예전에 링구아에 올라왔던 자료입니다.
-------------------------------------
1. I've looking all over for Peter. I've got a book of his that he left behind in the cafeteria.
He might need it for his test tomorrw.
I met him a few minutes ago and he said he was headed for the study hall at the student center.
2. Hey, Mary one of my students has decided to stop taking piano lessons from me.
I could give you her slot on Tuesdays from 8 to 9 if you wanted.
GEE, maybe I've given you the wrong imppression. I'm not that serious about playing.
3. I have to figure out the car rental share for our trip to the lake. Should I count you in?
I'm happy to report I'm available. I've finally caught up with my reading.
4. Kate' s been working night and day to finish her documentary for film class.
She could been done by now. But she insists on being so independant.
5. Did you hear that a real professional theator company's scheduled a performance right here on campus?
You bet I did. I haven't been this exited about a campus performance since the musical two years ago.
6. I tried for half and a hour to print my paper on that laser printer downstairs,
But it kept jamming. Do you have any suggestion?
That's certainly news to me. It's always been completely relieble for me.
7. Hey, Jane. where have you been lately?
I've been spending most of my afternoon in the psychology lab.
I had no idea what i was getting into when I signed up for this course.
Yeah, I took that class last year and practically had to move in the lab.
8. Oh, Richard. I didn't expect to see you. I thought you worked at the bookstore on Thursday afternoons.
I do, but I'm switching days with someone else so I can finish my lab report.
I'll be there on Saturday instead.
9. I finally finished the chemistry lab. Did you have a chance to work on yours yet?
The problem is the results weren't what I was hoping for.
If I have time I'm going to do it over again.
10. I heard the modern art exibition at the university museum's great. I've been trying to get there,
but I'm so busy with papers for my classes.
Well, it won't be here much longer. You really ought make time for it.
11. I'll be back in an hour or so. I'm gotta meet with housing director on campus.
You might want to wait till this afternoon. It's pretty hectic over there this time of the morning.
12~15.
Recents research iindicates that the commonly used models of intelligence are too narrow. Last time, we began talking about Sternburg's three-part model of intelligence. You will recall that history includes some aspects of intelligence that haven't been considered in traditional intelligence testing. Today we'll take up one part of Sternburg's theory. In this part, he tries to account for the relationship of intelligence to the environment. Intelligent people tend to use the environment to accomplish their goals. This is done in three ways by adapting to the environment, by changing the environment, by selecting out of the envirnment. Let's look at the hypothetical case. Suppose your roommate always studies with radio on. You know that you need quiet in order to concerntrate and thus use your study time effectively. You could try wearing ear plugs while you study. That would be adapting . Or you could choose set up a new study corner for yourself far from the radio. That's changing the environment. Finally you could change room amd find a new roomate. That's selecting out of the environment. Whichever solution you choose, you're aware the effect the environment has on your ability to study. Of course you might say, why I don't just talk to my roommate about the problem? That brings us to a different part of Sternburg's model; interpersonal intelligence.
16~19.
To study paintings by old masters experts often make use of modern technology. Today let's talk about one example of that; X-rays. These days x-ray equipment is no longer found just in hospitals and dentist's offices. Now it also widely used in the study of works of art. And it's led to some exiting discoveries. For instance, an art historian in Ohio discovered that two famous paintings now held in diffefent museums were originally parts of the same painting. Probably sawed a part by some greedy art dealer. X-rays showed several hidden figures that had been split between the two canvases. In another famous painting, a portrait of young boy an x-ray revealed that the artist had once painted a small white dog where now only rocks and grass can be seen. In this case, the technology gives us an insight into how an artist's thinking developed and changed during the process of painting a picture. Perhaps the most important question an art historian may have to address is whether a particular work was actually painted by a certain master artist or perhaps by a less well-known apprentive or immitator. The hidden brush strokes that an x-ray reveals may lead to a diffinitive answer to this question, but not always. Let me tell you now about two repected experts and how each used x-rays of one famous Duth portrait to surpport radically different conclusions about it.
