Ch 4 Evidence for incidents involving cargo

Chapter 4 Evidence for incidents involving cargo Cargo claim을 방어하기 위해 운송인은 운송 계약에 따른 의무를 이행했음을 입증해야 합니다. 일반적으로 이것은 선박이 항해중임을 증명하고 화물이 항해 중에 적절하게 관리되었다는 것을 증명함을 의미합니다. Seaworthiness 감항성 있는 선박은 손상 위험 없이 바다로 화물을 운반할 수 있습니다. 선박은 상태가 양호 해야 하며 항해를 제대로 수행하는 데 필요한 모든 것을 갖추고 있어야 합니다. 이는 선체와 기계류의 완전성 이상의 것입니다. 또한 모든 선상 절차에 대해 잘 훈련된 유능한 승무원이 적절하게 갖추어지고 배승되어야 합니다. 해상화물 운송과 관련된 주요 국제 협약인 Hague-Visby Rule은 운송인이 해상 운송을 하기 전에 선박이 감항성이 있도록 세심한 주의를 요구합니다. 준수를 위한 좋은 테스트는 다음과 같은 질문입니다. '항해 전에 선박을 조심스럽게 점검하여 감항성 문제가 발생 했습니까? 그렇다면 조심성 있는 선주는 선박과 화물을 바다로 보내기 전에 문제를 해결 했습니까?' 무언가가 잘못되어 화물이 손실되거나 손상된 경우 운송업자가 선박을 항해에 이용하기 위해 조심하지 않았다고 추정됩니다. 이 추정을 논박하기 위해 운송자는 합리적인 조치들이 선박을 항해에 적합하게 만들기 위해 취해졌다는 Evidence를 제시해야 합니다. 그러한 Evidence는 Suggested evidence list 1에 열거된 일반적 Evidence, 특히 crew, classification society and maintenance records과 관련되어 있습니다. Care of cargo Hague 및 Hague-Visby 규칙은 선박을 항해에 적합하게 할 의무 외에도 화물을 수령인에게 인도할 때까지 화물을 관리하도록 합니다. 운송 중에 화물이 분실되거나 손상된 경우 사업자는 손실이나 손해가 어떻게 발생했는지 설명해야 합니다. 운송인은 운송 계약에서 설명한대로 항해를 수행해야 합니다. Hague와 Hague-Visby 규칙에 따라 운송업자는 반대의 합의가 없는 한 화물을 목적지까지 직접 운송해야 합니다. 항로는 중요합니다. 합의된, 직접적인 또는 관습적인 항로로부터의 부당한 Deviation은 운송 계약의 위반이 되며 선박 소유자의 P & I 보험 보상을 침해할 수 있습니다. 항해기간의 불필요한 지연은 계약상 항해에서 벗어난 것과 같은 방식으로 처리되므로 중요할 수 있습니다. Cargo responsibility 화물의 선적과 관련하여 적어도 두 건의 운송 계약이 있을 가능성이 있음을 인식하는 것이 중요합니다. 첫째, 선하 증권에 의해 입증된 운송 계약이 있습니다. 이 계약은 화물과 운송 업체간 계약입니다. 대다수의 선하 증권의 경우, 운송인은 선주가 될 것입니다. 선박 소유자와 용선 계약자간에 용선 계약이 있을 수도 있습니다. 용선 계약서의 '화물 책임 조항 cargo responsibility clause'은 선주 또는 용선 계약자가 화물의 선적, 적재 및 양하에 책임이 있는지를 표시합니다. 지명된 당사자 nominated party는 일반적으로 선적 및 하역 과정에서 발생하는 화물에 대한 최종 책임을 지기 때문에 중요합니다. 선장은 누구에게 화물 작업에 대한 책임이 있는지 불확실한 경우, 선박 운항자에게 instructions and guidance을 문의해야 합니다. Bill of lading 선박에서 운반되는 화물의 양과 상태를 증명하는 문서는 필수적입니다. 선하 증권이 이들 중 가장 중요합니다. Hague 및 Hague-Visby Rules은 화물의 양과 운송인에게 위탁된 당시의 외견 상태 및 조건을 기록하기 위해 선하 증권을 제공합니다. 선하 증권의 부정확 결과는 운송업자에게 비용이 극대화 될 수 있습니다. 그러므로 선하 증권상에 있는 모든 정보를 주의 깊게 확인해야 합니다. 운송인은 화물의 양과 그 상태를 검증하고 자신의 보살핌에 들어갈 때 식별 표시해야 할 의무가 있습니다. 선장은 이를 위해 적절한 조치가 취해지도록 해야 하며 의심이 들면 선박 운항자로부터 명확한 설명을 구해야 한다. 선장은 부정확하다고 믿어지는 선하 증권의 어떤 것도 진술하지 말아야 합니다. 선하 증권에 부정확한 정보가 포함되어 있는 경우 서명하기 전에 해당 조항을 수정해야 합니다 Shippers and/or charterers가 화물의 양 또는 상태 또는 적재된 날짜를 정확히 반영하지 않는 선하 증권이 발행되었다고 주장하는 경우, 선장은 서류를 발행하기 전에 선박 운항자에게 명확한 지시 및 조언을 구하는 것이 필수적입니다. CP CP 사슬이 있을 수 있으며, 예를 들어 Time CP and Voyage CP와 같이 종류가 다를 수 있습니다. 그들 중 하나인, 체인의 마지막은 Governing CP가 될 것입니다. 용선 계약서와 선하 증권은 모두 관련이 있을 수 있으며, Cargo Claim이 있는 경우, 선장과 선박 운항자는 양쪽 모두를 준수했음을 입증해야 할 수도 있습니다. Evidence for cargo incidents Suggested evidence list 1에 나열된 General Evidence 외에도, Suggested evidence list 9에 나열된 특정 Evidence는 모든 화물 사고에 대해 수집되어 보고되어야 합니다. 제 4 장 29 화물 관련 사건에 대한 Evidence 특정화물 유형에 필요한 추가 Evidence는 다음과 같이 수집해야 합니다: <ul style="list-style-type: disc; direction: ltr;"><li style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Dry Cargo - Suggested evidence list 10 참조 (plus list S 1 and 9) </li><li style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "맑은 고딕"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;'><p style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "맑은 고딕"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 10pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 412.75pt;'>Liquid cargo - Suggested evidence list 11 참조 (plus list S 1 and 9) </li><li style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "맑은 고딕"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;'><p style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "맑은 고딕"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 10pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 412.75pt;'>Containers - Suggested evidence list 12 참조 (plus list S 1 and 9)</li></ul> Evidence lists for incidents involving cargo Suggested evidence list 1에 나열된 General Evidence 외에도 화물과 관련된 사건에 대한 Evidence에는 다음의 Evidence에 관련 부분이 포함되어야 합니다.   