The first Soviet heavy-caliber machine gun was designed on official request for dedicated Anti-aircraft weapon. Request was issued to designer Degtyarev (who already designed an DP-27 LMG) in 1929. First prototype of the 12.7mm machine gun, named DK (Degtyarev, Krupnocalibernyj = Degtyarev, Large caliber) was built in 1930. This gun was officialy adopted, and DK was manufactured in small numbers during period of 1933 - 1935. It was a gas operated weapon, firing powerful 12.7mm carttridge, but with magazine feeding. Drum magazine held only 30 rounds and was bulky and heavy, and practical rate of fire was unsatisfactory low. In the late 1930s another famous Soviet arms designer, Shpagin, designed an add-on belt feed module, that could be easily installed on the DK instead of the magazine. This modification appeared in 1938, and in 1939 it was officially adopted by Red Army as an "12.7mm Krupnocalibernyj Pulemet Degtyareva-Shpagina, DShK" (Degtyarev-Shpagin, large caliber). DShK was used through WW2 as an anti-aircraft weapon, and also as an heavy infantry support gun. It also had been used on some heavy soviet tanks as a roof-mounted AA-gun. After the war some care had been taken to improve DShK - a rotary belt fed unit was replaced by more conventional slide-operated one, some other improvements also were made. New gun was adopted as a DShK-M, or DShK Modernised, and also is known as DShKM-38/46. It also was used as a heavy infantry support/AA-gun, and mounted on some tanks and armour vehicles (T-55, T-62, BTR-155). In the late 1960s and 1970s DShKM was gradually replaced in Soviet Army service by the more modern NSV / NSVT machine gun. DShKM was widely exported to Soviet-friendly nations and regimes. It was also manufactured in other countries, such as China, Iran, Yugoslavia and Pakistan. It was widely used in numerous "local wars", including Afghan campaigns.
DSchKM was one of the most sucessful designs of its time. 12.7mm (.50) AP bullets fired from that MG, could pierce 15mm armor plate at 500m.
DSchK is the belt-fed, air-cooled, gas operated weapon that fires only in full-auto. Gas system has the 3 positions gas regulator. Bolt is locked in the receiver via two horisontally pivoted locking flaps, attached to the bolt. The overall system is quite similar to one found in DP-27 light machine gun, but scaled up and with addition of the bolt and bolt carrier buffer assemblies in the receiver backplate. The original belt feed module, designed by Shpagin, used a non-desintegrating belt with open pockets. To delink the cartridges prior to chamber it, Shpagin used a rotary drum, that feed the belt and pulled the cartridges out of their belt pockets simulateneously. The drum was operated via the oscillating arm, that, in turn, was operated by the charging handle, rigidly attached to the bolt carrier. Belt was inserted at the top of the feed module, and cartridges were cought by the bolt and chambered at the bottom of the feed. Belt was fed from the left side of the gun. 50 rounds belts were used. DShK featured non quick-detachable, heavy barrel with radial fins to improve cooling and a large and effective muzzle brake.
DShK was used on wheeled universal mount, which was fitted with removable steel shield. This mount allowed vor Anti-aircraft usage - for AA role wheels were removed and a mount "tail" was separated and formed a folding tripod. Special shoulder stock and AA sight were also attached for Air Defence role. Some DShK were used on pintle mounts on small ships (like torpedo-boats).
DShKM was more or less the same weapon, with most distinctive change being the different belt feed, distinguished by much flatter, and square-outlined appearance. This feed module also used an oscillating arm linked to the charging handle to operate feed.
DShK and DShKM were quite adequate weapons for the time period they appeared in, but these guns were too heavy, too complicated to manufacture, and reliability in severe conditions was slightly less than desired, so they were replaced by much better designs (unlike the old Brownings M2HB, which are not less outdated today than DShK, but are still held in service).
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