부정사구 알아보기

[Sir Henry]

부정사구의 역할은 단 3 개; 명사적, 형용사적, 부사적 역할

명사적역할; 주어, 보어, 목적어, 목적보어

형용사적 역할; 명사 수식

부사적 역할;  동사수식

요래 간단하나 더 세밀히 살펴 보실분만 더 읽어 보시길 권고

Infinitives

Infinitives may occur with or without the infinitive marker "to". Infinitives without "to" are known as "bare infinitives".부정사는 'to' 가 없이도 쓰이는데 원형부정사라한다

For example:

Help me open the door.

It can also disturb your sleep /by making you cough more at night

OTHER FORMS
The infinitive can have the following forms:

1. The perfect infinitive 완료형 부정사
   to have + past participle
   
   For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
   This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.
   
   For example:
   • If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
   • Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
   • I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
   • He pretended to have seen the film.
   • If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.


2. The continuous infinitive 진행형 부정사
   to be + present participle
   
   For example: to be swimming, to be joking, to be waiting
   
   Examples:
   
   • I'd really like to be swimming in a nice cool pool right now.
   • You must be joking!
   • I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened.


3. The perfect continuous infinitive 완료진행 부정사
   to have been + present participle
   
   Examples: to have been crying, to have been waiting, to have been painting
   
   Examples:
   
   • The woman seemed to have been crying.
   • You must have been waiting for hours!
   • He pretended to have been painting all day.


4. The passive infinitive 수동태 부정사
   to be + past participle
   
   For example: to be given, to be shut, to be opened
   
   Examples:
   
   • I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month.
   • These doors should be shut.
   • This window ought to be opened.

NOTE: As with the present infinitive, there are situations where the "to" is omitted.

Examples 

• He claimed to be an expert.
• I managed to reach the top of the hill.
• Don't pretend that you know the answer.
• She failed to explain the problem clearly.
• The customs man demanded to search our luggage.
• I can't afford to go out tonight.

준/비동사란 동사의 변형이나 동사 역할을 하지않고 명사, 형용사, 부사 역할을 하는걸 칭한다
A verbal is a word formed from a verb but functioning as a different part of speech.

An infinitive is a verbal formed by placing to in front of the simple present form of a verb.

    Examples: 부정사는 to + 동사로 됨

            to swim            to think           to read          to be            to cut           to turn

 Infinitives may function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.
부정사는 형용사, 부사, 명사 3 역할을 한다
 

1.  Adjectival infinitives 형용사 역할 부정사

Just like a single-word adjective, an infinitive used as an adjective always describes a noun.

An adjectival  infinitive always follows the noun it describes. 명사 뒤에 온다

    EXAMPLE

      
Like gerunds and participles, infinitives may incorporate other words as part of their phrase.

    EXAMPLE

      

 

2.  Adverbial infinitives  부사적 역할 부정사; 동사 수식

Just like a single-word adverb, an infinitive used as an adverb always describes a verb.

An adverbial infinitive usually occurs at the beginning or at the end of a sentence and does not need to be near the verb it describes.

    EXAMPLE:  Adverbial infinitive at sentence beginning

    EXAMPLE:  Adverbial infinitive at sentence end

       

HINT:  You can always identify an adverbial infinitive by inserting the test words "in order" in front of

             infinitive.  If the words in order make sense, the infinitive is adverbial. 

부사적 역할인지 아닌지는 in order to 로 쓸수 있는지 보아 확인할 수 있다

 

PUNCTUATION  NOTE:

    1.  Use a comma after the adverbial infinitive when it starts a sentence. 문두에온 부정사는 콤마로 분리

    2.  Do not separate the adverbial infinitive from the rest of the sentence if the infinitive ends the

         sentence. 문미에 오면 콤마 안씀

3. Nominal infinitives 명사역할 부정사

Like a single-word noun, a nominal infinitive may function as a

    SUBJECT  주어로 쓰인 부정사

       

   DIRECT OBJECT 직목으로 쓰인 부정사

          

    RETAINED OBJECT 4 형식을 수동태로 쓴경우의 직목 부정사

          

    SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT 보어로 쓰인 부정사

           

   APPOSITIVE   동격구

           

    DELAYED APPOSITIVE      진주어 = 가주어

           

INFINITIVES.
부정사는 현재/과거 시제가 없다
 Infinitives, like participles, have no tense. When active, they have an indefinite, an imperfect, a perfect, and a perfect definite form; and when passive, an indefinite and a perfect form, to express action unconnected with a subject.

INFINITIVES OF THE VERB CHOOSE.
ACTIVE VOICE.
Indefinite.     [To] choose. 부정
Imperfect.     [To] be choosing. 진행
Perfect.     [To] have chosen. 완료
Perfect definite.     [To] have been choosing. 완료진행
PASSIVE VOICE. 수동태
Indefinite.     [To] be chosen. 수동
Perfect.     [To] have been chosen  수동완료.
To with the infinitive.

Infinitives

To help the poor people of the world is a noble goal.

In the above sentence, which words form the infinitive?  To help.  An infinitive is the base form of a verb with to.  Here are some more infinitives:부정사 하면 to help 를 지칭

To sleep

To wash

To love

An infinitive phrase is a group of words with an infinitive (it is NOT the whole sentence).  Again, looking at the above example, what is the infinitive phrase?  To help the poor people of the world.  부정사구 하면 부정사에 걸리는 목적 및 모든 수식구가 다 부정사구에 속한다

가. Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be both subjects and objects in sentences.  Take a look at these examples: 주어 및 목적 역할 부정사

SUBJECT	To study hard will increase your chances of getting into college.
OBJECT	Kathy wants to study with her friends.