Suggested evidence list 9 Voyage preparations Copy of the relevant CP or CP, which should be available from the ship operator Record of charterer's instructions- any instructions issued by the charterer in respect of the cargo or the voyage, including copies of any written, emailed or faxed instructions from the ship operator and/or the charterer regarding the terms of the CP, especially loading and stowing and the Master's responsibility. Record of voyage instructions Record of communications - correspondence and communications with charterers in relation to the Voyage or the incident, including notes of any telephone conversations Load port Load port details: O Any port regulations that may be relevant O Details of the terminal and the facilities in use O Record of any ship-terminal information exchange O Details of any draught restrictions. Arrival information: O Date(s) of arrival O Details of previous cargo carried O Stability and stress calculations O Ship's arrival condition O Notice of readiness Shipper's declaration of cargo Record of instructions on cargo care, which may have been issued by the shippers/terminal Pre-stowage plan Details of planned loading sequence Record of loading Operations: O Dates and times of cargo Operations O Stoppages O Record of any problems involved in loading operations. Type, distribution and quality of cargo loaded. Type, distribution and quality of cargo already loaded or remaining on board prior to loading. Cargo log book Record of isolation procedures for fuel, ballast or other cargo Survey reports from any attending surveyors. Record of actual depths at the terminal and tidal levels during ship's port call Record of Communications: O Notes of any pre-loading meetings between Master, charterer's representatives and stevedores to discuss the loading and stowage of the cargo O Minutes of any meetings in which the Master may have objected to a particular method of stowage O Record of any exchanges with charterer/shipper/terminal/supercargo on any deviation from pre-agreed, loadable cargo quantities, stowage plan, loading sequence or securing arrangements. Record of visitors-record of surveyors and terminal, port, local and national authorities that attended on board the ship Details of visitors' identification-details including business cards of everyone the Master dealt with during loading. Pre-departure information: O Final stowage/loading plan O Stability and stress calculations O Compliance certificates issued by terminal/port/local/national authorities O Mates receipt(s) O Bills of lading O Cargo manifest O Cargo quality certificate O Cargo quantity certificate O Statement of facts/timesheets. Sea voyage Voyage plan Details of routeing advice from ship operator and charterer Details of any steps to minimize or avoid adverse weather conditions Record of transfers of ballast, bunkers, slops and cargo, with reasons Record of temperatures - including: O Cargo spaces O Cargo O Air O Sea Water Record of soundings: O Ballast O Bunkers O Freshwater O Bilges O Slops Discharge port Discharge port details: O Date of arrival O Any port regulations that may be relevant O Terminal details Details of the terminal and the facilities in use Record of any ship-terminal information exchange O Details of any draught restrictions. Record of port agent's instructions Certificates from terminal, port, local and national authorities permitting discharge. Notice of readiness Record of any exchanges with charterer, shipper, terminal, supercargo or others in relation to deviation from pre-agreed outturn quantities, discharge sequence, un-securing or re-securing, in case of multiple discharge ports arrangements. Record of instructions (and by whom given) on the method of discharge Record of letters of protest issued and received. Stability and stress calculations (pre-arrival) Details of