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Tom Sawyer is Huck's best friend and peer, the main character of other Twain novels and the leader of the town boys in adventures. He is mischievous, good-hearted, and "the best fighter and the smartest kid in town".[8]
Huckleberry Finn, "Huck" to his friends, is a boy about "thirteen or fourteen or along there" years old (Chapter 17). He has been brought up by his father, the town drunk, and has a difficult time fitting into society. In the novel, Huck's good nature offers a contrast to the inadequacies and inequalities in society.
Widow Douglas is the kind woman who takes Huck in after he helped save her from a violent home invasion. She tries her best to "sivilize" (civilize) Huck, believing it is her Christian duty to do so.
Miss Watson is the widow's sister, a tough old spinster who also lives with them. She is fairly hard on Huck, causing him to resent her a good deal. Mark Twain may have drawn inspiration for this character from several people he knew in his life.[8]
Jim is Miss Watson's physically large but mild-mannered slave. Huck becomes very close to Jim when they reunite after Jim flees Miss Watson's household to seek refuge from slavery, and Huck and Jim become fellow travelers on the Mississippi River. Jim is shown to be honorable, perceptive, and intelligent, despite his lack of education and prejudice he faces.
"Pap" Finn is Huck's father, a brutal alcoholic drifter. He resents Huck getting any kind of education. His only genuine interest in his son involves begging or extorting money to feed his alcohol addiction.
Judith Loftus plays a small part in the novel — being the kind and perceptive woman whom Huck talks to in order to find out about the search for Jim — but many critics believe her to be the best drawn female character in the novel.[8]
The Grangerfords, an aristocratic Kentuckian family headed by the sexagenarian Colonel Saul Grangerford, take Huck in after he is separated from Jim on the Mississippi. Huck becomes close friends with the youngest male of the family, Buck Grangerford, who is Huck's age. By the time Huck meets them, the Grangerfords have been engaged in an age-old blood feud with another local family, the Shepherdsons.
The Duke and the King are two otherwise unnamed con artists whom Huck and Jim take aboard their raft just before the start of their Arkansas adventures. They pose as the long-lost Duke of Bridgewater and the long-dead Louis XVII of France in an attempt to over-awe Huck and Jim, who quickly come to recognize them for what they are, but cynically pretend to accept their claims to avoid conflict.
Doctor Robinson is the only man who recognizes that the King and Duke are phonies when they pretend to be British. He warns the townspeople, but they ignore him.
Mary Jane, Joanna, and Susan Wilks are the three young nieces of their wealthy guardian, Peter Wilks, who has recently died. The Duke and the King try to steal their inheritance by posing as Peter's estranged brothers from England but are eventually thwarted.
Aunt Sally and Uncle Silas Phelps buy Jim from the Duke and the King. She is a loving, high-strung "farmer's wife", and he a plodding old man, both a farmer and a preacher. Huck poses as their nephew, Tom Sawyer, after he parts from the conmen. His intention is to try and help Jim escape.
Themes
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn explores themes of race and identity; what it means to be free and civilized; and the ideas of humanity and social responsibility in the changing landscape of America. A complexity exists concerning Jim's character. While some scholars point out that Jim is good-hearted and moral, and he is not unintelligent (in contrast to several of the more negatively depicted white characters), others have criticized the novel as racist, citing the use of the word "nigger" and emphasizing the stereotypically "comic" treatment of Jim's lack of education, superstition and ignorance. This argument is supported by incidents early in the novel where Huck deliberately "tricks" Jim, taking advantage of his gullibility and Jim still remains loyal to him.[9][10]
But this novel is also Huck's 'coming of age' story where he overcomes his initial biases and forms a deeper bond with Jim. Throughout the story, Huck is in moral conflict with the received values of the society in which he lives. Huck is unable consciously to rebut those values even in his thoughts but he makes a moral choice based on his own valuation of Jim's friendship and human worth, a decision in direct opposition to the things he has been taught. Twain, in his lecture notes, proposes that "a sound heart is a surer guide than an ill-trained conscience" and goes on to describe the novel as "a book of mine where a sound heart and a deformed conscience come into collision and conscience suffers defeat".[11]
To highlight the hypocrisy required to condone slavery within an ostensibly moral system, Twain has Huck's father enslave his son, isolate him and beat him. When Huck escapes, he immediately encounters Jim "illegally" doing the same thing. The treatments both of them receive are radically different, especially in an encounter with Mrs. Judith Loftus who takes pity on who she presumes to be a runaway apprentice, Huck, yet boasts about her husband sending the hounds after a runaway slave, Jim.[12]