나. There are some verbs that are followed only by infinitives.  For example,

어떤 동사는 항상 부정사를 목적으로 취한다

Hesitate	She didn’t hesitate to tell the boss that some employees were stealing office supplies.
Offer	The Martin Family offered to watch their neighbor’s dog for the whole week.
Promise	The school promised to help me find an apartment.
Want	We want to visit all of the historic sites in Tehran.

These words are rarely followed by gerunds (nouns that look like -ing ending verbs). 

어떤 동사는 동명사를 목적으로 취한다

Students are often confused about this.  When should I use infinitives?  When should I use gerunds?  There are some situations when BOTH an infinitive and gerund can be used with no change in meaning.  For example,언제 부정사나 동명사를 쓸겄인가?

1. 부정사/동명사를 다 써도 의미가 변하지 않는 동사가 있다

The children like to go to the zoo.

The children like going to the zoo.

These two sentences have the same meaning.

2. 부정사/동명사를 쓰면 각각 서로 의미가 달라지는 동사가 있다

For some other verbs, there is a difference in meaning:

	Example	Meaning
GERUND	Louise stopped smoking.	She doesn’t smoke anymore.
INFINITIVE	Louise stopped to smoke.	She stopped doing an activity because she wanted to smoke.

부정사냐 동명사냐?

So, now you may want to ask, “What’s the difference between infinitives and gerunds?”  That’s a good question.  We are glad you asked!

Though there are always exceptions to the following, here are two suggestions that will help you distinguish the difference between infinitives and gerunds:

Suggestion #1

Infinitives are more often used to answer WHY-questions.  Look at the following conversation:

부정사는 왜 라는 질문의 답이 될수있다

Louise:  I stopped.

Harry:  Why?

Louise:  I stopped to smoke.

The phrase 'in order to' is often used in this situation.  Therefore, Louise could have said, “I stopped in order to smoke.”  In order to is also used to answer why-questions. 

부정사를 쓰는 동사는 뒤에온 부정사 앞에 in order to 를 써도 말이된다 즉 부사구라는 말이다

In order to is NEVER used with gerunds 동명사는 in order to 를 쓸수없다

CORRECT	I stopped in order to smoke.
INCORRECT	I stopped in order to smoking.

Gerunds are usually not used to answer why-questions.  Gerunds are nouns.  Gerunds directly receive actions (when in the object position) just like other nouns. 

동명사를 쓰는 동사는 무었을 하고 물을때 동명사가 대답이 된다

you stopped what?   smoking.

I stopped the car.

I stopped the thief

I stopped smoking.

*the green words are all nouns

Suggestion #2

1. Infinitives in the subject position are often used for general or habitual actions.  Here are some examples: 주어로쓴 부정사는 주로 일반적/습관적인 행동에 쓰인다

To live a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire.

To err is human, to forgive, divine.  (Shakespeare)

To fix a car requires a lot more than a screwdriver.

NOTE: All of these sentences can use gerunds (living a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire).  

동명사로도 쓸 수 있다

*** Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.

부정사를 주어로 쓸 수 있으나 동명사가 더 자연스럽고 회화적이다

부정사는 좀 추상적인 개념이고 가능성, 잠재성이나 철학적인 내용 강조로 쓰인다 문어적임

2. ****When the action happened in the past, a gerund is usually used.********* 중요

과거에 일어난 일이면 동명사 주어를 쓴다

PAST ACTION	Monika has studied German.
GERUND REFERRING TO PAST ACTION	Studying German was easy for her.

This action happened in the past.  Therefore, use a gerund. 

****Using an infinitive to refer to a past action is not as common and natural as using a gerund.  

지난일에 부정사를 쓰는건 자연스럽지않다

quiz time

Directions: Read the sentences below.  Using the different lists of verbs and the two suggestions above, decide if the sentence should use an infinitive or a gerund.  Some sentences may use both.

To open ALL charts in 1 browser

For individual charts, click below

Verbs followed by Infinitives

Verbs followed by Gerunds

Verbs followed by Object + Infinitive

1.  (To marry/Marrying) a knight in shining armor is the dream of many girls. 

2.  I shudder (to think/thinking) that I almost lost everything in the stock market.

3.  We dislike (to drink/drinking) soda from a can.

4.  The problem has been fixed.  You may resume (to answer/answering) the telephones.

5.  Sharon volunteered (to help/helping) the student with his math.

6.  They studied at Beijing University.  (To study/Studying) at Beijing University was a dream come true.

7.  She paid the mechanic (to fix/fixing) the car.

8.  My wife reminded me (to go/going) to the doctor’s office today.

9.  I would like (to thank/thanking) everyone for this award.

10.  This store prohibits (to loiter/loitering) anywhere on the premises.

1.  To marry/Marrying a knight in shining armor is the dream of many girls. 

Both answers are possible.  See suggestion #2 above.

2.  I shudder to think that I almost lost everything in the stock market.

See chart “Verbs followed by Infinitives”

3.  We dislike drinking soda from a can.

See chart “Verbs followed by Gerunds”

4.  The problem has been fixed.  You may resume answering the telephones.

See chart “Verbs followed by Gerunds”

5.  Sharon volunteered to help the student with his math.

See chart “Verbs followed by Infinitives”

6.  They studied at Beijing University.  Studying at Beijing University was a dream come true.

Studying is more natural because it refers to a past action.  See suggestion #2 above.

7.  She paid the mechanic to fix the car.

See chart “Verbs followed by Object + Infinitive”

8.  My wife reminded me to go to the doctor’s office today.

See chart “Verbs followed by Object + Infinitive”

9.  I would like to thank everyone for this award.

See chart “Verbs followed by Infinitives”

10.  This store prohibits loitering anywhere on the premises.

See chart “Verbs followed by Gerunds”

  Rules to Remember!

