스크랩 walk의 어원,우리말 아래 下 를 뜻하는 말은 어디서 왔나?다리,각 脚 한자발음 어디서 온 것인가?,일본어 아시(발)의 어원,일본어 아루꾸(걷다)어원

[나비우스]

아래,하 下

아래 어원자료를 한자상고음 참고하면 khla 혹은 ghra 하 

역시 아래로 끌어내리는 것을 뜻한다.

지금 ㅎ는 과거 kh발음에서 주로 온 것이다.

고대음으로는 카르 혹은 더 거슬러 올라가면 캍 으로 읽는다.

즉 끝이다.팥으로도 읽어도 바깥을 뜻하는 말이 될 수도 있다.

역시 끝, 테두리를 의미한다.

지구 중력에 의해서 위로는 갈 수 없으니 아래가 끝인 셈이다.

참고로 중력도 gravity 끌어삐떼이-->어원

끌어버렸어의 경상도사투리 

안사돈 밭사돈 할때 밭은 바깥, 밖이라는 의미다.

는 한자상고음으로 khrat  혹은 phrat,그리고 thlat으로도 읽을 수가 있다.

r이 발음이 보통 묻히는데 캍 이나 팥 으로 읽을 수가 있는 것이다.

khrat이 변하여 우리말 깔다의 어근 깔-이 생긴다.

까는 것은 아래로 깐다.

carpet(카펫,양탄자)의 어원도 그래서 깔아삐다-->깔다의 경상도사투리 

phrat이 변하여(r탈락) foot이 되기도 하고 fall이 되기도 한다.

우리말인 발 (足)의 발음도 생긴다.

fall인 foot이나 아래를 뜻하는 말로 어원이 같다고 볼 수가 있다.

thlat은 떨어지는 것을 의미한다.

Chinese: "下" | Query method: Match substring

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *klaH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

 

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=VgV́ɫ-

Meaning: to lie, fall

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=VgVl

 

Proto-North Caucasian: *=VgVl

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to lie, to put

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *gir-

Proto-Dargwa: *=a(l)g-/=u(l)g-

Notes: An Aand-Darg. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Lak. b-alža-n (g. pr. b-algu-nu) 'to contain, restrain; dress, provide clothes' (although the semantic development raises some doubts).

Sino-Tibetan: *klaH

 

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *klaH

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: fall

Chinese: 下 *ghrāʔ to descend; down, below (? - with irregular -r-)

Burmese: kjaʔ to fall, become low, be thrown down, LB *klaʔ; khjaʔ to throw or cast down, put down, LB *khlaʔ.

Kachin: khrat² fall from an elevation, khran¹ to fell trees or cut down bamboo; cf. also (H) phra to drop, let fall.

Lushai: tla (tlāk) to fall (from a height), to set or go down, thla (thlāk) to lower, let down, throw down, to drop.

Lepcha: klo to fall

Comments: Mikir klo; PG *khlaC throw away; Kham khja. Ben. 39.

Meaning: fall

Chinese: 下 *ghrāʔ to descend; down, below (? - with irregular -r-)

 

Character: 下

Modern (Beijing) reading: xià

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghrāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ghrā́

Western Han Chinese: ɣrā́

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣrǟ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣạ̄́

Middle Chinese: ɣạ́

English meaning : to descend; down, below

Russian meaning[s]: 1) низ; нижний; внизу, снизу; вниз; 2) послелог обстоятельства места под; 3) следующий, последующий; нижеследующий; будущий; 4) низшего сорта, худший, низший; 5) подлый; 6) спускать(ся); служебный глагол направления к, в; 7) издать, отдать; 8) засевать (хлеба); 9) класть (яйца); метать (икру, детенышей животных); 10) идти, выпадать; 11) посетить, прийти в (ресторан); остановиться в (гостинице); 12) разослать (приглашения); выпустить; 13) потратить (время, усилия); 14) взять (город); покорять(ся), пасть; 15) проявить (энергию, решимость); 16) удар; раз; 17) сторона; 18) левый; [-xia] суффикс направления действия (вниз) и совершенного вида действия