Some scholars discuss Huck's own character, and the novel itself, in the context of its relation to African-American culture as a whole. John Alberti quotes Shelley Fisher Fishkin, who writes in her 1990s book Was Huck Black?: Mark Twain and African-American Voices, "by limiting their field of inquiry to the periphery," white scholars "have missed the ways in which African-American voices shaped Twain's creative imagination at its core." It is suggested that the character of Huckleberry Finn illustrates the correlation, and even interrelatedness, between white and Black culture in the United States.[13]
Illustrations
The original illustrations were done by E. W. Kemble, at the time a young artist working for Life magazine. Kemble was hand-picked by Twain, who admired his work. Hearn suggests that Twain and Kemble had a similar skill, writing that:
Whatever he may have lacked in technical grace ... Kemble shared with the greatest illustrators the ability to give even the minor individual in a text his own distinct visual personality; just as Twain so deftly defined a full-rounded character in a few phrases, so too did Kemble depict with a few strokes of his pen that same entire personage.[14]
As Kemble could afford only one model, most of his illustrations produced for the book were done by guesswork. When the novel was published, the illustrations were praised even as the novel was harshly criticized. E.W. Kemble produced another set of illustrations for Harper's and the American Publishing Company in 1898 and 1899 after Twain lost the copyright.[15]
Publication's effect on literary climate
Twain initially conceived of the work as a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer that would follow Huckleberry Finn through adulthood. Beginning with a few pages he had removed from the earlier novel, Twain began work on a manuscript he originally titled Huckleberry Finn's Autobiography. Twain worked on the manuscript off and on for the next several years, ultimately abandoning his original plan of following Huck's development into adulthood. He appeared to have lost interest in the manuscript while it was in progress, and set it aside for several years. After making a trip down the Hudson River, Twain returned to his work on the novel. Upon completion, the novel's title closely paralleled its predecessor's: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawyer's Comrade).[16]
Mark Twain composed the story in pen on notepaper between 1876 and 1883. Paul Needham, who supervised the authentication of the manuscript for Sotheby's books and manuscripts department in New York in 1991, stated, "What you see is [Clemens'] attempt to move away from pure literary writing to dialect writing". For example, Twain revised the opening line of Huck Finn three times. He initially wrote, "You will not know about me", which he changed to, "You do not know about me", before settling on the final version, "You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name of 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'; but that ain't no matter."[17] The revisions also show how Twain reworked his material to strengthen the characters of Huck and Jim, as well as his sensitivity to the then-current debate over literacy and voting.[18][19]
A later version was the first typewritten manuscript delivered to a printer.[20]
Demand for the book spread outside of the United States. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was eventually published on December 10, 1884, in Canada and the United Kingdom, and on February 18, 1885, in the United States.[21] The illustration on page 283 became a point of issue after an engraver, whose identity was never discovered, made a last-minute addition to the printing plate of Kemble's picture of old Silas Phelps, which drew attention to Phelps' groin. Thirty thousand copies of the book had been printed before the obscenity was discovered. A new plate was made to correct the illustration and repair the existing copies.[22][23]
In 1885, the Buffalo Public Library's curator, James Fraser Gluck, approached Twain to donate the manuscript to the library. Twain did so. Later it was believed that half of the pages had been misplaced by the printer. In 1991, the missing first half turned up in a steamer trunk owned by descendants of Gluck's. The library successfully claimed possession and, in 1994, opened the Mark Twain Room to showcase the treasure.[24]
In relation to the literary climate at the time of the book's publication in 1885, Henry Nash Smith describes the importance of Mark Twain's already established reputation as a "professional humorist", having already published over a dozen other works. Smith suggests that while the "dismantling of the decadent Romanticism of the later nineteenth century was a necessary operation," Adventures of Huckleberry Finn illustrated "previously inaccessible resources of imaginative power, but also made vernacular language, with its new sources of pleasure and new energy, available for American prose and poetry in the twentieth century."[25]
비평
(1) 사회의 암울한 그늘
이 소설은, 신분이 낮은 서민 주인공의 노상 경험을 기록해서, 독자가 사회의 암울한 그늘을 간접 체험할 기회를 제공하는 ‘악한 소설’의 갈래에 속한다. 미국의 문호 어니스트 헤밍웨이는 “미국의 모든 현대 문학은 마크 트웨인이 쓴 《허클베리 핀의 모험》이라는 책 한 권에서 비롯되었다”고 말한 바 있다. 교육과 문명을 거부하는 화자의 고백적인 자서전 형식의 글쓰기를 통해, 전통적인 사고에 도전하는 미국의 신세계에 적합한 새롭게 열린 사고의 길을 열었기 때문이다. 또한 반어법과 해학으로 미국의 가장 심각하고 예민한 사회 문제인 인종 차별을 과감히 풍자하면서도, 미국 고유의 정서인 유머로 미국 문화의 토대를 조심스레 두드리는 용기는, 흑인을 주인공의 동반자이자 분신으로 세우고 문학 작품에 흑인 방언을 사용한 저자의 개척 정신과 부합한다...
