분사 특성
날 잊지마오 Forget me not.
분사구의 잊지못할 개성/특징 두개
1. 명사와 분사의 태양과 해바라기 관계
'해바라기 분사'는 오직 '명사 태양'을 일편단심으로 향하고
분사는 형용사적인 수식을 주고 명사는 동작/피동작자를 제공한다
즉 분사는 문법 법칙상 명사 수식 형역이고
명사는 현분사의 능동 동작자, 과분사의 피동작자 역할을 한다
2. 분사구문인 경우 인과, 전후 또는 동시관계
문두에 쓰인 분사구의 경우 (한국명칭은 분사구문, 영어명칭은 participle phrase 분사구)
분사/준동사의 동작자는 본동사의 주어와 같으므로 주절-종절과 비슷한 관계로 쓰이고
분사의 주체/동작자이고 문장 주어인 명사/대명사를 수식하는 형용사 역할로 설명되고
주어의 본동작과 원인결과 관계나 cause and effect
시간대상 전,후/동시 관계 tight timeline-relation 이 필수적으로 요구된다는 점
* 문법상 주어수식의 분사구라는 의미로 분사구문이라 부른다면
앞 명사 수식인 한정역할의 분사구와 구별되어 좋다 본다
* 분사구문이 부사절에서 접속사와 주어를 제거하고 동사를 분사화하여 쓴 경우이므로
부사구라고 부르나 부사는 동사 수식이므로 않되고 주어수식의 형용사구로 하나
부사절로 고치면 당근 동사의 때/장소/방법 등의 설명인 부사역할로 된다
분사/구 가 쓰인 문장 예문 분석
형역 하는 분사구의 분사를 color 색칠하면 본동사와 구별되어 좋다
분사/구를 찾아 색칠하여 분사가 사모하여 묘사하는 명사씨를 찾아 맺어 의미 매듭을 잘 짓자
가. 분사/구 위치 파악
1. 보어 위치
ㄱ. 주격보어; 의미상 진행형이 아니고 주어의 역동적인 상태설명 보어다
It is interesting. 그것이 흥미를 능동적으로 제공한다는 의미라 의역하면 흥미롭다
불자보어 Then he became concerned. 형역 분사/보어로 그가 염려하게된 상태로 되다
I must look put-together, successful and on top of things. 안정/성공적인/잘되가는 상태로 보인다
ㄴ. 목적격 보어; 목적의 능동/수동적인 상태 설명
He kept the engine[O] running[OC]. 엔진이 능동적으로 돌아간다
They kept the man occupied. 그 사람이 수동적으로 전념된 상태다
2. 명사수식의 형용사 위치
분사/구가 명사를 수식하는 경우의 위치는 명사 앞과 뒤고
분사가 자체의 수식어를 대동한 경우는 명사 뒤에만 쓰이나
하이픈으로 연결하여 한단어 처럼 만든 경우는 명사 앞에 쓴다
A running man
A man /using Schrenker's Indiana driver's license is arrested. 사용중에 있던 사람
During his six days in the hospital, Endris, often in a painkiller-induced fog, thought about the ocean.
*** 주의; 어떤 명사는 후치수식만 받고 하이픈을 사용해서 두개이상을 한단어로 만들어 전치수식도 한다
there was nothing life-threatening /happening in my body,
명 형/분사 형/분사구
so you will be able to extinguish [flaming spears /hurled at you /from the wicked one].
3. 주어인 명사/대명사를 수식하는 위치 ; 주어 앞이나 뒤 또는 문미
Landing headfirst in the water, he felt his pulse quicken
Mrs. Giles continued, “I couldn’t believe (that) Jered was willing to give Turtle /to a stranger, but he tried.”
The crying child took one look at Turtle and threw it in Jered’s face.
Stunned, he picked up Turtle and lay down on the mat, refusing to move,Turtle clutched tightly in his arms.