Comments: Also read *ghrāʔ-s, MC ɣạ̀ (FQ 胡駕)'to descend; fall'. For *gh cf. Xiamen e⁶, Chaozhou e⁴, Fuzhou a⁶, Jianou a⁸.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

 

Number: 18

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 下

MC description : A: 假開二上馬匣; B: 假開二去禡匣

ZIHUI: A: 0007 0103; B: 0007 0104

Beijing: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Jinan: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Xi'an: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Taiyuan: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Hankou: A: śia 3 (lit.); xa 3; B: śia 3

Chengdu: A: śia 3; B: śia 3

Yangzhou: A: xâ 3; śiâ 3 (lit.); B: śiâ 3 (lit.); xâ 3

Suzhou: A: ia_ 32 (lit.); ɦo 32; B: śia_ 31 (lit.); ɦo 32

Wenzhou: A: ɦo 22; B: ɦo 22

Changsha: A: ia 32 (lit.); xa 32; B: śia 32 (lit.); xa 32

Shuangfeng: A: ɣio 32 (lit.); ɣo 32; B: ɣio 32 (lit.); ɣo 32

Nanchang: A: ha 32; B: ha 32

Meixian: A: ha 3; B: ha 3

Guangzhou: A: ha 22; B: ha 32

Xiamen: A: ha 32 (lit.); he 32; e 32; B: ha 32 (lit.); he 32; e 32

Chaozhou: A: e 22; B: hia 22

Fuzhou: A: a 32; B: xa 32

Shanghai: A: ɦo 32; B: ɦo 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: A: xa 3; B: xa 2

Radical: 1

Four-angle index: 1973

Karlgren code: 0035 a-c

Go-on: ge

Kan-on: ka

Japanese reading: ka;ge;shita;shimo;moto;sageru;sagaru;kudaru;kudasu;kudasaru;orosu;oriru

Vietnamese reading: hạ

Jianchuan Bai: ɣɛ1-

Dali Bai: er1-

Bijiang Bai: -ji1-

Shijing occurrences: 15.3_, 19.3_, 28.3, 29.1, 29.2, 31.3_, 32.3_, 33.2, 35.1

Burmese: kjaʔ to fall, become low, be thrown down, LB *klaʔ; khjaʔ to throw or cast down, put down, LB *khlaʔ.

Kachin: khrat² fall from an elevation, khran¹ to fell trees or cut down bamboo; cf. also (H) phra to drop, let fall.

Lushai: tla (tlāk) to fall (from a height), to set or go down, thla (thlāk) to lower, let down, throw down, to drop.

Lepcha: klo to fall

Comments: Mikir klo; PG *khlaC throw away; Kham khja. Ben. 39.

아래 below

ㄹ은 ㅌ에서 변화해온 것이다.

인도 드라비다어에 우리말 형태가 남아 있다.

일본어에서 발 足을 뜻하는 아시 는 인도 드라비다어 아티 에서 변해온 말이다.

일본어 

あし [足] 

1.발. 2.(사람·동물의) 발. 3.(발)걸음. 4.보조. 5.발길.

아티-->아치-->아시

아티-->th번데기-->아시 

bottom 이나 바닥 역시 발 아래를 뜻하는 말이다.

발 도 고대음이 팥이다.영어의 foot과 어원이 같다.

팥-->밭-->받-->발 

어리다 어리석다 역시 나이가 어리든 생각이 어리든 어느 수준에 미치지 못하는 

아래에 있다는 말이다.

마음이 하는 일 다 어리다 시조가 생각나네.

앗 밑바닥  부터 크는 씨앗의 앗 이제 시작하는 단계잖아?

어근 어리 는 드라비다어의 어디 와 같은 것이다.