(2) 사회적 논란
마크 트웨인이 발표한 많은 작품 중에서 《허클베리 핀의 모험》은 가장 중요한 소설로 평가되며, 미국 문학사뿐 아니라 세계 문학사에서 고전으로 취급된다. 이 소설을 읽지 않고서 미국 문학을 논하는 것은 어불성설이다. 하지만 이 소설이 제대로 빛을 보기까지는 많은 어려움이 있었다. 이 책은 처음 출간되면서부터 ‘불량 도서’ 판정을 받았다. 주인공 헉 핀이 거짓말과 욕설, 상스런 말을 밥 먹듯이 하며, 당시 미국 사회의 주춧돌이라고 할 수 있는 기독교와 도덕 그리고 학교 교육을 조롱하고 거부하기 때문이다. 출간되자마자 매사추세츠주의 콩코드 도서관 위원회는 《허클베리 핀의 모험》을 ‘쓰레기’로 판정하며 도서관 장서목록에서 삭제했다. 또한 미국 전역에 걸쳐 많은 학교에서 이 작품을 학생들이 읽어서는 안 되는 금서로 지정했다.
(3) 헉의 성장
여행기적인 소설이 으레 그렇듯이, 《허클베리 핀의 모험》도 여행 그 자체보다는 여행을 통해 주인공이 얻게 되는 각성이 중요한 주제로 제시된다. 뗏목을 타고 미시시피 강을 따라 여행하는 동안 짐의 성숙한 인격을 체험하며 헉은 흑인에 대한 편견을 극복한다. 어느 날 멀리 두고 온 아내와 자식들을 생각하며 비통한 감회에 젖는 짐의 모습을 보면서, 헉은 흑인도 백인과 똑같은 감정을 지닌 인간이라는 사실에 놀란다. 헉의 충격적인 깨달음은 독자를 인도하는 본보기 역할을 한다. 미시시피 강을 따라 떠나는 뗏목 여행으로 헉과 짐이 자유를 추구하는 모습은, 독자가 자유를 향해 전진할 수 있는 동기와 용기를 선사한다. 짐이 노예 제도가 부여하는 육체적인 구속과 속박의 멍에로부터의 자유를 추구한다면, 헉은 문명사회가 부여하는 모든 제약이나 구속에서의 해방, 즉 정신과 영혼의 자유를 추구한다. 독자도 흑인에 대해, 또 세상에 대해 지녔던 자신의 편견으로부터의 자유를 선사받는다.
평가
미국의 모든 현대문학은 마크 트웨인의 허클베리 핀의 모험으로부터 나왔다. 그 전에는 아무것도 없었고, 그 후로도 없었다.
어니스트 헤밍웨이
마크 트웨인이 경고문에서 말한 바와 같이 이 이야기는 동기나 교훈, 전개가 뚜렷하게 드러나지 않는다. 초반의 짐과 뗏목을 타고 강으로 탈출하는 부분과 후반의 짐을 구출하는 부분을 제외하면 허클베리 핀과 짐이 미시시피 강을 타고 다니며 겪는 에피소드들을 엮은 옴니버스식 이야기에 가깝다. 하지만 이 과정에서 허클베리와 짐, 두 등장인물의 언행을 통해 그들이 상징하는 미국적인 자유의 정신과 당시 사회상이 잘 드러난다. 그렇기에 이 책은 어니스트 헤밍웨이가 말했듯이 지금까지 가장 미국적인 소설로 평가받는다.