He slept, ate, and played with Turtle clutched tightly in one hand.
https://www.ibelieve.com/scroll-article-list/?pub=33751&art=11760556&format=Devotional&page=4
* Stunned 나 refusing 둘다 주어인 he 수식
clutched 는 앞명사/고유명사 Turtle 수식
* 주어수식 분사구의 경우 분사의 동작자가 본문 주어이므로 문장 어디든 콤마로 분리되어 쓸 수 있지만
시간대상 전후관계에 있다면 시간상 앞선 동작이 먼저 쓰여야 한다
They came to a little cottage where a child stood in the doorway /crying.
a child /crying. 부사절의 주어수식
나. 능동/수동 상태설명 특성
현분사는 명사의 능동적인 준동작/분사동작을 의미하고
과분사는 수동적인 동작을 설명하는 경우에 쓰이므로
명사가 스스로 할 수 있는 준동작이면 현분사로 쓰고
명사가 당하는 피동동작이면 과거분사로 쓰인다
a man /using Schrenker's Indiana driver's license 사용한다는 능동적인 동작상태
a man /caught by the local police 잡혔다는 수동상태
eyes /shining with happiness 빛나는 눈
eyes /covered with ickiness 뒤덮힌 눈
동사 성격상
현분사면 자/타동사 둘 다 쓰여 완자/불자나 타동사의 3, 4, 5 형식 구조로 쓰이나
과분사면 수동태라 타동사인 경우만 가능하나
자동사로 만든 과분사는 수동의미가 아닌 완료된 의미의 과분사로 쓰인다
또한 과분사는 형용사 역할이기에 주격보어로도 쓰일 수 있는데
be+과분사 구조라 수동태로 이해할 수도 있지만
단지 수동상태를 설명하는 형용사역할일 수도 있다
=> eyes are covered with ickness.
누군가가 눈을 오염물로 뒤덮혀지게 한 동작자가 없다 보이므로 뒤덮힌 상태설명의 형용사가 적당하다
so you will be able to extinguish [flaming spears /hurled at you /from the wicked one].
* 문맥에 따라 수동태는 수동동작으로 볼 수도 있지만 수동상태로도 볼 수 있다
[Depressed and hurting spouses //who choose divorce] are like that hapless man on the Eiffel Tower.
과분사는 우울한 감정을 받은 수동상태설명이고
hurting 이 쓰인 이유는 아품을 당한 상태가 아니라 스스로 아파하는 능동적인 상태기 때문인데
누구오부터 아품을 받은 상태라면 과분사/형용사 hurt 로 쓰는데
이유는 hurt 의 과분사형이 hurt 고 수동상태 의미의 형용사로도 쓰이기 때문이다
hurt 형용사;adj; injured or pained physically or emotionally: a hurt knee; a hurt look.
형용사 정의를 설명하는데 과거분사를 쓴건 수동적인 상태라는 의미다
주의!!!
목적 유무로 현분사와 과분사를 구분한다는 영어공식은 단지 분사구가 3형식인 경우에만 통하고
4, 5형식에는 불통이므로 좋은 방법은 아니다
we started by casually chatting about his beloved Boston Red Sox
— an appropriate subject at the time /given our topic of suffering 에서
4형식 수동태로 쓰인 과분사 given 뒤에는 목적이 여전히 있다
능동문; we gave [our topic of suffering] [an appropriate subject at the time].
He made his son a good doctor. 5형식 문장
his son /made a good doctor by him 명사+과분사구 뒤에 목보인 명사구가 여전히 남아있다
다. 주어 수식 분사구의 위치 및 관계 파악
ㄱ. 위치 location
주어 수식이면 문두/문미 또는 중간에도 컴마로 분리되어 온다
Landing headfirst in the water, he felt his pulse quicken
He felt his pulse quicken, landing headfirst in the water.
He, landing headfirst in the water, felt his pulse quicken.
They came to a little cottage where a child stood in the doorway /crying.
ㄴ. 관계 relationship
주어의 준동작인 분사의 동작과 본동작과 어떤 관계에 있는지를 파악해서 이해를 도모하자
주어 수식의 경우 필히 알아야 할 사항;
관계 일치!
Another common error is that students tend to overlook the fact that the two actions have to be in a
cause-and-effect relationship or a before-and-after sequential relationship.
주어수식 분사구는 본동사와 원인과 결과/동작의 전후 관계가 있어야한다
Glancing over his shoulder, he spotted a gray creature. 전후관계
Not knowing what to do, Tammi ducked behind a food rack at the back of the store.원인결과 관계
Leaving the courthouse, she checked her watch. 동시동작
전후/동사관계
https://www.helpingwritersbecomeauthors.com/participle-phrases/
The important thing to understand about the participle phrase is that
it indicates concurrency 동시성.
Whatever is happening in the participle
phrase is happening at the same time as the main action in the
rest of the sentence.
This is why authors so often select participle phrases as a way to evoke that “sense of action.”