1

Some verbs can be followed by both gerunds and infinitives with little or no change in meaning. I love to eat hamburgers. I love eating hamburgers.

2

Some verbs can be followed by both gerunds and infinitives, but THERE IS A CHANGE IN MEANING.  The most common of these types of verbs are forget, quit, remember, and stop. Bob forgot to watch that TV show. >> Bob didn’t watch the show because he forgot to watch it. Bob forgot watching that TV show.  >> Bob watched the show, but he forgot that he watched it.   *************************************** Christine quit to teach. >> Christine quit her first activity because she wanted to teach. Christine quit teaching. >> Christine doesn’t teach anymore.   *************************************** Joseph remembered to wash the dishes. >>  Joseph had stopped his first activity so he could go and wash the dishes. Joseph remembered washing the dishes. >>  After Joseph finished washing the dishes, he remembered that he had already washed the dishes.   *************************************** Lori stopped to exercise. >> Lori had stopped her first activity so that she could go and exercise. Lori stopped exercising. >>  Lori stopped the activity of exercising.

We can't afford to remain outside the market.
Should we agree to buy from them?
It appears to be a mistake.
I will arrange to talk with them as soon as possible.
I asked to see the manager about it.
I beg to differ with you, sir.
Would you care to try a California wine?
They claim to make the best potato chips in the world.
We will never consent to allow your name to be put on our product.
Finally, I decided to do it myself.
I demand to know who is responsible for this!
He deserves to get a promotion.
She expects to hire an apprentice.
Do not fail to let us know your decision.
If you have trouble, don't hesitate to call us for help.
We hope to begin by next week.
I intend to go home early.
He learned to speak English as a child.
You managed to overlook something.
Did you mean to put my report in the waste basket?
I need to talk to an expert.
They offered to buy the rest from us.
We plan to expand our product range.
Are you prepared to explain this disaster?
I don't pretend to know all the answers.
I promise to do my best.
He refuses to answer my calls.
He seems to be the one who is in charge.
We had to struggle to open the window.
Do you swear to keep this a secret?
They threatened to sue us if we didn't pay their fee.
No one volunteered to clean up after the picnic.
I cannot wait to see the expression‎ on his face when he hears the news.
I want to find the right person for this job.
I do not wish to be a part of your scheme.

I would advise you to say nothing about this.
Will you allow me to use your telephone?
She asked me to help her with her car.
He begged me to let him come along.
The weather caused us to take a later flight.
He challenged me to find an error in his figures.
We must convince them to investigate the situation.
I dare you to tell him what you told me.
I encouraged her to continue with the task.
He expects you to finish on time.
I forbid you to use that tone of voice with me.
They forced him to reveal his source.
We should hire someone to run our photocopying operation.
I instructed them to wait for us here.
I invited John to take part in our discussion.
I need you to tell me what is going on here.
My boss ordered me to go to London last week.
We permitted them to talk to our client.
He persuaded her to listen to his problem.
He reminded me to bring an umbrella.
This situation requires us to be very cautious.
The experience taught me to buckle my seat belt.
He told me to take two aspirins and go to bed.
She urged me to take the job.
I want you to wash my car.
He warned me not to drive too fast around here.

These verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, with NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING.

He began to shout. He started to shout. He continued to shout. I like to read. I love to read. I prefer to read. I hate to wait. I can't stand to wait. I can't bear to wait.

= = = = = = = = =

He began shouting. He started shouting. He continued shouting. I like reading. I love reading. I prefer reading. I hate waiting. I can't stand waiting. I can't bear waiting.

Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but THEIR MEANINGS ARE NOT THE SAME:

I will remember to call her. (I will be sure to call her in the future.)	≠	I remember calling her. (I have the memory of calling her in the past.)
I will not forget to meet him. (I will be sure to meet him in the future.)	≠	I will never forget meeting them. (I will not lose the memory of meeting them.)
I regret to say he is not here. (I am sorry I must tell you he is not here.)	≠	I regret saying it. (I am sorry I said it.)
I will try to ring the bell. (I will see if it is possible to ring the bell.)	≠	I will try ringing the bell. (I will ring the bell to see if it will help the situation.)
I stopped to smoke at ten o. clock. (I interrupted an activity and had a cigarette.)	≠	I stopped smoking a year ago. (I ended my cigarette habit.)

예문

We have adopted a comprehensive plan /to ensure that, in the future, all of the information on each machine  is removed  //before it goes back to the leasing company. 명사절 (that 절) 과 부사절을 수반한 부정사구

We are writing / to inform you /about a potential information breach // that could affect you and (to) let  you know  what we are doing to address it.  원형 부정사구

INFINITIVE PHRASE

An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive — the root of the verb preceded by to — and any modifiers or complements associated with it. Infinitive phrases can act as adjectives, adverbs, and nouns.

    * Her plan to subsidize child care won wide acceptance among urban politicians. [modifies plan, functions as an adjective]
    * She wanted to raise taxes. [noun-object of the sentence]
    * To watch Uncle Billy tell this story is an eye-opening experience. [noun-subject of the sentence]
    * To know her is to love her. [noun, predicate nominative]
    * Juan went to college to study veterinary medicine. [tells us why he went, so it's an adverb]

    *  To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required. (subject)
    * Everyone wanted to go. (direct object)
    * His ambition is to fly. (subject complement)
    * He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective)
    * We must study to learn. (adverb)

부정사를 쓸것이냐 동명사를 쓸것이냐

Sometimes we need to decide whether to use a verb in its:
* -ing form (doing, singing) or     * infinitive form (to do, to sing).

      For example, only one of the following sentences is correct. Which one?

    * I dislike working late. (???)
    * I dislike to work late. (???)