아디-->아리-->아래 

우로 위로

알로 아래로 

Meaning : "below" | Query method: Match substring

Proto-Dravidian : *aḍí

Meaning : foot; lower, below

Proto-South Dravidian: *aḍi

 

Proto-South Dravidian : *aḍi

Meaning : foot

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : aṭi

Tamil meaning : foot, footprint, base, bottom, source, origin

Tamil derivates : aṭimai slavery, servitude, slave, servant, devotee; aṭitti, aṭicci maidservant; aṭiyavan_, aṭiyān_, aṭiyōn_ slave, devotee

Malayalam : aṭi

Malayalam meaning : sole of foot, footstep, measure of foot, bottom, base

Malayalam derivates : aṭima slavery, slave, feudal dependency; aṭiyān slave, servant; fem. aṭiyātti

Kannada : aḍi

Kannada meaning : foot, measure of foot, step, pace, base, bottom, under

Kannada derivates : aḍime slavery; aḍiya slave

Kodagu : aḍi

Kodagu meaning : place below, down

Tulu : aḍi

Tulu meaning : bottom, base

Tulu derivates : kār aḍi footsole, footstep; aḍi kai palm of the hand

Proto-Nilgiri : *aḍĭ

 

Proto-Nilgiri : *aḍĭ

Meaning : foot

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : aṛy "foot (measure)"

Toda : oṛy

Number in DED : 72

Number in DED : 0072

Proto-Telugu : *aḍi

 

Proto-Telugu : *aḍi

Meaning : foot, footstep, footprint, step, pace, measure of a foot, bottom, basis

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : aḍugu

Additional forms : Also aḍime slavery, slave, bondman; aḍiyãḍu slave, servant; aḍi-gar_r_a sandal, wooden shoe

Notes : The form aḍugu < *aḍi-g-.

Number in DED : 72

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *aḍi

 

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *aḍi

Meaning : below, low

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *aḍi / *aḍ-gi

 

Proto-Gondi : *aḍi / *aḍ-gi

Meaning : beneath; low, below

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Gommu Gondi : aḍi "beneath"

Muria Gondi : aḍit "below"

Maria Gondi : aḍita, aḍna "lower"

Koya Gondi : aṛgi "underneath"

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : aḍ(ḍ)i "below, low"

Maria Gondi (Lind) : aḍī "down"

Additional forms : Also Gondi_Mu aḍita lower; aṛke below; Gondi_Ko aṛgita lower

Number in DED : 72

Number in CVOTGD : 33

Konda : aḍgi

 

Konda : aḍgi

Meaning: below, underneath

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda aḍgiR/i/ that which is underneath; aḍgiRaṇḍ from below, from the bottom

Number in DED : 72

Notes : Cf. also Salur aḍugu "footstep" (Burrow & Emeneau correctly indicate a borrowing from Telugu, since a trisyllabic form like this should not be expected in Gadba). // Present in 3/6 branches.

다리,각 脚

역시 인도 드라비다어 깔 갈 에서 나온 것이다.

까르-->가르-->가흐-->각 (한자발음생성)

깔창 밑창 

바닥에 깔았다.

제일 아래에 있다.

이불 깔아라!

Proto-Dravidian : *kāl-

Meaning : leg, foot

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kāl

 

Proto-South Dravidian : *kāl

Meaning : leg, foot

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kāl

Tamil meaning : leg, foot, base (of tree), quarter, family, relationship

Tamil derivates : kālāḷ foot-soldier; kāli herd of cows, cow

Malayalam : kāl

Malayalam meaning : leg, foot, stem, pillar, quarter

Malayalam derivates : kālāḷ foot-soldier; kāli cow, cattle; she-buffalo

Kannada : kāl

Kannada meaning : foot, leg down to the knee, quarter

Kannada derivates : kālu-naḍe walking on foot; a cow; kālāḷ foot-soldier

Kodagu : kālɨ

Kodagu meaning : leg, foot, quarter

Tulu : kārụ

Tulu meaning : leg, foot

Tulu derivates : kālụ quarter

Proto-Nilgiri : *kāl

Number in DED : 1479

Proto-Telugu : *kāl-

 

Proto-Telugu : *kāl-

Meaning : leg, foot, quarter

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kālu

Additional forms : Also kālari foot-soldier

Number in DED : 1479

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kāl

 

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kāl

Meaning : leg, foot

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kinwat Kolami : kāl

Parji : kēl (pl. kēlul) "leg"

Ollari Gadba : kāl (pl. kālgil) "leg"

Additional forms : Also (Glasfurd) Parji kaloo id.

Number in DED : 1479

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kāl

 

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kāl

Meaning : leg, foot

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *kāl

 

Proto-Gondi : *kāl

Meaning : leg, foot

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : kāl

Additional forms : Many dialects have kāl.