planned discharge sequence. Record of discharge equipment used (ship and/or shore). Discharge records: O Dates, times and quantity of cargo discharge O Quantities of cargo discharged O Sequence achieved including details of actual weights, draughts and ship condition O Record of any problems encountered during discharge O Details of any shore labour involved, including who appointed them Statement of facts Record of depths at the terminal throughout discharge Miscellaneous Details of ship operator's cargo procedures, including: O Cargo care and maintenance O Loading, Securing and discharging cargo O Master's standing orders for watchkeeping at Sea, at anchor and in port O Chief officer's Standing orders for Watchkeeping during cargo Operations O Watchkeeping schedules and rest hour logs Details of any loss, shortage, or damage: O All reports of loss, shortage or damage, including transmission and receipt details O Reports from joint inspections, including the parties involved and their representatives O Record of where cargo was discharged and stored O Details of any attempt to Segregate damaged cargo from good cargo O Record of all protests made and received O Record of any delay to the ship while the loss, shortage or damage was investigated and addressed O Details of any cargo abandoned   Suggested evidence list 10 Preparations for voyage Details of previous cargo carried, including: O Bills of lading O Shipper's declaration of cargo O Cargo manifest Details of cargo space preparation. Details of any chemicals (including material datasheets) used for cargo hold cleaning. Details of any maintenance that may have been carried out in the cargo holds, including material data sheets for any paint coatings used. Records of tests/checks carried out including: O Cargo handling equipment O Hatch cover inspections O Cargo hold bilges O Cargo hold ventilation systems O Reefer control systems O Inspection and maintenance of cargo gear O Inspection and maintenance of securing gear O Calibration checks for instrumentation Record of the ship's constant over the last five voyages Load port Record of arrival draught Survey, including details of other weights on board. Record of condition of cargo spaces prior to loading, including hold cleaning Record of hold surveys prior to loading Cargo holds inspection report. Hatch cover/cargo space access test reports. Details of planned cargo securing arrangements and Schedule Details of how carriage requirements comply with applicable regulations and codes, such as the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code. Daily timesheets Daily tally sheets Final tally reports Record of final draught survey, including details of other weights onboard Third party/stevedore damage reports Record of lashing, stowage and trimming: O All instructions given, and by whom O Details of any shore labor or equipment used, including names of companies and names of the persons appointing them O Details of all dunnage used, including the providers O Details of who carried out trimming operations O Details of who carried out lashing operations O Record of number and dimension of securing arrangements used and points (if necessary include a diagram) Cargo securing certificate including details of securing actually achieved. Cargo sampling record Details of laboratory analysis results, if any analysis carried out Cargo fumigation certificate including details of fumigant used Details of hatch closing, including when (and by whom) hatches were closed, checked and sealed. Hatch sealing certificate. Record of hatch covers weathertightness tests. Reports of any independent surveys that may have been carried out Photographs and/or videos of the loading process, cargo holds, stowage and securing arrangements especially evidence of poor practice in packaging, handling, stowing and pilfering of