분사의 동작과 주절동작이 동시에 일어나는 경우에 쓴다
Participle phrases have the ability to keep our prose running along
at breakneck speed. That’s (usually) a good thing.
What’s not so good is that sometimes the participle phrase can create an illogical, and even downright confusing, progression of events.
동시적이 아닌 경우엔 논리적으로 어색한 문장이 된다
Grabbing her phone, Josie heads out of the house.
Josie careens out of the driveway, scattering gravel behind her tires.
Scared of the cop she passed, Josie slows down.
In these sentences, the concurrency created by the participle phrases
totally works.
위 문장은 동시적 관계라 논리적이라
Everything Josie’s doing in the participle phrases in these sentences is something she’s capable of doing at the same time as her actions in the main part of the sentences.
She can grab her phone as she’s walking out of the house.
She can scatter gravel as she’s careening.
She’s very likely to be slowing down as she’s experiencing fear of the cop.
아래는 동시적이 아니라 비논리적인 분사구 경우다
Tying her shoe, Josie heads out of the house.
Josie hits the accelerator, gravel scattering behind her tires.
Relieved to have escaped notice, Josie passes the cop.
These sentences, however, have Josie performing feats of impossibility and are good examples of why we need to be wary of participle phrases.
Unless she’s hopping on one foot, she’s not likely to be tying her shoe as she’s heading out of the house.
She can’t do both all at the same time.
First, she ties her shoe, then she leaves the house.
They’re two distinct actions, which means they need to be connected by a conjunction.
신발끈을 매면서 동시에 집을 나설 수는 없으므로 비논지적이다
Likewise, gravel can’t scatter behind her tires until she hits the accelerator. First, she accelerates, then she scatters gravel.
And there’s no way, she can know she’s escaped the cop’s notice until after she’s passed him. First, she passes him, then she experiences relief. These sentences might all be more logically written as follows:
동시적으로 일어날 수 없는 경우라 분사구를 일반문장으로 고친다
Josie ties her shoe, then heads out of the house.
Josie hits the accelerator, and gravel scatters behind her tires.
Josie passes the cop and is relieved to have escaped notice.
인과관계
https://www.helpingwritersbecomeauthors.com/participle-phrases/
Sometimes, the disruption of linearity caused by incorrect participle phrases is very noticeable, as it is when Josie tries to tie her shoe and walk out of the house all at the same time. But sometimes the disruption is subtler: there is only going to be a split second’s difference between the cause of Josie’s hitting her accelerator and the effect of the gravel scattering behind her tires.
Sometimes for the sake of your story’s pacing, it’s worth bending the rule of cause-and-effect just a little bit. But more often than not, it’s worthwhile to put some distance between yourself and participle phrases even when they’re not technically incorrect.
The restrictions of concurrency aside, participle phrases don’t tend to convey the same one-two punch you’ll get by connecting your sentence’s two actions with a conjunction. Again, the effect here can be very subtle, but it’s powerful. Which is punchier?
Hitting the thug in the face with her purse, Josie reached for her phone.
Josie hit the thug in the face with her purse and reached for her phone.
The former gives you a smooth, almost elastic, flow of action. Even assuming Josie is performing both actions at once, the second version gives you a rat-a-tat of forward motion. This is even more important when the cause and the effect are both present in the same sentence: (rat-a-tat 따다다; A swiftly repeated knocking sound.)
As the thug was grabbing for her purse, Josie hit him in the face.
The thug grabbed for her purse. Josie hit him in the face.
Pow pow! Pacing your sentences in this way also creates a stronger sense of showing readers what is happening in real time, rather then telling them about events.
Except for those instances in which you’re wanting to create the effect of simultaneity, your prose will usually be stronger without the “-ing words.” A linear flow of actions has the potential to create a more vibrant impression than does the indication of concurrent action found in a participle phrase. Once you understand the function of the participle phrase–as well as its strengths and weaknesses–you’ll be much better equipped to use it (or not use it) to its full advantage in your writing. Even Snoopy agrees on that!
Participial phrases are left dangling when the noun or pronoun they actually modify isn’t the one that should be modified in order for the sentence to make sense. It happens when the sentence construction connects the wrong words. Typically, in a dangling modifier, the participial phrase should be modifying the subject of the sentence but seems to modify something else instead. The following are examples of dangling modifiers. (This construction is incorrect.)