오늘날 미국 왠만한 고등학교의 교과과정에 편성되어 있기 때문에 다수의 미국인이 이 책을 한번쯤은 억지로라도 읽어보게 된다. 미국학교에서 중시해서 읽는 부분은 허클베리가 짐과 함께 추격을 피해 숲에 숨어있는 동안 갈등하는 장면이다. 이야기 맥락상 중요한 친구가 된 흑인 노예 짐을 보호하는게 당연하겠지만, 허클베리가 굳이 갈등하는 이유는 생전 학교를 다닌적 없는 그가 어려서 받은 유일한 교육은 옆집 노과부 더글라스 부인이 해준 성경공부가 전부인데, 이 때 그녀가 도망 노예를 돕는 것은 지옥에 가는 악한 행위라 말했기 때문이다. 이 때문에 어린 허클베리가 앉아서 친구를 배반하고 천국에 가는가 아니면 친구를 지키고 지옥불에 영원히 고통 받을 것인가를 놓고 우습지만 나름 실존적인 고민을하는 것이다. 이는 동시대 작가와 북부인들의 시각을 보여주는데, 남부 기독교인들은 온갖 꼼수로 노예제가 기독교 믿음안에서도 정당하다고 주장했지만, 그게 얼마나 어림없는 헛소리인지를 이 장면을 통해서 드러낸 것이다. 즉, 결국은 친구를 위해 자신의 영혼을 바치기로 한 무학의 허클베리의 행위야말로 예수 그리스도를 떠올리게하는 진정한 기독교인으로써의 모습이고, 오히려 이를 막고 어린애조차 갈등하게 만드는 남부교회는 배신자 유다적이며 비기독교적이라는 비판이 들어가 있다는 것이다. 이는 역사적으로도 존재했던 북부 교회가 남부교회에 가졌던 도덕적 우월감의 근간이기도 했다.
한국에서는 그저 톰소여의 모험의 후속편 정도로 인식되나, 영어권에서는 이 책이 훨씬 지명도가 높다. 톰소여의 모험은 문학적으로 연구되는 일이 없지만, 이 작품은 많이 연구된다.[22]
여담으로 작중에서 허크와 짐이 뗏목을 타고 이동한 거리는 미주리주 세인트피터즈버그 마을부터 아칸소주 파이크스빌 마을까지 약 880km다. 한반도의 신의주부터 부산까지의 도로길이가 약 840km라고 하니 한반도를 종단하는 거리를 뗏목 하나로 여행한 셈이다.
Critical reception and banning
In this scene illustrated by E. W. Kemble, Jim has given Huck up for dead and when he reappears thinks he must be a ghost.
While it is clear that Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was controversial from the outset, Norman Mailer, writing in The New York Times in 1984, concluded that Twain's novel was not initially "too unpleasantly regarded." In fact, Mailer writes: "the critical climate could hardly anticipate T. S. Eliot and Ernest Hemingway's encomiums 50 years later," reviews that would remain longstanding in the American consciousness.[26]
Alberti suggests that the academic establishment responded to the book's challenges both dismissively and with confusion. During Twain's time and today, defenders of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn "lump all nonacademic critics of the book together as extremists and 'censors', thus equating the complaints about the book's 'coarseness' from the genteel bourgeois trustees of the Concord Public Library in the 1880s with more recent objections based on race and civil rights."[13]
Upon issue of the American edition in 1885, several libraries banned it from their shelves.[27] The early criticism focused on what was perceived as the book's crudeness. One incident was recounted in the newspaper the Boston Transcript:
The Concord (Mass.) Public Library committee has decided to exclude Mark Twain's latest book from the library. One member of the committee says that, while he does not wish to call it immoral, he thinks it contains but little humor, and that of a very coarse type. He regards it as the veriest trash. The library and the other members of the committee entertain similar views, characterizing it as rough, coarse, and inelegant, dealing with a series of experiences not elevating, the whole book being more suited to the slums than to intelligent, respectable people.[28]
Writer Louisa May Alcott criticized the book's publication as well, saying that if Twain "[could not] think of something better to tell our pure-minded lads and lasses he had best stop writing for them".[29][30]
In 1905, New York's Brooklyn Public Library also banned the book due to "bad word choice" and Huck's having "not only itched but scratched" within the novel, which was considered obscene. When asked by a Brooklyn librarian about the situation, Twain sardonically replied:
I am greatly troubled by what you say. I wrote 'Tom Sawyer' & 'Huck Finn' for adults exclusively, & it always distressed me when I find that boys and girls have been allowed access to them. The mind that becomes soiled in youth can never again be washed clean. I know this by my own experience, & to this day I cherish an unappeased bitterness against the unfaithful guardians of my young life, who not only permitted but compelled me to read an unexpurgated Bible through before I was 15 years old. None can do that and ever draw a clean sweet breath again on this side of the grave.[31]
Many subsequent critics, Ernest Hemingway among them, have deprecated the final chapters, claiming the book "devolves into little more than minstrel-show satire and broad comedy" after Jim is detained.[32] Although Hemingway declared, "All modern American literature comes from" Huck Finn, and hailed it as "the best book we've had", he cautioned, "If you must read it you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys [sic]. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating."[33][34] The African-American writer Ralph Ellison argued that "Hemingway missed completely the structural, symbolic and moral necessity for that part of the plot in which the boys rescue Jim. Yet it is precisely this part which gives the novel its significance."[35] Pulitzer Prize winner Ron Powers states in his Twain biography (Mark Twain: A Life) that "Huckleberry Finn endures as a consensus masterpiece despite these final chapters", in which Tom Sawyer leads Huck through elaborate machinations to rescue Jim.[36]