Number in DED : 1479

Number in CVOTGD : 652

Konda : kāl

 

Konda : kāl

Meaning: leg

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 1479

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kāl

 

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kāl

Meaning : leg, foot

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : kāl

Manda : kāl

Number in DED : 1479

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kāl-u

 

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kāl-u

Meaning : leg, foot

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kāḍu

Parja Kuwi : kāl (p. -ka) "leg"

Number in DED : 1479

한자상고음 다리,각 脚

khrang,khrank

걸은-->어원

기본형 걷다 walk

w는 과거 v발음 

k는 r의 변형음

도르-->도흐-->독(石)

독도 는 돌섬인 것이다.

바르-->발르-->발흐-->발크 

발발 거리며 돌아다니다.

발발이 -->부지런히 막 여기저기다니는 것,동물

walk (v.)

"travel on foot," c. 1200, a merger of two verbs, 

1. Old English wealcan "to toss, roll, move round" 

(past tense weolc, past participle wealcen), and 

2. wealcian "to roll up, curl," from Proto-Germanic 

*welk- (source also of Old Norse valka "to drag about,

 PIE root *wel- 

Proto-IE: *pleig(')h-

Meaning: to walk, to step

Old Indian: plehate `to go, move'

Old Greek: plíssomai̯ `die Beine ausspreizen, ausschreiten', aor. ap-eplíksato `machte sich in grossen Sprüngen davon', pf. dia-peplikhós (stóma) `offenstehend', ps. dia-pepligméno- `mit gespreizten Beinen', peri-pepligméno- `mit ringsherumgelegten Beinen', ek-plíssomai̯ `auseinanderk laffen (von Wunden usw.)', plikhás, -ádos f. `die Spreize, Stelle zwischen den Schenkeln', plík-s = bǟ̂ma (Sch., dor.); plígma n. `das Spreizen, die Spreize', adv. amphi-plíks `mit gespreizten Beinnn'

Russ. meaning: идти, шагать

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kăŋ / *kăk (r-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

 

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ḳǟ[l]ḳV

Meaning: joint; leg

North Caucasian: *ḳǟ[l]ḳV

Sino-Tibetan: *kăŋ / *kăk (r-)

Yenisseian: *gVg-

Comments and references : Cf. PAA *kɔ:ŋ / *kaŋ 'leg, shin' (but cf. *HgVńV).

Meaning: leg, foot

Chinese: 腳 *kak leg, foot.

 

Character: 腳

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǎo

Preclassic Old Chinese: kak

Classic Old Chinese: kak

Western Han Chinese: kak

Eastern Han Chinese: kak

Early Postclassic Chinese: kak

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kak

Late Postclassic Chinese: kak

Middle Chinese: kak

English meaning : foot [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) нога; ступня; основание (предмета); подошва (горы); 2) перевозка, переноска; 3) плата за доставку (перевозку); 4) остаток; осадок; 5) придаток; привесок; 6) доход, прибыль; разница (в курсе); 7) амплуа; персонаж; роль

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

 

Number: 1700

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 腳

MC description : 宕開三入藥見

ZIHUI: 5183 1451

Beijing: ćiau 2

Jinan: ćye 11

Xi'an: ćyo 11

Taiyuan: ćyǝʔ 41

Hankou: ćio 12

Chengdu: ćyo 12

Yangzhou: ćiâʔ 4

Suzhou: ćia_ʔ 41

Wenzhou: ćia 41

Changsha: ćio 4

Shuangfeng: tû 12

Nanchang: ćiɔk 41

Meixian: kiɔk 41

Guangzhou: kö_k 43

Xiamen: kiɔk 41 (lit.); kioʔ 41

Chaozhou: kha 11

Fuzhou: kyɔʔ 41

Shanghai: ćiaʔ 4

Zhongyuan yinyun: kau 42

Radical: 130

Four-angle index: 2107

Karlgren code: 0776 g-h

Go-on: kaku

Kan-on: kiyaku

Japanese reading: kyaku+;kya+;ashi+

Vietnamese reading: cú'o'c

Jianchuan Bai: ko6

Dali Bai: ko6

Bijiang Bai: ko6

Tibetan: rkaŋ foot, leg; marrow.