cargo. Record of letters of protest to charterer or Stevedore concerning incidents such as pilferage, bad handling, bad stowage, Smoking-ideally signed by addressee, even "for receipt only Sea voyage Cargo holds bilge sounding record. Cargo holds bilge pumping record, Cargo holds bilge Water acidity (pH) record, Cargo holds gas measurement record. Record of dewpoint and relative humidity for the cargo spaces Record of cargo space ventilation-periods during which cargo was ventilated and in which cargo spaces Record of hatch opening, and if so why and when Record of regular inspection of cargo securing arrangements Records of tests/checks carried out, including: O Inspection and maintenance of cargo gear O Inspection and maintenance of securing gear O Calibration checks for instrumentation Discharge Port Record of arrival draught survey, including details of other weights on board Hatch un-sealing certificate. Record of cargo condition on first opening hatch covers at the port of discharge Daily timesheets Daily tally sheets Third party/stevedore damage reports Final tally reports Empty hold certificate Certificate of cargo outturn quantity Reports of any independent surveys that may have been carried out Record of final draught survey including details of other weights on board Photographs and/or videos of the cargo holds, stowage and securing arrangements on arrival at the port of discharge and during various stages of the discharge. Miscellaneous Records and certificates for cargo gear, equipment and securing arrangements. Relevant sections of the approved grain stability booklet, if applicable Ship's approved cargo securing manual, if applicable. Loss, shortage or damage: O Details of any insufficiency of packing O Details of stevedores' work or equipment which may have contributed to cargo damage   Suggested evidence list 11 Preparations for voyage Ship inspection questionnaire used in conjunction with the ship inspection report programme. Tanker chartering questionnaire (for example, INTERTANKO form Q88) for ownship. lf ship is involved in ship-to-ship operations: O Tanker chartering questionnaire for ship-to-ship ship O Ship inspection questionnaire used in conjunction with the ship inspection report programme for ship-to-ship ship Details of previous cargo carried including: O Bills of lading O Shipper's quality certificate O Cargo manifest O Report of cargo remaining onboard from previous discharge Details of cargo tank preparation carried out. Details of any chemicals used for cargo tank cleaning, including material datasheets. Details of any maintenance that may have been carried out in the cargo tanks, including material data sheets for any paint coatings used. Records of tests/checks for relevant cargo machinery/equipment Records of tests/checks for instrumentation and alarms Load port Initial cargo tank ullage reports (on-board quantity report). Initial sounding report for ballast, bunker and other tanks Cargo tank inspection report Certificate of slops Loading plan Details of how carriage requirements comply with applicable regulations and codes. Hourly loading rate record indicating cargo tank and ship status. Running timesheets indicating stoppages or deviation from pre-agreed and planned Operation Final cargo tank ullage reports Final sounding report for ballast, bunker and other tanks Details of sampling procedure Record of shore tank samples placed on board. Record of cargo tank samples kept on board/landed. Tank sealing certificate Reports of any independent surveys that may have been carried out Sea voyage Cargo tank ullage record Sounding records for ballast, bunker and other tanks. Cargo tank gas measurement records Cargo tank pressure records Record of any venting that may have been carried out. Cargo tank heating record Records of tests/checks for relevant cargo machinery/equipment