분사구는 주절의 주어를 수식한다는 말은
분사의 동작을 본문의 주어가 하는 동작이라야 하는데
논리적인 문장구성 실패로 본문의 주어가 분사의 동작자일 수 없게된 경우를 현수분사라 하여 비문으로 친다
Tripping over her shoes, the loose laces gave Jane a tumble. X
Eating pineapple, the boy’s chin dripped juice. X
Not prepared for it, the exam proved tough. X
문장 필수 요소인 보어 역할;
문장 필수요소이므로 밑줄로 표시한다
Then he became concerned. 형역 과분사
He kept the engine[O] running[OC]. 목보
His son reported him missing and said he was prone to sleepwalking, 목보
Another part of you might imagine your crush noticing you and sharing the same feelings. 주어의 준동작
명사수식
명사 앞;
형역 분사가 명사 앞에 위치함을 알 수 있고
명사가 분사의 동작자/주체임을 알 수 있다
태양과 해바라기의 관계!
there was a gaping hole /under his chin/ pulsing out blood.
In neighboring North Dakota, Grand Forks dropped /to a record low for Jan. 13 of 37 below zero, lopping six degrees off the old record /set in 1979,
The weather service warned that exposed flesh can freeze in 10 minutes when the wind chill is 40 degrees below zero or colder.
A growing number of companies promise to help people /drowning in debt.
Somehow,
however, we have twisted religion—especially Christianity—and have made
it a “trying” religion.
* have twisted 를 완료구조로 하면 의미가 달라진다
You're in perfect sync with an actual moving force of nature,"
Endris lived for the adrenaline rush that came with outracing a roaring wave, the cold salty spray/ stinging his face as he barreledunderneath the curving white water.
During his six days in the hospital, Endris, often in a painkiller-induced fog, thought about the ocean.
fog 는 안개가 아닌 흐리멍텅한 상태로 보면 된다
명사뒤;
수식받는 명사와 수식하는 분사를 밑줄 그어보면 명사와 분사의 위치가 파악되고
아울러 능동/수동 상태도 파악된다
there was nothing life-threatening /happening in my body, 에서
life-threatening 은 한단어 형용사로 후치수식경우고 happening in my body 는 분사구로 후치수식임
there was a gaping hole under his chin/ pulsing out blood.
In neighboring North Dakota, Grand Forks dropped /to a record low for Jan. 13 of 37 below zero, lopping six degrees off the old record /set in 1979,
police picked up a man /using Schrenker's Indiana driver's license and /carrying a pair of what appeared to be pilot's goggles.
With his personal and financial worlds /crumbling around him, investment adviser Marcus Schrenker opted for a bailout.
http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2009/01/13/20090113planecrashmystery.html
Then the negotiator settled into a long conversation /calculated to keep McAninch calm.
Glancing over his shoulder, he spotted a gray creature /rising 12 feet out of the water with Endris.
A few feet away, Joe Jansen, a 25-year-old college student from Marina, was relaxing on his board when he heard a loud splash. Glancing over his shoulder, he spotted a gray creature/ rising 12 feet out of the water with Endris and a blue surfboard in its mouth. At first, Jansen thought the creature was a whale, “the biggest thing I’d ever seen.” Then he heard Endris scream. “My immediate thought was to get the hell out of there,” he says.
http://www.rd.com/true-stories/survival/shark-attack-dolphins-save-surfer-from-shark/2/?v=print
And there are the guardians of Las Vegas' image, the ad execs/ tasked with making sure tourists still want to come here.
There are plenty of men and women /trying to revive the enterprise.
A growing number of companies promise to help people /drowning in debt.
You’re told to cash the check and wire off the money /required to claim your winnings.
I am not necessarily aware that their doctors /prescribing these sleeping pills to them are aware of them
The cost for people /entering the park on foot could go up to $30, up from from the current rate of $10 to $15.
Boys interpret the world as objects /moving through spac.
Pulling the handle fired initiation cartridges that sent gas /spewing through a system of tubing in the seat.
In turn, that released a high-tension spring, /tightening the harness and leg straps, /yanking the flier into position.
http://www.rdasia.com/22_seconds
Right now, me /walking at sea level is like you /walking at 5,000 feet. But that's a small price to pay.