20~22.
Let's see, we should probably stat by reviewing the four stages that ants go through. You know, when they developing from the egg.
Yeah, oh, umm..I wrote that down somewhere in my notes.
Oh, I got it right here, Let's see, they start off with egg, the ant lays the egg then after I don't remember exactly how long they turn...
Oh, ya ya.. here it says the eggs are very tiny and they hatch in a few days and become larvae.
Ya, then, they turn into the pupae and that's when they don't move at all. And then they..
Oh, oh, oh, I remember something intereting about the pupae stage. That's before they're fully matured and they can get captured by other ants and they become sort of slaves in other ants colonies.
Yeah, Dr. Lewis even used the term slave-maker ants. There are these slave maker ants that go into other nests and steal the pupael.
So, when the pupae grow into adults they're like the slaves of the other ants.
And these slaves they actually do the work that the other ants would have to do themselves.
Right. But NOW, most of these slave maker ants; they could do the work for themselves,couldn't they?
I guess so, but then there are those Amazone Ants. Remember those?
Hum, the Amazone ants.. Oh, yeah Those were the slave maker ants that uh actually depended on the ants they enslaved.
Now why was that again? Well, let me see. Uh, here it is.
The size of their madibiles, yeah it was because they have these really long curvy mandibles.
Oh, right, Those are the jaws.
Right. And these mandibles are so big, that the Amozone ants can't even get their own food or dig nests for themselves.
So they need the slaves to get the food and dig nests for them.
Well, that makes senses. Now could we go back to part on how they capture the slaves? We are talking before about How some slave maker ants go into other nests and bring back pupae to become slaves. But they can also take over a whole colony right?
Yeah, the queen ant after she mates, she's carrying her own eggs and what she does is .....
She goes into another colony of another species. She takes over the colony and those other ants the slaves start working for her and then she lays her eggs. But the colony she invades it's already got it's own queen so.
Yeah, if she doesn't cooperate, then the slave maker ants kill that queen. And then when she has own eggs they become adults and they become slave-maker ants too.
And then they go out and raid other ants nests for pupae to bring back and enslave.
23~24.
Hey Kevin, I haven't seen you since the beginning the semister. How's it going?
Well, I'm little overwhelmed, It's strange I always wanted to go a big university like this, but now that I'm here, I'm not sure.
I mean the courses are interesting enough but...
What's bothering you then?
Well, after going to small highschool and knowing everybody, it's pretty shocking to be in huge lecture halls and with hundreds of students and not one professor even knows my name.
I know what you mean. I felt pretty lost myself last year. But I know about something that might help. It's called the mentor group.
the, what?
The mentor group. It's like a support group. I joined last year when I was a first year student. So, what is it?
It's basically professors and small groups of students getting together informally to discuss all kinds of subjects.
You have a chance to meet professors and other students. Hmm, Sounds worthwhile.
But doesn't it take up a lot of studying time? NOT REALLY.
You can study all the time you know. And this is like a little break.
I guess you could meet a professor whose course you might take later.
Exactly. That's what happened to me. I'm taking a psychology course with Professor Green. I didn't know how interesting psychology was till I got to talk to him in the mentor group.
You talked to me into it. Is is too late to join? I don't think so. If I were you, I'd go over to the DEAN's office and sign up.
I was going to the library to return a book but I can do that later I guess.
25~28.
One of the main causes of environmental pollution is the crisis of the commons. The crisis of the commons is the problem that results when part of the environment is not owned by anyone. TAKE A PARK. One reason that park grounds are frequently more litterd than people's backyards is that no one owns them. People who throw paper trash away in a park can walk away as if nothing happened because park's not theirs. A new extremely large crisis of the commons that astonomers are becoming increasingly aware of is pollution in outer space. Since nobody owns space, nobody has truly personal intrest clean itself up. The paper back in the park will eventually disintegrate into its basic elements, but junk in space is unable to be broken down naturally by water and oxygen and so stays there.