Records of tests/checks for instrumentation and alarms in preparation for discharge operations. Details of in-voyage cargo care procedures including: O Inert gas log O Voyage inert gas top-up procedures O Inert gas plant maintenance records O Inert gas quality specifications O Maintenance records and test inspection results of crossover and isolation cargo valves Discharge port Initial cargo tank ullage reports Initial sounding report for ballast, bunker and other tanks Cargo tank unsealing certificate Record of any load port samples landed ashore. Details of sampling procedure Sample analysis results, if made available. Record of cargo tank samples obtained/kept on board/landed. Discharge plan Ballast plan. Cargo tank vapour management plan. Crude oil washing plan, if applicable Hourly pumping log indicating cargo tank and ship status Running timesheets indicating stoppages or deviation from pre-agreed and planned operation Final cargo tank ullage reports. Final sounding report for ballast, bunker and other tanks Empty tank certificate Certificate of slops Record of any cargo remaining on board samples (from cargo tank/pump sumps) that may have been obtained Reports of any independent surveys that may have been carried out Miscellaneous Relevant sections of the cargo record book. Sealing record for overboard valves/connections. Cargo pumping and piping plan. Details of maximum cargo transfer rates for the ship. Maintenance records and certificates for cargo gear and equipment/machinery Maintenance, inspection and test reports of valves, pumps and gauges as appropriate Maintenance, test, overhaul and calibration records of high-and high-high-level alarms.   Suggested evidence list 12 Preparations for voyage Slot charter contracts. Details of any cargo hold preparation carried out. Details of any maintenance that may have been carried out in the cargo holds, including material data sheets for any paint coatings used. Records of tests/checks carried out including: O Hatch cover inspections O Cargo hold bilges O Cargo hold ventilation systems O Reefer control systems O Inspection and maintenance of cargo gear O Inspection and maintenance of securing gear O Calibration checks for instrumentation Load port Details of planned cargo stowage arrangements and schedule Details of planned cargo securing arrangements and schedule Equipment interchange reports, if any received from the terminal. Final bay plan Details of stowage arrangements being in compliance with the requirements in the ship's cargo securing manual Details of securing arrangements being in compliance with the requirements in the ship's cargo securing manual Details of how carriage requirements comply with applicable regulations and codes, such as the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code. Dangerous cargo manifest Dangerous goods declarations Dangerous goods stowage plan Third party/stevedore damage reports Reports of any independent surveys that may have been carried out Photographs and/or videos of the loading process, stowage and securing arrangements. Sea voyage Cargo hold bilge sounding record. Cargo hold bilge pumping record, Cargo hold ventilation record. Record of regular inspection of cargo securing arrangements Records of tests/checks carried out including: O Inspection and maintenance of cargo gear O Inspection and maintenance of securing gear O Calibration checks Discharge port Third party/stevedore damage reports Equipment interchange reports, if any received from the terminal. Reports of any independent surveys that may have been carried out Photographs and/or videos of the stowage and securing arrangements on arrival at the port of discharge and during various stages of the discharge Miscellaneous Records and certificates for cargo gear, equipment, securing arrangements. Ship's approved cargo securing manual.