Controversy
In his introduction to The Annotated Huckleberry Finn, Michael Patrick Hearn writes that Twain "could be uninhibitedly vulgar", and quotes critic William Dean Howells, a Twain contemporary, who wrote that the author's "humor was not for most women". However, Hearn continues by explaining that "the reticent Howells found nothing in the proofs of Huckleberry Finn so offensive that it needed to be struck out".[37]
Racial stereotyping
Much of modern scholarship of Huckleberry Finn has focused on its treatment of race. Many Twain scholars have argued that the book, by humanizing Jim and exposing the fallacies of the racist assumptions of slavery, is an attack on racism.[38] Others have argued that the book falls short on this score, especially in its depiction of Jim.[27] According to Professor Stephen Railton of the University of Virginia, Twain was unable to fully rise above the stereotypes of Black people that White readers of his era expected and enjoyed, and, therefore, resorted to minstrel show-style comedy to provide humor at Jim's expense, and ended up confirming rather than challenging late 19th-century racist stereotypes.[39]
In one instance, the controversy caused a drastically altered interpretation of the text: in 1955, CBS tried to avoid controversial material in a televised version of the book, by deleting all mention of slavery and omitting the character of Jim entirely.[40]
Use of the word "nigger"
Because of this controversy over whether Huckleberry Finn is racist or anti-racist, and because the word "nigger" is frequently used in the novel (a commonly used word in Twain's time that has since become vulgar and taboo), many have questioned the appropriateness of teaching the book in the U.S. public school system—this questioning of the word "nigger" is illustrated by a school administrator of Virginia in 1982 calling the novel the "most grotesque example of racism I've ever seen in my life".[41] According to the American Library Association, Huckleberry Finn was the fifth-most frequently challenged book in the United States during the 1990s.[42]
There have been several more recent cases involving protests for the banning of the novel. In 2003, high school student Calista Phair and her grandmother, Beatrice Clark, in Renton, Washington, proposed banning the book from classroom learning in the Renton School District, though not from any public libraries, because of the word "nigger". The two curriculum committees that considered her request eventually decided to keep the novel on the 11th grade curriculum, though they suspended it until a panel had time to review the novel and set a specific teaching procedure for the novel's controversial topics.[43]
In 2009, a white Washington state high school teacher, John Foley, called for replacing Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with a more modern novel.[44] In an opinion column that Foley wrote in the Seattle Post Intelligencer, he states that all "novels that use the 'N-word' repeatedly need to go." He states that teaching the novel is not only unnecessary, but difficult due to the offensive language within the novel with many students becoming uncomfortable at "just hear[ing] the N-word."[45]
In 2016, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was removed from a public school district in Virginia, along with the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, due to their use of racial slurs.[46][47]
Expurgated editions
Publishers have made their own attempts at easing the controversy by way of releasing editions of the book with the word "nigger" replaced by less controversial words. A 2011 edition of the book, published by NewSouth Books, employed the word "slave" (although the word is not properly applied to a freed man). Their argument for making the change was to offer the reader a choice of reading a "sanitized" version if they were not comfortable with the original.[48] Mark Twain scholar Alan Gribben said he hoped the edition would be more friendly for use in classrooms, rather than have the work banned outright from classroom reading lists due to its language.[49]