When to use the infinitive

The infinitive form is used after certain verbs:
        - forget, help, learn, teach, train
        - choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like
           - agree, encourage, pretend, promise, recommend
          - allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuse

          * I forgot to close the window.
          * Mary needs to leave early.
           * Why are they encouraged to learn English?
            * We can't afford to take a long holiday.

The infinitive form is "always" used after "adjectives", for example:

형용사뒤에는 항상 부정사가 온다
- disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprised

    * I was happy to help them.
    * She will be delighted to see you.

This includes too + adjective:

    * The water was too cold to swim in.
    * Is your coffee too hot to drink?

The infinitive form is used after adjective + enough:

    * He was strong enough to lift it.
    * She is rich enough to buy two.

When to use -ing 동명사를 쓰는 경우

The -ing form is used when the word is the subject of a sentence or clause:
주어로 동명사를 쓰면 안전하다
    * Swimming is good exercise.
    * Doctors say that smoking is bad for you.

The -ing form is used after a preposition:

    * I look forward to meeting you.
    * They left without saying "Goodbye."

The -ing form is used after certain verbs:
- avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, mind/not mind, practise
동명사를 쓰는 동사가 있다
    * I dislike getting up early.
    * Would you mind opening the window?

***Some verbs can be followed by the -ing form or the infinitive without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start.
부정사/동명사 둘다써도 의미가 변치않는 동사
    * It started to rain.
    * It started raining.
    * I like to play tennis.
    * I like playing tennis.

***Infinitives***

An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing.

    * To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required. (subject)
    * Everyone wanted to go. (direct object)
    * His ambition is to fly. (subject complement)
    * He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective)
    * We must study to learn. (adverb)

Be sure not to confuse an infinitive—a verbal consisting of to plus a verb—with a prepositional phrase beginning with to, which consists of to plus a noun or pronoun and any modifiers.

    * Infinitives: to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, to stand, to catch, to belong
    * Prepositional Phrases: to him, to the committee, to my house, to the mountains, to us, to this address

An Infinitive Phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the actor(s), direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the infinitive, such as:

We intended to leave early.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb intended.
to leave (infinitive)
early (adverb)

I have a paper to write before class.
The infinitive phrase functions as an adjective modifying paper.
to write (infinitive)
before class (prepositional phrase as adverb)

Phil agreed to give me a ride.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb agreed.
to give (infinitive)
me (indirect object of action expressed in infinitive)
a ride (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)

They asked me to bring some food.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb asked.
me (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to bring (infinitive)
some food (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)

Everyone wanted Carol to be the captain of the team.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb wanted.
Carol (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to be (infinitive)
the captain (subject complement for Carol, via state of being expressed in infinitive)
of the team (prepositional phrase as adjective)

부정사의 주어
Actors: In these last two examples the actor of the infinitive phrase could be roughly characterized as the "subject" of the action or state expressed in the infinitive.

It is somewhat misleading to use the word subject, however, since an infinitive phrase is not a full clause with a subject and a finite verb.

부정사는 정형동사가 아니기 때문에 주어를 논한다는게 잘못 일수 있다

Also notice that when it is a pronoun, the actor appears in the objective case (me, not I, in the fourth example). 부정사의 주어가 대명사일경우 목적격이 온다

Certain verbs, when they take an infinitive direct object, require an actor for the infinitive phrase;

부정사가 직목으로 올 경우 의미상 주어를 필요로 한다

others can't have an actor. 어떤 부정사는 주어를 가질 수 없다

Still other verbs can go either way, as the charts below illustrate. 어떤건 가질 수도 아닐수도 있다

Verbs that take infinitive objects without actors: 의미상 주어 없는 부정사
agree    begin    continue    decide
fail    hesitate    hope    intend
learn    neglect    offer    plan
prefer    pretend    promise    refuse
remember    start    try     
Examples:

    * Most students plan to study.
    * We began to learn.
    * They offered to pay.
    * They neglected to pay.
    * She promised to return.

In all of these examples no actor can come between the italicized main (finite) verb and the infinitive direct-object phrase.

Verbs that take infinitive objects with actors: 부정사의 의미상 주어를 필요로 하는 동사
advise    allow    convince    remind
encourage    force    hire    teach
instruct    invite    permit    tell
implore    incite    appoint    order
Examples:

    * He reminded me to buy milk.
    * Their fathers advise them to study.
    * She forced the defendant to admit the truth.
    * You've convinced the director of the program to change her position.
    * I invite you to consider the evidence.

In all of these examples an actor is required after the italicized main (finite) verb and before the infinitive direct-object phrase.

Verbs that use either pattern: 의미상 주어를 쓸 수도 안쓸 수도 있는 동사
ask    expect    (would) like    want

Examples:

    * I asked to see the records.
    * I asked him to show me the records.
    * Trent expected his group to win.
    * Trent expected to win.
    * Brenda likes to drive fast.
    * Brenda likes her friend to drive fast.

In all of these examples the italicized main verb can take an infinitive object with or without an actor.

Punctuation: If the infinitive is used as an adverb and is the beginning phrase in a sentence, it should be set off with a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is needed for an infinitive phrase.

    * To buy a basket of flowers, John had to spend his last dollar.
    * To improve your writing, you must consider your purpose and audience.

Points to remember 요점 정리

   1. An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb; it may be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
   2. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive plus modifier(s), object(s), complement(s), and/or actor(s).
   3. An infinitive phrase requires a comma only if it is used as an adverb at the beginning of a sentence.