Old satellites orbiting the earth out of the control of the space agencies that launch them are the main sources of pollution in space.
Collisions among the old satellites result in their breaking up into smaller pieces. And this multiplies the amount free-floating litter.
A piece of metal only the size of a marble impacting against a large space satellites has the same force as a safe dropped off the roof of a skyscraper. One astronomer estimates that a large space satellite orbiting earth, now stands a ten percent chance to being hit by discarded space debris.
28~30.
So, how do you like living in the renovated dorms?
There are not much different than the old dorms. Just some new paints and windows. The windows are nice though they shut out noise real well. The street's just outside, but I can barely hear the traffic.
Mmm, they must be good windows. I'll bet they have double panes of glass. That shut out a lot of noise that a single pane wouldn't stop.
Yeah, I wish I had something just as effective between me and my neiber's room. Sometimes he turns up the music so loud I have trouble getting to sleep. Anyway, I guess I'm better off than the people who'll be moving into the new dorms. Did you see how thin the walls are that they're putting up between those rooms?
I haven't seen them, but I did read something about them in the campus newspaper. They're supposed to be better than the thick concrete walls you've got here. Better? HOW?
Well, what they're doing is separating each room with two thin layer of plasterboard. And each one is nailde to a different frame.
That way they vibrate independantly.
Oh, I see. So, the sound from one room doesn't just vibrate the wall and go directly into the next room. There's a gap between two layers of wall. That's right.
Well, I'm still stuck with this neighbor and I'm not sure what to do.
You know, having barewalls doesn't help. You should hang something up like some wall rugs or some decorative cloth.
여러분 안녕하세요.
TOEFL 시험 대비에 열정을 불사르는 여러분에게 미미하나마 도움이 됬으면 하는 마음에서 파워프랲에 나오는 지문을 주~~욱, 문제 풀이와 함께 올리려고 합니다. 먼저 PART A를 다루고, 뒤이어 PART B를 올리려 합니다.
1.
Man : At this rate, my writing's never going to get better. I've been getting the same grade all semester, straight 'C's!
Woman : What does your instructor say is keeping your marks down?
Q. : What does the woman assume?
a. Most of the students are getting low gardes
b. The instructor is not very helpful
c. The man has spoke to his instructor about his work
d. The man will not be able to improve enough to raise his marks
정답 : c.
풀이
: 전형적인 assumption question type입니다. 대부분의 part A의 문제에서처럼 speaker B의 마지막 말을 잘 이해 했는지 묻고 있습니다.
assumption 문제는 말 그대로 가정,추측의 의미이므로, dialogue내에서의 speaker가 말을 할 때, 과연 어떤 가정(assumption)하에서 말을 했는지를 묻고 있습니다. 여기서는 man이 그의 writing 성적이 계속 낮은 이유를 instructor와 의논 했을 것이라는 가정하에 woman이 묻고 있습니다.
key point
woman의 말에 있어,'does your instructor say'는 'What is keeping your marks down?'라는 의문문에 추가 삽입된 형태이죠. 실제로 들으시면 조금 많이 헷갈리지 않을까 생각 합니다.
---> 비슷한 유형으로 여러개 작문을 해보세요. 익숙해질 때까지.
먼저 한국어로,
"너는 경기후퇴의 이유가 뭐라고 생각해?"
---> What do you think is the reason for the economic recession?
비법
assumtion 문제에서는 dialogue내에서 행위(위에서는 instructor와 의논했다는)가 나오지 않지요. 왜냐하면 가정을 하는 것이기 때문에. 따라서 이렇게 얘기 할 수도 있겠죠.
-------> assumption Q. 에서는 들리지 않은 상황(situation)이 답일 확률이 높다.
오늘은 제2탄으로 Implication문제를 다루어 보도록 하겠습니다.