According to publisher Suzanne La Rosa, "At NewSouth, we saw the value in an edition that would help the works find new readers. If the publication sparks good debate about how language impacts learning or about the nature of censorship or the way in which racial slurs exercise their baneful influence, then our mission in publishing this new edition of Twain's works will be more emphatically fulfilled."[50] Another scholar, Thomas Wortham, criticized the changes, saying the new edition "doesn't challenge children to ask, 'Why would a child like Huck use such reprehensible language?'"[51]
Adaptations
Film
Huck and Tom (1918 silent) by Famous Players–Lasky; directed by William Desmond Taylor; starring Jack Pickford as Tom, Robert Gordon as Huck and Clara Horton as Becky[52]
Huckleberry Finn (1920 silent) by Famous Players–Lasky; directed by William Desmond Taylor; starring Lewis Sargent as Huck, Gordon Griffith as Tom and Thelma Salter as Becky[53][54]
Huckleberry Finn (1931) by Paramount Pictures; directed by Norman Taurog; starring Jackie Coogan as Tom, Junior Durkin as Huck, and Mitzi Green as Becky[54][55]
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1939) by MGM; directed by Richard Thorpe; starring Mickey Rooney as Huck[56]
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1955), starring Thomas Mitchell and John Carradine[57]
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960), directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Eddie Hodges and Archie Moore[58]
Hopelessly Lost (1973), a Soviet film[59]
Huckleberry Finn (1974), a musical film[60]
Huckleberry Finn (1975), an ABC movie of the week with Ron Howard as Huck Finn[61]
The Adventures of Con Sawyer and Hucklemary Finn (1985), an ABC movie of the week with Drew Barrymore as Con Sawyer[62]
The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993), starring Elijah Wood and Courtney B. Vance[63]
Tom and Huck (1995), starring Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Tom and Brad Renfro as Huck[64]
Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue (2008), a VeggieTales parody[65]
The Adventures of Huck Finn [de] (2012), a German film starring Leon Seidel and directed by Hermine Huntgeburth[66]
Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn (2014), starring Joel Courtney as Tom Sawyer, Jake T. Austin as Huckleberry Finn, Katherine McNamara as Becky Thatcher[67]
Television
Huckleberry no Bōken, a 1976 Japanese anime with 26 episodes[68]
Huckleberry Finn and His Friends, a 1979 series starring Ian Tracey[69]
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a 1985 PBS TV adaptation directed by Peter H. Hunt, starring Patrick Day and Samm-Art Williams, with 4 one hour episodes(240 minutes)
Huckleberry Finn Monogatari (ハックルベリー・フィン物語), a 1994 Japanese anime with 26 episodes, produced by NHK[70]
Other
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1973), by Robert James Dixson – a simplified version[71]
Big River: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a 1985 Broadway musical with lyrics and music by Roger Miller[72]
Manga Classics: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn published by UDON Entertainment's Manga Classics imprint was released in November 2017.[73]
Related works
Literature
Finn: A Novel (2007), by Jon Clinch – a novel about Huck's father, Pap Finn (ISBN 0812977149)
Huck Out West (2017), by Robert Coover – continues Huck's and Tom's adventures during the 1860s and 1870s (ISBN 0393608441)
The Further Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1983) by Greg Matthews – continues Huck's and Jim's adventures as they "light out for the territory" and wind up in the throes of the California Gold Rush of 1849[74][75][76][77]
My Jim (2005), by Nancy Rawles – a novel narrated largely by Sadie, Jim's enslaved wife (ISBN 140005401X)
Music
Mississippi Suite (1926), by Ferde Grofe: the second movement is a lighthearted whimsical piece entitled "Huckleberry Finn"[78]
Huckleberry Finn EP (2009), comprising five songs from Kurt Weill's unfinished musical, by Duke Special[79]
Television
The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a 1968 children's series produced by Hanna-Barbera combining live-action and animation[80]
See also
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