Split infinitives 분리 부정사

Split infinitives occur when additional words are included between to and the verb in an infinitive. Many readers find a single adverb splitting the infinitive to be acceptable, but this practice should be avoided in formal writing.
Examples:

    * I like to on a nice day walk in the woods. * (unacceptable)
      On a nice day, I like to walk in the woods. (revised)
    * I needed to quickly gather my personal possessions. (acceptable in informal contexts)
      I needed to gather my personal possessions quickly. (revised for formal contexts)



*** 직접목적인가 목적보어인가?****************************************
Perdue 대학은 직목으로 가르침
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/03/

Phil agreed to give me a ride.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb agreed.
to give (infinitive)
me (indirect object of action expressed in infinitive)
a ride (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)

They asked me to bring some food.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb asked.
me (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to bring (infinitive)
some food (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)

Everyone wanted Carol to be the captain of the team.
The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb wanted.
Carol (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to be (infinitive)
the captain (subject complement for Carol, via state of being expressed in infinitive)
of the team (prepositional phrase as adjective)


**********************************************************************************
http://homepages.uwp.edu/canary/grammar_text/83-infin.html
Infinitives

I want him to dance with her 요 전체를 직목으로 봄

One can also think of the word for as operating as a complementizer when it introduces infinitive phrases with subjects. The for-to construction is a very old one, but it is currently used only with a few verbs and even then is often deleted, as in the sample sentences below. With or without the preceding for, a pronoun subject of an infinitive phrase is in the objective case: 지금은 for 를 쓰지않음

    (1)    (a) We need for him to take charge.
        (b) We need him to take charge.
    (2)    (a) We asked for them to be our guides.
        (b) We asked them to be our guides.

The most usual use of a for-to complement clause is as the direct object of a verb, as in sentences (1) and (2). If such a clause is the subject of the sentence, however, the complementizer for is mandatory:

    (3)    (a) For him to act that way just burns me up.
        (b) *Him to act that way just burns me up.

For-to complements use the base form of the verb. Clauses with such verbs are called non-finite, a term which means that they shows neither past nor present tense. Whether or not accompanied by for as a complementizer, the to which precedes the base form of the verb is not really functioning as a preposition but as an infinitive marker and the to+verb combination is called an infinitive. When they have complements, and there is no for in front of them, they are called infinitive phrases. Sentences (4) and (5) show the use of infinitives and infinitive phrases as postmodifiers in noun phrases:

    (4) His desire to kill was obvious.
    (5) His desire to kill the rat was obvious.

Infinitive phrases are also particularly common as direct objects, whether with subjects, as in sentence (6), or without, as in sentence (7). Sentence (8) has infinitives as both the subject and the predicate:

    (6) She wants to dance with George.
    (7) I want him to dance with her.
    (8) To give is to receive.

Infinitives can appear as complements of adjectives, as in sentence (9). The structure in sentence (10), however, might better be read as some kind of conditional adverbial modifying the verb; notice that it can be moved to the front, as in sentence (11).

    (9) You are too honest to live.
    (10) You must be honest to live outside the law.
    (11) To live outside the law you must be honest

Infinite Problems. Placing an adverbial where it separates the infinitive marker to from the affected verb risks distracting the reader. Most handbooks therefore advise again such , split infinitives (e.g., "to emphatically state"). They should be are to be avoided unless using one makes it clearer what the adverb is modifying.

Exercise 1: The Many Uses of To
The preposition to serves as an infinitive marker in infinitive phrases, and it such cases we do not diagram it as part of a prepositional phrases but in the INFL position as a sign that the following verb is non-finite. As more clearly a preposition, it is used to identify indirect object NPs and as a literal or figurative indicator of direction. Identify its uses in the following sentences:

    1.01 A coach would take him to Newcastle before night.
    1.02 Click the button to see all the current discounts.
    1.03 Crisp curling waves were rushing up to his feet.
    1.04 Daniel gave him a look of keen attention before he began to speak.
    1.05 Ellen offered herself to Keith Richards.
    1.06 Foliage seemed to toss and ripple everywhere like a green spray.
    1.07 Henry's purpose in life is to make you comfortable.
    1.08 His answer was straight and to the point.
    1.09 How does it feel to be without a home?
    1.10 How nice to wake beside you in the morning!
    1.11 I can take him to your house but I can't unlock it.
    1.12 The mothers brought Christmas cookies to the party.
    1.13 Nobody taught you how to live on the street.
    1.14 Overstuffed chairs make this a comfortable places to relax and view the scenery.
    1.15 She advised him to flee the scene.
    1.16 Six white horses that you did promise were finally delivered to the penitentiary.
    1.17 The town is going to the dogs.
    1.18 To live outside the law you must be honest.
    1.19 You've gone to the finest school all right.
    1.20 Why not send a letter to Mary.

Non-Finite Clauses With Neither For or To. Some verbs take non-finite clauses (tenseless clauses) without any infinitive marker. The clause's subject remains in the objective case if it is a pronoun, and the tense does not vary. Here are some illustrations:

    (12)    (a) We see him go down the stairs.
        (b) We saw him go down the stairs.
    (13)    We watch him leave.
        (b) We watched him leave.

That-clauses can also be tenseless when expressing hypothetical or wished-for situations, though their subjects remain in the nominative case:
**subjunctive mood ****
    (14) The police had asked that he go.

This is interpreted as a sign of subjunctive mood, a topic we'll discuss later under "Formalities."

Just for the Record: More on Object Predicatives. We earlier encountered complex transitive verbs, whose object complements (or object predicatives) had the same relation to a direct object as a subject complement (or subject predicative) would to the subject of a linking verb. Object complements can be noun phrases, as in sentence (15), or adjectives, as in sentence (16)

    (15) She considered George a dork.
    (16) She considered him silly.

One way of thinking about such expressions is to think of them as infinitive clauses that have lost a be. These would be clausal nominals rather like that-clause with a normal tensed verb:

    (17)    (a) She considered George (to be) a dork.
        (b) She considered that George was a dork.
    (18)    (a) She considered George (to be) silly.
        (b) She considered that George was silly.