Woman : I tried for a half-hour to print my paper on that laser printer downstairs but the paper kept jamming. Do you have anysuggestions?
Man : That's certainly news to me. It's always been reliable when I used it.
Q. What does the man imply?
a. He is surprised that the printer is not working properly.
b. He is not familiar with the laser printer.
c. The printer will be replaced soon.
d. He does not like using the laser printer.
정답 : a
Key point :
먼저, TOEFL이나 TOEIC의 요즈음의 문제 경향을 짚고 넘어가죠. 과거에는 LISTENING에서 들리는 대화가 직설적 표현과 대화가 많았지요.
예를 들어
"Did you go to the movies last night?"
"No, I didn’t because I had a headache."
와 같이요, 하지만 요즘은 소위 돌려서 말한다고 하지요. 가령, '너 어제 영화 봤어?' 라고 물으면 '아니, 숙제가 많아서 못갔어' 라고 하지 않고 '숙제가 많았어' 즉 '아니', '못갔어'라는 표현이 '숙제가 많았어'라는 표현에 내포(implication)되 있는 것이지요.
위에서는 'news to me'와 'always been reliable'안에 'It always worked well without any problem whenever I used it' 이라는 의미가 내포되 있지요.
'reliable'이라는 key word를 catch하고, 그것이 문장에서 어떤 의미로 쓰였는지를 파악하는 것이 핵심이죠.
비 법 :
생각을 바꾸세요. 이제는 직설적인 대답 또는 의미를 기대하지 마세요.
어떤 대화를 들었을 때, 그 안에 숨겨진 의미가 있다는 사실을 받아들이고 인정하면서, 문제를 대하면, 보다 좋은 성과가 있을 것입니다.
안녕들 하십니까. 주말은 다들 잘 보내셨으리라 믿고. 물론 월동준비(옆구리 안 시리게)?들도 철저히들 하시고 계시지요? 오늘은 파워프랲 (L/C)제 3탄으로 MEANING QUETION을 다루어 보도록 하겠습니다.
Man : Thanks for lending me your chemistry study guide. I promise I'll return it at dinner.
Woman : Forget it, and I'll be knocking at your door late tonight!
Q. What does the woman mean?
a. She needs her study guide back before dinner
b. She will let the man keep her study guide
c. She will make sure she gets her study guide back tonight.
d. She does not remember where the man lives
정답. c.
Key point. :
1. Conditionals를 듣고 이해하는지를 묻고 있지요. 명령법 + and….. 형태. 위 woman의 말을 풀어쓰면, If you forget it, and I’ll be…… 가 되겠지요.
2. 은유적 표현(Metaphorical Expression)을 쓰고 있지요. '너희 집 문을 두드릴 꺼야' 즉, 꼭 받아내고 말겠다는 것을 은유하고 있지요. 최근 들어, 지난 2탄에서의 '돌려 말하기'(Language Function)과 함께, Part A에서 자주나오는 문제 type이지요.
비법. :
1. Conditional 문장을 확실히 이해할 수 있도록 연습하세요. 특히 과거 완료 형태.
would + have + p.p
could + have + p.p
might + have + p.p
must + have + p.p
should + have + p.p
들의 각각의 의미를 확실히 파악 해야 하고, 대화상에서 어떻게 발음이 되는지를 말이지요. 강의를 하다보니, 학생들이 가장 잘 못듣는 것중에 하나이면서, 아주 중요한 것중에 하나다라는 생각이 들었습니다..
2. 은유적 표현을 듣기위해서는 먼저, 직설적으로 해석 할 수가 있어야 겠지요. 예를 들어,여러분이 ‘Speech has never been one of your strength.’ 이라고 들었다면, 직역으로, ‘연설(이야기)는 결코 너의 강점의 하나가 아니었다.’ 하고, 은유적으로는 ‘너는 speech를 못하잖아’라고, 문맥을 통한 해석이 나올 수 있겠지요. 모든 언어는 매우 비슷한 표현들을 가지고 있습니다. 우리는 너무 Konglish라는 말로, English로써 충분히 의미를 갖을 수 있는 표현을, 억누르지 않나 모르겠습니다.^.^
저는 오늘도 이만 총총총…… 내일 엄청 춥다고 하죠….. 더 빨리 총총총……
안녕하십니까. 오늘은 지난 시간에 이어, meaning question type 문제를 한번 더 다루어 보겠습니다.
