in form or appearance

transgress, transgressor, transgressed

go beyond limit, commit sin or violate law

transitory

short, brief

transporting

carrying from one place to another; also, carrying away with pleasantly strong emotion

tread

follow, walk on, step on, esp. with a heavy step; see p.p., 'trode'

tremulous

vibrating, quivering, trembling

tribunals

courts, in this probably a religious law case

trifled

mocked, treated as insignificant, misled

trifling

not significant, not important, small

triumphant

winning, successful, victorious

trode, trodden

walked (on) with a heavy step (p.p. of tread)

trow

think or suppose

truculency

ready to fight, belligerent, savage

trundle-bed

a simple bed close to the floor, usually one that can slide under another. For Puritans the elaborate master bed was the prominent piece of furniture--all lower people slept closer to the floor.

tumult

commotion, hubbub, confusion and uproar of a crowd; a violent outburst

tunic

a long slip-on jacket, sometimes with high collar

type

pattern, symbol, form, ideal or primary example of that sort

typify, typified

represent by an image or mark of the essential characteristics of something

U

ulterior

future, going beyond what is openly said

ultimately

in the end

unaccustomed

unusual, not in the habit of

unadulterated

pure, not mixed with anything else. Adultery is then mixing another's genes into children without maintaining the purity of the marriage partner's genes.

unamiable

unfriendly, difficult to deal with

unattainable

can't be reached or obtained

unbenignantly

unkindly, not mildly

uncouth

crude, not polished in manners

unction

exaggerated seriousness

undissembled

not disguised or hidden under a false appearance

undulating

moving like waves, flowing, not at a constant speed or direction

unerring

without error or fault

unflinching

not moving away from, uncompromising

ungracious

rude, disagreeable, or archaic: wicked

unhallowed

not holy, immoral

unison

in exact harmony, at the same time and with the same musical pitch

unmalleable

not capable of being changed

unobtrusive

inconspicuous, not obvious

unprecedented

without any earlier such examples

unpremeditated

not thought through first, not produced deliberately

unquiet

agitated, uneasy

unravelled

separated

unsavory

tasteless, unpleasant, disagreeable

unscrupulous

unprincipled, without regard for right conduct

unseasonable

at the wrong or inappropriate time

unthrifty

growing, but not healthy or vigorous

untutored

uneducated in Western ways

unweariable

tireless, fresh, not weary

unwonted

not habitual; unusual

upbraided

reproached, scolded, criticized severely

urchins

scamps, mischievous children playing together on the street

usage

manner of treating

V

in vain

without success

valiantly

bravely, like a hero

vehemence

with bitter antagonism, deeply felt emotion, expressed with force

venerable

(adj.) worthy of respect; old and respectable; (verb: venerate: to regard with respect, to revere)

vengeance

revenge, punishment in return for an injury or offense

verge

edge, point at which something is about to happen

verily, veriest

truly, certainly; truest

versed, well versed

understood, familiar with, skilled, having good knowledge of

vestment

clothes, esp. that of a minister

vexed

troubled

vicissitude

(unexpected) change

vigil

a watch kept during normal sleeping hours, especially over a person's body after they have died; also, eve of a religious festival as observed in devotional teaching

vilified

slandered, abused, defamed

vindicate

confirm‎, substantiate, justify

virgin soil

unused, as vacant land; 'virgins of the church' = young unmarried women or girls

visage

the face or facial expression‎ of a person; aspect; iron-visaged = face like the hard metal iron

visionary

unreal, like a vision

vista

prospect, distant view as along an avenue

vitiated

weakened

vivacity

lively and quick

vixenly

like a female fox, bad-tempered

vocation

occupation

voluminous

large in size, roomy

vulgar

common

W

waiving

forgoing, relinquishing, postponing

wampum

string of polished shells used for money, worn as belt or sash by Native Americans, esp. in Massachusetts (the word was used by the Wampanoag tribe and the English in 1636)

wan

sickly, weak, pale or faint

wanted

lacked, was without

Wapping

area (in London) with many docks for ships

warrant

guarantee or affirm

waxing

increasing, growing

waywardness

unpredictability, following its own impulses

weathercock

weathervane, often in shape of a rooster, on top of building to show wind direction

weeds

black dress worn as sign of mourning at death in family

well-nigh

almost, nearly

wharf

dock or place where ships load and unload

whit

bit, a very small amount

wholesome

healthy, safe, prudent

wigwam

rough hut of arched poles covered by hides or reeds (word used by Massachusetts Indians and English in 1628)

witches

women supposed to cast spells or deal with the Devil

withal

plus, besides, in addition

withered

shrunken, shriveled, dried up

wofully

as full of woe, dreadfully

wont

usage, custom, habit; (adj.) accustomed to, used to (see also unwonted)

work-bag

small bag containing needlework and materials

worshipful

now chiefly British title of respect for the rank of a person

wot, wottest

know, have knowledge ('wottest' is the second person, familiar)

wrath

strong anger or punishment

wreak

to inflict vengeance or punishment upon someone (pronounced reek)

wretched

mean, poor, inferior; unhappy, dejected; very bad

wrought

made, fashioned, formed, manufactured

X

Y

Z

zealously

with eagerness, fervor

zenith

point in sky directly overhead

---

Please send your own contributions or corrections: mailto:EricEldred@usa.net
URL:http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhg.html
Last updated: Sun Sep 26 21:59:20 EDT 1999 ©Copyright 1999 Eric Eldred - see license
From Eldritch Press's Nathaniel Hawthorne Home Page - http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/hawthorne.html

[사랑이]

으악!

[사랑이]

왜 호손을 택했는지? 개인적인 관심, 아니면 문학의 한 흐름을 이끈 인물이라 문학도가 가지는 의무적 관심인지, '의무적 관심'이란 게 대개 개인에게 적용한다면 하고 싶은 일과 해야할 일에서 해야할 일이 우리에게 주는 그런 것 같은 것이죠.

[1541dh]

참고로 하시라는 의미에서 올린거에요. ^^

[1541dh]

1. 호손은 크리스천이구요 ^^ 2. 미국문학의 주된 두 흐름중에서 한 흐름(하나님인정하는 크리스천들)에 해당하는 작가이고 표현이 영어로 할 수 있는 것중에서 어렵기는 해도 다양한 글을 쓸수 있는 가능성을 보여주는 듯 해요

[1541dh]

3. 어떤 틀에 얽매이지 않는 자유로운 글쓰기라 할까요? '아, 이런 표현도 가능하구나. 아 이렇게도 써도 되네 등등' 영어를 배우는 이들에게 폭을 넓혀주는 작가라 생각도 듭니다.

[1541dh]

또 많은 숙고를 한 듯 한 작가라서 제 스타일은 아니더라도 재밌는걸 찾아서 읽어보려고 해요

[1541dh]

hither: toward, to the place of the speaker 이런 표현도 좀 재밌긴 해요 ^^

[1541dh]

God calls me hither his right side, as my father calles me. ^^*

[사랑이]

제 참고가 아니라 논문의 주제가 호손이라서 작가중 가장 관심있는 작가인지, 아니면 관심을 두어야겠다는 작가인지?

[사랑이]

삶이란 게 관심있는 것보다 관심을 둬야한다는 의무감이나 명분이런 게 사람에게 미치는 영향이 참 큰 것 같다는 생각을 합니다.