********************* 명사적 역할 부정사 사**************************************************************************************************************
주어
It is possible [to start a home-based business]
it doesn't feel good to be on the receiving end.

보어 

So the best thing to do is to stay out of the argument and go somewhere else in the house to get away from the fighting or arguing.
The idea is [to use the polish to smooth out the scratch]
The best way to avoid being a part of the gossip mill in your school is to steer clear of kids who gossip.

목적


Intending [to dash in and pick up some sodas], she left her keys and cell phone on the seat.
Kraus wanted [to see if he could stand].
In fact, 75% of kids said they expected to still hang out with their brothers or sisters even when they're grownups.
the 38-year-old businessman and amateur daredevil pilot apparently tried [to fake his death in a plane crash],


McAninch changed his mind and decided [to send Tammi out once more to get the phone.]
Then he started [to pace.]
Tammi was trying [to get to know him.]
There are plenty of men and women trying [to revive the enterprise].
I can't afford [to move."]

They also make it hard for law enforcement [to track them down.]

Overpayment scams are frequently used [to rip-off people selling things online or via newspaper ads.] The fraudster agrees [to pay the asking price] but he always wants [to send a check for thousands of dollars more than that amount.] And he’ll have some reason for you /to wire transfer the difference to someone. For example, with a car purchase you could be told the extra money is for a shipping company that will pick up the vehicle. It’s a lie!


you need [to pay some money first]
A growing number of companies promise [to help people drowning in debt.]
They “guarantee” [to lower your monthly credit card payments and get collection agencies off your back]

and even strongly euro-skeptic Britain are beginning [to reconsider the question.]
"Don't expect [to go up there and find that lost Boy Scout in the woods],
You've had an amazing career, yet you don't seem [to be thinking at all about your work.]

the new treatment started [to fail.]
As the bar's business slowed and he started [to fall behind on mortgage payments], his Graceland began losing value.

She tried [to maintain an appearance of calm.]

Pausch acknowledged his disease but refused [to dwell on it].
Our idea is [to create a compact, affordable system that will protect me and my friends],
When I was being attacked that day, maybe they were trying [to protect their young or acting on instinct.]
/To add to her frustration, the bank claimed Karen had failed [to come in to view the surveillance video.]
She tried [to convince the woman to wait for the police.]

asked this reporter [to meet him outside London's Tate Modern art museum]

Angelo had applied ---to join--- the police force near his home town in southwest Florida. 목적
I wanted ---to die. 목적
Suicide is a topic everyone prefer [to avoid]. 목적

Teachers can help them by getting them [to be more realistic about results],  목보?
Teachers can help them learn [to take risks in an atmosphere where they feel confident about doing so].”


She refused [to talk about her mom's death].
It is the way I get [to know that place.]
You are willing [to sign up for an account].

You want [to know how far you have walked].
When attending a party, offer [to bring a plate].
He also said EU-leaders' swift response in agreeing [to pour billions of new capital and loan guarantees in their financial systems boosted confidence in the euro.]
We entered in the euro area, we had integrated finances with other foreign countries, which made it easier /to invest abroad,


***주어로 부정사가 오는경우 보통 가주어 it 를 쓰고 부정사는 뒤에 오게한다

it's hard [to say that's because of the chemo] when you have kids who have inherited their dad's usual energy level.
It all happened too fast for him /to feel the effect of the G forces
It took us about six months [to walk to the Ivory Coast.] 진주어
It takes three days on average [to post the money to your account.]
It's easy [to misjudge portion sizes.]
It was hard [to look at]
"It was hard [to tell what belonged to what.]
It took ten minutes for a beach patrol crew, traversing the steep dunes in a four-wheel-drive pickup, [to transport Endris to an ambulance.]
For Arpaio, it was hard [to see a down side to accepting (동명사) the free resources.]
it was a big deal [to swim the four and a half miles]
It's hard [to raise awareness of pancreatic cancer]-people who get it don't live long enough.
it's a tangible thing that will be good for people who'd find it hard [to say goodbye]; it=to say goodbye

It's important for people in a family to be able to tell each other how they feel and what they think, even when they disagree.

I wouldn't choose [to die at 47], but I've had a hell of a life.

Worry from arguments can even make it hard for a kid to go to sleep or go to school.

[To lose it] would be terrible.
I try [to do many things like that]
millions of kids will learn [to program computers and have fun.]
we decided [to move from Pittsburgh to Virginia]
all these people wanted [to help us].
Sorry, we can't afford [to give out free toasters anymore.]
Don't try [to overhaul your diet overnight].

she needs to make some changes, too.
I would also like to change the way I do not include her in some of my things,
even if it doesn't last all day, agree to have some rules about what's OK and what's not OK when you argue.

"because he and I are very much alike and it was meant to be true love."

******************** 형용사적 역할 부정 사******************************************************************************************************************

Those are really good things for Caitlin to work on.

The best way to avoid being a part of the gossip mill in your school is to steer clear of kids who gossip.
If the argument has anything to do with the kids, kids might think they have caused their parents to argue and fight.

The aviation buff had convinced dozens of active and retired Delta Air Lines pilots [to allow him /to manage their retirement accounts.]
Eventually, you will be in a better position [to accomplish things down the road.]
he convinced a group of pilots opposed to Delta's move [to terminate their pension plan /to let him help].
Take the time [to find a reputable credit counselor]
She hopes whoever finds him will treat him well and give him a chance [to explain what he did and why].