* spring, /tightening
스프링이 단단히 조이긴 하나 콤마없이 쓰지 않은건 분사를 한정 형용사로 쓸 수 없는 상황 때문이다
즉 단단히 조이는 스프링이 아니고 잡혔던 스프링이 풀어지면서 그 결과로 안전 멜빵을 단단히 조이는 상황이라
삽입구 형식으로 썻다본다
the great white shark /plowing through the water, about to knock him off his board.
Endris lived for the adrenaline rush that came with outracing a roaring wave, the cold salty spray/ stinging his face as he barreledunderneath the curving white water.
There's a small swell coming
He scanned the surface of the bay until he spotted a huge swell /building behind him, curling with white foam. It was an ideal wave, smooth and cylindrical.
Kids usually feel upset when they see or hear parents arguing.
He barely noticed the dolphins/ leaping over his head.
He launched a business taking care of large saltwater aquariums owned by wealthy clients after he graduated.
주어수식 형역 분사구 (한국식은 분사구문이라 한다)
한국식은 부사역할의 분사구문이라 하나
영어는 형역 분사구라 한다
A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne (past)
that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/02/
Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack.
Removing ;participle
his coat ; direct object of action expressed in participle
*PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/phrases.htm
Present participles, verbals ending in -ing, and past participles, verbals that end in -ed (for regular verbs) or other forms (for irregular verbs), are combined with complements and modifiers and become part of important phrasal structures.
Participial phrases always act as adjectives. When they begin a sentence, they are often set off by a comma (as an introductory modifier); otherwise, participial phrases will be set off by commas if they are parenthetical elements.
분사의 동작자/피동작자; 능동상태 설명
현분사는 명사/대명사가 동작자나 과분사는 피동작자다; 수동상태 설명
분사구가 주어를 수식하는 경우
주어는 자체의 본동사/정형동사를 가지고 있기에
준동사인 분사는 주어의 준동작/부대상황 설명의 역할이 되고
본동작과 준동작은 동시나 전후 또는 인과관계로 쓰이기에
부사접속사를 써서 부사절로 전환이 가능한 것이다
나오면서 궁금해 했다로 의역될 수 있다
***독립분사구문이라는 오명을 벗기자***
Mrs. Giles continued, “I couldn’t believe () Jered was willing to give Turtle /to a stranger, but he tried.”
The crying child took
one look at Turtle and threw it in Jered’s face. Stunned, he picked up Turtle and lay down on the mat, refusing to move,
Turtle clutched tightly in his arms.
* Stunned, 나 refusing 둘다 주어인 he 수식이지만
Turtle clutched tightly in his arms 에서 clutched 는 앞 명사인 Turtle 수식이라
"clutched tightly in his arms" 는 당연히 분사구이지만 Stunned, 나 refusing 처럼 독립되어 쓰인 분사구는 아니고
명사를 제한수식하는 수식어라 명사 소속이요
"Turtle clutched tightly in his arms" 는 명사+분사구=명사구이고
바로 이 명사구가 독립적으로 쓰여 문장 전체를 수식하니 절대구 혹은 독립명사구로 부사역할이다 한다
분사와 주어를 밑줄 그어 분사의 동작과 동작자의 관계를 파악해 본다
Glancing over his shoulder, he spotted a gray creature /rising 12 feet out of the water with Endris...
Landing headfirst in the water, he felt his pulse quicken
Pointed nose-down and hurtling towards the ground at 2500 meters per minute, F-16C fighter jet pilot Chris Stricklin came to a terrible realization: I'm not going to make it.
http://www.rdasia.com/22_seconds
She began [making the rounds of local service groups, foundations, and corporations, seeking donations.
making 은 동명사/목적, seeking 은 주어수식 분사; she 가 seek 하는것
Not knowing what to do, Tammi ducked behind a food rack at the back of the store.
He launched a business taking care of large saltwater aquariums /owned by wealthy clients after he graduated.
이 경우 business 가 taking care of 를 못하니 주어수식이다 즉 주어가 하는 분사의 동작이다
콤마가 쓰이지 않은 이유는 영어인들에겐 누가 하는 동작인지 분명하기에 생략하는 경우이다
In 1965 a small group at the Leo Burnett advertising agency sat around a table /surrounded
by cans of dough /trying to create an advertising and marketing campaign
for Pillsbury’s refrigerated dough account.
