전두근, 측두근을 포함한 안면근육

[문형철]

1. 전두근, 대소관골근, 협근, 구륜근, 교근, 내외측익돌근, 광경근 등

2. 안면신경마비 "PNF 안면근육 운동법" - 반드시 구안와사 초기부터 시행해야

참고) 

1. 신경손상의 3분류 neuropraxia(neurapraxia), axonotmesis, neurotmesis

2. 신경 손상후 하루에 1mm, 1개월에 1인치, 1년에 30cm재생

panic bird..

The frontalis muscle (frontal belly) is muscle which covers parts of the skull. Some sources consider the frontalis muscle to a distinct muscle. However, Terminologia Anatomica currently classifies it as part of the occipitofrontalis muscle along with the occipitalis muscle. 

In humans, the frontalis muscle only serves for facial expressions.^[2] The frontalis muscle is innervated by the facial nerve^[3] and receives blood from the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries.

The frontalis muscle is thin, of a quadrilateral form, and intimately adherent to the superficial fascia. It is broader than the occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color. It is located on the front of the head.

The muscle has no bony attachments. Its medial fibers are continuous with those of the procerus; its immediate fibers blend with the corrugator and orbicularis oculimuscles, thus attached to the skin of the eyebrows; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the zygomatic process of the frontal bone.

In the eyebrows, its primary function is to lift them (thus opposing the orbital portion of the orbicularis), especially when looking up. It also acts when a view is too distant or dim.^[4] From these attachments the fibers are directed upward, and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture. The medial margins of the frontalis muscles are joined together for some distance above the root of the nose; but between the occipitales there is a considerable, though variable, interval, occupied by the galea aponeurotic a.

전두근 Trp탐구

안륜근(orbicularis oculi)

The orbicularis oculi is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament.

From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek.

The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphe at the outer canthus (corner) of eye.^[1]

The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator.

The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm in breadth and 12 mm in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct.

The muscle acts to close the eye and is the only muscle capable of doing so. Loss of function for any reason results in an inability to close the eye, necessitating eye drops at the minimum to removal of the eye in extreme cases.

The palpebral portion acts involuntarily, closing the lids gently, as in sleep or in blinking; the orbital portion is subject to conscious control. When the entire muscle is brought into action, the skin of the forehead, temple, and cheek is drawn toward the medial angle of the orbit, and the eyelids are firmly closed, as in photophobia. The skin thus drawn upon is thrown into folds, especially radiating from the lateral angle of the eyelids; these folds become permanent in senescence, and form the so-called “crow's feet.” The Levator palpebræ superioris is the direct antagonist of this muscle; it raises the upper eyelid and exposes the front of the bulb of the eye. In addition, the orbital and palpebral portions can work independent of each other, as in the furrowing of the brows by contraction of the orbital to reduce glare while keeping the eyes open by virtue of the relaxation of the palpebral.^[1]

Each time the eyelids are closed through the action of the Orbicularis, the medial palpebral ligament is tightened, the wall of the lacrimal sac is thus drawn lateralward and forward, so that a vacuum is made in it and the tears are sucked along the lacrimal canals into it. The lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi draws the eyelids and the ends of the lacrimal canals medialward and compresses them against the surface of the globe of the eye, thus placing them in the most favorable situation for receiving the tears; it also compresses the lacrimal sac. This part comprises two pieces: Horner's muscle and the muscle of Riolan, the latter helps hold the eyelids together to keep the lacrimal passage waterproof.^[1]

Associated pathology, such as a lesion of the facial nerve seen in Bell's palsy results in the inability to blink or close the ipsilateral eyelid. Subsequent lack of irrigation increases the risk of corneal inflammation and ulcers.^{[citation needed]}

Levator palpebrae superior[edit]

Main article: Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

As well as inactive control from the orbicularis oculi, the levator superior aponeurosis actively contributes to size of aperture. It starts at the apex of the orbit (eye socket) as a thin tendon, and broadens until it reaches the eyelids, between the tarsal plate and the skin. Since it is connected with other muscles that move the eye proper the eye tends to move up with the upper eyelid.^[1]

Sympathetic[edit]

Both the levator and the orbicularis are striated and voluntary. However, there are unstriated fibers which are involuntary and of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, which when both contracted, the upper and lower eyelids are raised and lowered respectively. These widen the palpebral aperture.^[1]

Adjacent facial muscles[edit]

A number of auxiliary muscles assist in cooperating with the eyelid muscles. For example, the corrugator supercilii pulls the eyebrows to the bridge of the nose, making a roof over the middle of the forehead and forehead wrinkles, used mainly to protect the eyes from excess sunlight. The procerus (pyramidalis) muscles, in the bridge of the nose, arise from the lower nasal bone to the lower forehead, on each side of the midline. The procerus muscles pull the skin into horizontal wrinkles. The frontalis muscle, which runs from the upper forehead, halfway between the coronal suture (which traverses the top of the skull) and the top edge of the orbit, attaches to the eyebrow skin. Since it pulls the eyebrows upward, it is the antagonist of the orbicularis oris. It is used in looking up, and increasing vision if there is insufficient light or when objects are far away.^[1]

대관골근(zygomaticus major)

The zygomaticus major is a muscle of the human body. It is a muscle of facial expression‎ which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly (smile). Like all muscles of facial expression‎, the zygomatic major is innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve), more specifically, the buccal and zygomaticbranches of the facial nerve.