She (had to find) a way /to convince him not [to take her with him.]

the requirement [to cut government debt] before joining gave political leaders the backbone [to make economic reforms] but place the blame on EU requirements.
he didn't need instruments [to know this].
the euro's appeal has been its ability [to provide a sense of stability and shelter from the storm of global crises].
Smaller countries such as Iceland, which has stayed out of the EU, and EU member Hungary, which hasn't yet met the requirements [to join the euro], have seen their currencies sink in value and been forced [to ask the International Monetary Fund for bailouts].

They just didn't have the good fortune [to be a professional lecturer].

they all had something /to do
But this cancer isn't a pretty way /to go
Right now, me walking at sea level is like you walking at 5,000 feet. But that's a small price /to pay.
Randy Pausch had less than six months to live.

I want people [to know how truly remarkable dolphins are], 부정사, 5 형식, 목보
Even as a child, she could get these no-nonsense animals /to do tricks //no one in her family could, like make them line up and roll over.


***Another way to analaze the sentence with object+부정사; 목적어 + 부정사 전체를 하나의 목적으로 보기***

he (주어) didn't want (동사) [his wife to be disappointed in herself] 목적

Hoping [to do his part to protect them], he joined several organizations dedicated to their preservation.


With no money /to cover checks, she couldn't pay her bills,
Her overdraft protection plan had automatically deducted another $1,200 from savings /to cover the shortfall after the thief (had cleaned out) the checking account.
a representative turned the computer screen around for her /to see,
You're not the first person /to say that about her
Fog started [to roll in] as Pugh headed for the final marker,
One of Pugh's first big attempts /to put his cold-water skills to the test nearly ended in disaster.
But that was only half the story of Pugh's unusual ability /to withstand cold.
Once he's in the water, he can suppress any urge /to get out." 물에만 들어가면 물에서 나오고 싶은 충동을 억제할 수 있다
you'll have something /to snack on without feeling guilty.

I had to find a way ---/to put my feet on the floor in the morning.  way 수식

It gives me a reason /to get up.
they would do anything /to keep her safe.

We don't have manpower /to count it.
With stacks of deposits /to process, we look at account names, not dates.
A bank has right /to pay itself back out of your next deposit for any fees or overdraft loans that you owe.
It is a hard habit /to break.
Here are 20 simple ways /to beat weight gain.

Use a soft cloth /to rub a couple of drops of Brasso into the disc until the scratch is almost gone.(형역)
The plastic sleeves of some poorly made wallets have been known /to melt and adhere to CDs after several hours of exposure to the hot sun.주격보어

If you allow yourself --to eat whatever you want for 2 meals out of every 21, you won't inflict enough damage --to subvert your weight loss. 명 or 형역?


Use the time /to tackle an item on your to-do list
When you eat dinner out, reduce the temptation /to clean your plate by setting aside one-third of your meal.
Make a conscious choice /to sit down and savor (enjoy) every bite.
Protein also requires a few more calories /to digest.

We may make it into a commercial /to air during the Academy Awards.
There wasn't time /to be scared.
but first he needed money /to spruce up the home he already owned.
I think he'd do anything /to get away.

That's a funny thing to think about.

***She (had to find) a way /to convince (형역) him not /to take her with him.(명역, convince 의 목적)

*****************부사적 역할 부정사*********************************************************
***********************************************************************************************

동사 수식

She talks to him to show she cares.
She gives out lots of hugs to show she cares.




The events of the past few days *appear /to be a last, desperate gambit by a man who had fallen from great heights and (was about to hit) bottom. 숙어

Deputies *followed footprints in the snow /to find the man about 190 yards from his house,

assistant manager Terrie Franks *(had to go out) /to apply deicer spray.
that's not stopping him from *skipping town at the end of the week /to spend a couple of months in Nevada and Arizona.
He carefully *opens up a beautifully bound book /to show off photos of a boat

You can *use other products in a similar fashion /to smooth out the scratches on your discs.

The police moved /to scoop her up
You pretend to forget what comes next in the trick?
[Pretending /to be someone else] is a big part of his job.

Infinitive complement; 동사 수식 고로 부사역할 한글 문법의 본동사와 보조동사의 관계와 유사함; 부정사는 main verb 에 추가적 의미 부가
 Infinitive complement

  I refer, of course, to what Labor (pretends to believe) are the Government's plans for the National Health Service.



An expletive construction, along with its attendant “To be” verb, can often be eliminated to good effect. Simply omit the construction, find the real subject of the sentence, and allow it to do some real work with a real verb.
Then the negotiator settled into a long conversation calculated /to keep McAninch calm. (분사 calcurated 수식)


Southern Nevada social services have struggled(vi) /to keep pace with need.

/To start your work-at-home business you’ll need [to pay for instructions or a list of contacts].
Don’t pay /to apply for money or credit.

But Matsui walked, and Robinson Cano was hit by a pitch to load the bases.

형용사 수식

some have suggested she's just too old /to be a cocktail waitress.
we're ready /to deal with."
"Do you want this food enough to wear it? (뺨에 붙여 놨니?)
modern faucets are pretty easy /to fix
It helps that he has one of those faces that are easy /to forget.
This one may be harder /to forget.
DVDs are still more susceptible /to damage by scratches and mishandling than CDs.
Tammi was close enough to him /to grab his gun,

he is himself and "good to talk to and share your feelings with."
He is very fun to be around."

He couldn't pretend /to know what was in her mind or heart or body any more.

She pretended /to understand, in order not to appear ignorant.

Tony Blair would not even have to pretend /to listen to anybody but an inner circle of rich men and toadies.