Man : Are you disappointed that Bill won the election? I mean, you would have been a great president for the debate team.
Woman : You know, with all of my coursework, I feel like a two-ton truck has been lifted off of my shoulders.
Q. What does the woman mean?
a. She plans to compete in the election next year
b. She plans to select another course
c. She is relieved she lost the election
d. She is angry with Bill
정답. C.
Key Point.
a. 'you would have been a…….' '네가 ~~~일 수 있었는데'라는 표현을 듣고 이해 할 수 있느냐가 첫번째 관건 이겠지요. 발음은 제가 설명을 여기서 못하겠고, 각자가 위치한 곳에서, 꼭,꼭,꼭 익히세요.
b. 'I feel like a two-ton truck has been lifted off of my shoulders'라는 은유적 표현을 이해할 수 있어야 풀 수 있는 문제 입니다. 일단 전 3탄에서 언급했듯이 직역을 할 수 있어야, 거기로부터 은유적 의미를 파악이 가능합니다. '2톤 트럭이 내 어께에서 떨어져 나갔다(제거됐다)' 즉, relieved됐다는 의미겠지요. 어때요? 우리나라말로도 가능한 표현 이겠지요?.
비법.
Part A에서는 어려운 표현, 또는 단어를 쓰지 않습니다. 여러분들이 기본 단어, 특히 기본verb(make, get, put등)의 사용 형태를 숙지 하시고, adverb(off, through, over, up, down, away등)의 의미를 아신다면, 좋은 성적을 얻을 수 있습니다.
안녕하세요. 오늘은 제 5탄으로 suggestion question type의 문제를 다루어 보도록 하겠습니다.
Man : I heard the modern art exhibition at the university museum is great. I’ve been trying to get there, but I’m so busy with papers for my classes.
Woman : Well, it won’t be here much longer. You really ought to make time for it.
Q. What does the woman suggest the man do?
a. Ask her friends about the exhibition
b. See the exhibition next time it comes to campus
c. Spend some time studying about the exhibition
d. Go to the exhibition soon.
정답. D.
Key point.
a. ‘ought to’라는 modal의 발음과, 의미를 묻는 문제. 지나가는 native를 협박?해서 어떻게 발음 되는지 들어 보시고, 숙지. 여기에서의 의미는 ‘~~ 해야 한다’는 ‘충고’를 하고 있지요. Should와 ought to는 같은 의미로 쓰이고, 크게 세가지의 의미를 가지고 있습니다.
1. be expected to : ~~~일 것 같다.
We should be there by dinner.
2. moral rightness : ~~해야만 한다.
Crime should be punished.
3. giving some advice : ~~해야만 해.
You should go to the review to get a good grade in Physics.
비법.
Suggestion 문제는 대화상의 speaker 자신 또는, 제 3의 인물이 어떠한 문제를 갖고 있고, 그것에 대한 suggest를 speaker가 하는 문제 입니다. 따라서 문제(topic)가 무엇인지 먼저 파악하고, 어떻게 suggest하는 지를 들어야 겠지요. 다음은 suggestion을 할 때 쓰이는 표현 들입니다. (LinguaForum 교재 Part A 117쪽 참조) 꼭, 외우세요.
If I were in your shoes….
You should…
Would you like to…
Why don’t you…
Why not…
Let’s…
How about…/what about…
If I were you…/ You could always…/ Would you rather…
저는 이만 오늘마저도 총총총……..
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어디 구할 수 있는데 없을까요?