Burmese: kraŋ-chi marrow.

Kachin: (H) khraŋ a limb.

Lushai: KC: Thado, Mikir keŋ leg, foot.

Lepcha: kăŋ, kóŋ foot

Comments: PG *kaŋ leg; Garo dźa-rikiŋ shin. Simon 16; Ben. 70; Luce 61. So

일본어 아루꾸 걷다

あるく [歩く] 

1.걷다; 산책하다. 2.여기저기 돌아다니며 …하다

역시 알타이어 에서 유래한다.

아루 는 바루 발 foot 의 생략된 결과다.

꾸 는 r의 변형음. walk 처럼 말이다.

일본어 아루꾸는 거럭 다리,각 脚의 상고음은 khrak의  변형음일 수도 있다.

발굽의 굽 역시 발밑을 뜻한다.

영어로 발굽을 hoof라고 하는데 h는 과거 kh발음

굽--->어원

알타이어에도 있다.

Meaning: "hoof" | Query method: Match substring

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯àp`ù ( ~ k`-, -e-u, -a-u)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: hoof, heel

Russian meaning: копыто, пятка

Mongolian: *kajir-

 

Proto-Mongolian: *kajir-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to hit with a hoof

Russian meaning: бить копытом

Written Mongolian: qajir- (L 913: qaira-)

Middle Mongolian: qaji- (SH) 'to tread'

Khalkha: xajr-

Buriat: xajra-

Kalmuck: xǟr-

Ordos: xǟr-

Comments: KW 180.

Korean: *kúp

 

Proto-Korean: *kúp

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: hoof

Russian meaning: копыто

Modern Korean: kup

Middle Korean: kúp

Comments: Liu 90, KED 220.

Japanese: *kupi-(mpi)su

 

Proto-Japanese: *kupi-(mpi)su

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: heel

Russian meaning: пятка

Old Japanese: kupjipjisu

Middle Japanese: kúbísù, kúfísù

Tokyo: kùbisu, kìbisu

Kyoto: kúbìsù

Kagoshima: kubísu

Meaning: "walk" | Query method: Match substring

Proto-Altaic: *àlak`u

Meaning: to walk, step

Russian meaning: ходить, шагать

Mongolian: *alku-

 

Proto-Mongolian: *alku-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to step

Russian meaning: шагать

Written Mongolian: alqu- (L 34)

Middle Mongolian: alqu- (MA 99)

Khalkha: alxa-

Buriat: alxa-

Kalmuck: alxǝ-

Ordos: alxu-

Dongxian: hanku

Baoan: xalGǝ-, (MGCD) halGolǝ-

Dagur: alku-, alxu- (Тод. Даг. 120), aleku- (MD 112)

Shary-Yoghur: alGǝ-

Monguor: (x)arGu- (SM 13), (MGCD) xalGula-

Comments: KW 7, MGCD 105.

Japanese: *àrùk-

 

Proto-Japanese: *àrùk-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to walk

Russian meaning: ходить, гулять

Old Japanese: aruk-

Middle Japanese: àrík-

Tokyo: arúk-

Kyoto: àrùk-

Kagoshima: àruk-

Nase: àkkj-

Shuri: átč-

Hateruma: àrùg-

Yonakuni: àìg-

Comments: JLTT 677.

Comments: A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. See АПиПЯЯ 278. Man. alxun 'step', alkūn 'the gait of a horse or other livestock' is no doubt borrowed from Mongolian (see Rozycki 16-17). The Jpn.-Mong. comparison seems to us preferable to other etymologies of the Mongolian form (see ОСНЯ 3,66-70; Poppe 96, KW 7 - Mong. alqu-: Turk. *āĺ-). The stem can be possibly derived from a root reflected in Mong. *ala 'inner side of thigh' (L 26; Poppe 75; pl. alas, whence Evk. alas, see Doerfer MT 94; hence also WMong. alčaji-, Khalkha alcaj- 'to spread the legs', Dag. alčī- id., WMong. alčaɣar, alčaŋ, Khalkha alcan 'bowlegged'; but to be distinguished is *ale 'below' q. v.).