Sweden is in mourning. Losing the Renoirs was a shock, but the Rembrandt has been a national treasure since its arrival in 1956. /To get it back, the Swedes ultimately look to the world's foremost art detective.

they strew steel spikes over the road /to puncture the tires of any police cars that try [to get through.]
The flier doesn't punch out when he should because he is afraid of injury, reluctant /to give up the effort /to save the multimillion-dollar plane, or too concerned about people on the ground.
Chuck, came out /to see her off.
Endris also signed up /to head an advisory committee
The guys who rushed /to help, the dolphins -- they all saved my life."
A lot of things came together /to pull me through
When Endris craned his neck /to see his injuries, Simpson and the others shielded his eyes.
Resting on his board 75 yards from shore, he turned --/to watch --his friend Brian Simpson-- glide --under the curve of a near-perfect wave. 5형식 부정사
great whites come /to feed on young seals and sea lions
Could she be checking /to see if the real Karen was on her tail?
The con artist must have come back /to retrieve the phony license.
Karen's bank had called after closing hours-- /to tell her that she'd left her driver's license at a branch on Market and Church streets.

the man who had done so much /to give him a zest for adventure

I am going to college for the first time in my life ---/to become a victim advocate.
The guy can't come over /to help you.
Call or visit in person /to resolve a problem.
Continue drinking as you eat /to add volume and weight to your meal.
Not until he was 17, in South Africa, where his family had gone /to live, did Pugh get his first formal swim coaching.


Function in Question


you’ll be required /to repay that money. 수동태, 부정사는 주어 수식 주격보어

You may be pressured /to give a credit card number, send a check via overnight delivery or wire money right away.

They know exactly [where to go] 의문사+부정사 의 특별 용법
Learn how to measure.

Then the rest of the Thunderbird jets were supposed /to scream in for more stunts.
Why would you use that hour /to write a book?
Our idea is to create a compact, affordable system that will protect me and my friends,
Train yourself to focus on your best points rather than your weak spots.
He persuaded them to stay behind a pilar while he drove to a store to call the highway patrol.
His parents encouraged their only child to tap his creativity.
People who have kept their weight off for more than a few years tend to eat an average of five times a day.
You've had an amazing career, yet you don't seem to be thinking at all about your work.
This spicy condiment can stand in for mayo to deliver plenty of flavor without the fat

I refer, of course, to what Labor pretends to believe are the Government's plans for the National Health Service.

the new treatment started to fail.

Idiom
I'm going to have to eject
The ambulance is not going to come

***Some verbs can be followed by the -ing form or the infinitive without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start.

    * It started to rain.
    * It started raining.
    * I like to play tennis.
    * I like playing tennis.

예문

We encourage you to follow these easy steps  /to ensure your satisfaction 명역 부역

Either the adult bought the alcohol, or he didn't. But we soon learned to build a list in our minds of the characteristics of those who looked like they might oblige.

Growing up, I knew it was wrong to drink alcohol before the legal age of 21, but the age limit certainly wasn't going to stop me -- or any other kid I knew. So isn't it a scary thought that a kid, with the offer of a couple of extra dollars, could coax an adult to buy alcohol for her?

In today's society, it's already hard enough to not give in /to peer pressure to drink or use drugs, but when adults think it's harmless fun for teens to drink, it makes it so much harder because they're enabling us.

While I was in there, I unlatched the back window to make my return a little easier.
I might leave a pizza flyer in your front door to see how long it takes you to remove it.
If it snows while you’re out of town, get a neighbor to create car and foot tracks into the house. Virgin drifts in the driveway are a dead giveaway.

It’s not a bad idea to put motion detectors up there too.
I won’t have enough time to break into that safe where you keep your valuables.
If you’re reluctant to leave your TV on while you’re out of town, you can buy a $35 device that works on a timer and simulates the flickering glow of a real television.

Unsnap the grille at the bottom of the refrigerator to access the coils. If your coils are located on the back, you’ll have to roll the fridge out to get at them. Clean the coils with a special coil cleaning brush to loosen the dirt and dust. Vacuum the coils as you brush. Be careful not to bend the fan blades. The brush is bendable to fit in tight areas.
The fan circulates air across the coils to help cool them.
To prevent wear, lubricate the door handle side of the gasket by sprinkling baby powder on a cloth and wiping it down once a month.

Over the next four months, the Redmen went on to beat each and every one of their opponents, racking up another perfect season.
Jack needed to discover grasshoppers and open spaces, and I needed to be reminded of how boys are turned into young men.
He returned to Fort Hays State to earn a mathematics degree and went on to get a master's in math education at the University of Georgia.

Forum 질문;

"Sydney is the most beautiful city in the world and there is a great ability to get on with people."

1. Which part of speech is "to"?
2. Is "to get on with" a phrasal verb? If not part of a phrasal verb, what is the grammar reason that it is necessary to add "to" in this sentence?

There are 2 questions here:

1) The infinitive construction in grammar.

Infinitives are very useful in English. They can be used in a sentence as a noun, adjective or adverb.

You cannot tell which part of speech an infinitive is until you analyze it in the context of a sentence.

3. What's wrong with the sentence?

답 변;

I went to the bank to cash a check.  The infinitive phrase is: to cash a check.

It answers the question: Why?  It does not modify "bank". Thus, it would be called an adverbial infinitive phrase.

He is a successful politician because has the natural ability to get along with people.  The infinitive phrase is: to get along with people. 

It answers the question: What kind of ability?  It modifies "ability". Thus, it would be called an adjectival infinitive phrase.

I like to swim early in the morning. The infinitive phrase is: to swim early in the morning.

It answers the question: What do I like? Thus, it would be called a infinitive phrase used as a noun (object of the verb "like".

2) Why is your sentence incorrect : there is a great ability to get on with people.

The problem here is "ability" - it is not just there, it has to belong to somebody. For example:

You will be able to exercise your ability to get along with people.

The people in Sydney are very friendly.

[꿈의숲]

와우, 부정사의 핵심적인 사항을 원서로 다루어주고 계시네요. 놀랍습니다!!

[Sir Henry]

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