Structure[edit]

The zygomaticus extends from each zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the corners of the mouth.

Function[edit]

It raises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles. Dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of this muscle.

소관골근(zygomaticus minor)

The zygomaticus minor is a muscle of facial expression‎. It originates from malar bone and continues with orbicularis oculi on the lateral face of the Levator labii superioris and then inserts into the outer part of the upper lip. Do not confuse this with the Zygomaticus major, which insets into the angle of the mouth. It draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward (used in making sad facial expressions). Like all muscles of facial expression‎, it is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).

협근(buccinator)

The buccinator  is a thin quadrilateral muscle, occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face. It forms the anterior part of the cheek or the lateral wall of the oral cavity.^[3]

Structure[edit]

It arises from the outer surfaces of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, corresponding to the three pairs of molar teeth; and behind, from the anterior border of the pterygomandibular raphe which separates it from the constrictor pharyngis superior.

The fibers converge toward the angle of the mouth, where the central fibers intersect each other, those from below being continuous with the upper segment of theorbicularis oris, and those from above with the lower segment; the upper and lower fibers are continued forward into the corresponding lip without decussation.

Innervation[edit]

Motor innervation is from the buccal branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). Sensory innervation is supplied by the buccal branch (one of the muscular branches) of the mandibular part of the trigeminal (cranial nerve V).

Function[edit]

Its purpose is to pull back the angle of the mouth and to flatten the cheek area, which aids in holding the cheek to the teeth during chewing. This action causes the muscle to keep food pushed back on the occlusal surface of the posterior teeth, as when a person chews. By keeping the food in the correct position when chewing, the buccinator assists the muscles of mastication.^[3]

It aids whistling and smiling, and in neonates it is used to suckle.

구륜근(orbicularis oris)

In human anatomy, the orbicularis oris muscle is a complex of muscles in the lips that encircle the mouth. Until recently it was misinterpreted as a sphincter, or circular muscle, but it is actually composed of four independent quadrants that interlace and give only an appearance of circularity.^[3]

It is also one of the muscles used in the playing of all brass instruments and some woodwind instruments.

This muscle closes the mouth and puckers the lips when it contracts.

The Orbicularis oris is not a simple sphincter muscle like the Orbicularis oculi; it consists of numerous strata of muscular fibers surrounding the orifice of the mouth but having different direction.

It consists partly of fibers derived from the other facial muscles which are inserted into the lips, and partly of fibers proper to the lips.

Of the former, a considerable number are derived from the Buccinator and form the deeper stratum of the Orbicularis.

Some of the Buccinator fibers—namely, those near the middle of the muscle—decussate at the angle of the mouth, those arising from the maxilla passing to the lower lip, and those from the mandible to the upper lip.

The uppermost and lowermost fibers of the Buccinator pass across the lips from side to side without decussation.

Superficial to this stratum is a second, formed on either side by the Caninus and Triangularis, which cross each other at the angle of the mouth; those from the Caninus passing to the lower lip, and those from the Triangularis to the upper lip, along which they run, to be inserted into the skin near the median line.

In addition to these there are fibers from the Quadratus labii superioris, the Zygomaticus, and the Quadratus labii inferioris; these intermingle with the transverse fibers above described, and have principally an oblique direction.

The proper fibers of the lips are oblique, and pass from the under surface of the skin to the mucous membrane, through the thickness of the lip.

Finally, there are fibers by which the muscle is connected with the maxillæ and the septum of the nose above and with the mandible below.

In the upper lip these consist of two bands, lateral and medial, on either side of the middle line; the lateral band m. incisivus labii superioris arises from the alveolar border of the maxilla, opposite the lateral incisor tooth, and arching lateralward is continuous with the other muscles at the angle of the mouth; the medial band m. nasolabialis connects the upper lip to the back of the septum of the nose.

The interval between the two medial bands corresponds with the depression, called the philtrum, seen on the lip beneath the septum of the nose.

The additional fibers for the lower lip constitute a slip m. incisivus labii inferioris on either side of the middle line; this arises from the mandible, lateral to the Mentalis, and intermingles with the other muscles at the angle of the mouth.

측두근과 익돌근의 isolated stretching

[정기홍]

정리의 달인이 되어 가는구나
덕분에 좋은 구경(?) 많이 한다~ ㅎㅎ

[문형철]

계속 보완해서.. svt 하는 법, 침치료법, isolation exercise, 기능적 운동 등을 완벽하게 동영상으로 설명하는 자료까지 만들거야 ....ㅎㅎㅎ

[heoss]

감사합니다.^^