* /surrounded 나 /trying 둘다 주어인 agency 의 동작이 분명하기에 콤마로 분리되지 않았다
상식적으로 table 이나 dough 가 분사의 동작을 받거나 한다 보지 않는다
the reigning king of extreme swimming was back, battling to achieve another kind of superhuman feat:
나머지는 위와 같은 방식으로 분석/파악 해보기
1. 분사가 보어 역할인가 진행 또는 수동태인가
진행형이라면 문장을 서술문으로 바꾸어도 의미가 통해야 하고
he is eating => he eats
수동태라면 없는 주어를 찾아넣어 능동태로 만들어도 말 되야 한다
it was eaten = somebody ate it
2. 진행이나 수동태면 동작에 촛점이 있고; he is hitting the ball, the ball was hit by him 치다는 동작
형용사라면 능동/수동적인 상태에 촛점이 있다 he is interesting/interested 흥미를 주는/받은 상태
3. 분사와 명사의 주어/동사 또는 능동/수동관계
분사를 현제동사로 바꾸어 명사가 분사의 동작을 능동적으로 하는지
또는 분사와 명사 사이에 is 를 넣어 수동태가 되는지 알아 본다
분사인가 동명사인가?
Having once got this misconception well fixed in his head, you may then proceed in various ways.
It all depends on [whether your man is of the desponding type //who can be tempted to despair,
or of the wishful-thinking type //who can be assured that all is well.
the desponding type = the type desponds (X)
*** 주어가 자동사의 동작을 할 수 없는 사물이기에 분사가 아닌 동명사로 복합명사가 된다
Having once got this misconception well fixed in his head 에서
misconception fixed => misconception is fixed 이므로 과분사는 수동태에서 is 가 빠진 경우라 수동상태 형용사
the interesting thing = the thing is interesting (O)
thing 은 사물이지만 흥미를 능동적으로 유발하는 원천이 될 수 있기에 현분사는 능동상태 설명으로 될 수 있다
interest 는 타동사만 되기에 자동사로 쓸 수 없지만 능동상태 설명의 현분사/형용사로는 쓰일 수 있다
사물이 할 수 있는 동작이 있기도 하고 없기도 한다는 이 점이 현분사/과분사, 능동/수동 상태를 구분하기가 어려우니
별수없이 사전에 쓰인 예문을 통하여 능동/수동의 감을 잡아야 한다
4. 주어수식 분사구와 본동사의 인과관계, 전후/동시관계 를 염두에 두고
문장 분석과 의미 파악을 해보자
또한 본문의 주어가 분사의 동작자도 되는지 확인한다
An argument is a fight using words. 명사 수식
She never saw it coming. 목보
Angelo didn't seem depressed. 주격 보어
The most gripping story is her son's.
He planned a stunning solo maneuver:
No trays means no water or energy spent washing them.
spent ; modify energy washing; modify energy 두 분사 다 명사 energy 수식
energy spent 사용된 에너지
energy washing them 그것들을 씻느라 쓴 에너지
의미상으로 본다면 그것들을 씻느라 사용된 에너지
He lives in a spacious home /overlooking the Atlantic Ocean.
the organic dye /used to record the data on the disc will eventually spoil if it is not used.
As looming icebergs blotted out the low sun,
Spray /kicked up by his paddles froze instantly against his wet suit,
the piercing chill didn't faze Pugh:
Polar landscapes had been his proving ground before. 동명사
Bear!" shouted a lookout on the small ship /escorting his kayak.
they'd seen mailboxes /hanging open.
Put him in a crowded room and he would blend into the background, like a camouflaged moth on a tree trunk.
The Swedish police do not arrest the men right away. They want to catch them selling Wittman the stolen Rembrandt.
this guy drove like someone /casing houses. casing; thief looking for possible target to hit
Each flame should be steady and mostly blue, tapering to a small, but distinct orange tip.
All things considered , it's best to buy new discs on an as-needed basis, rather than purchasing a large quantity to use over several years.
When exposed to threat and confrontation, blood goes to their guts, leaving them feeling nervous or anxious.
Girls work well in circles, facing each other. v o oc (분사구 분석)
McAninch sat thinking
주어가 sat 하고 동시에 thinking 도 한다
The kids were already up, eating cereal and watching cartoons. PP 주어 수식 콤마 is the key.
an off-duty policeman noticed the car slowly cruising a neighborhood. PP 목적수식
McAninch pulled over and lifted his shirt, showing his fried, Scalf, the 9 mm semi-automatic in his belt.
Leaving the courthouse, she checked her watch
Intending to dash in and pick up some sodas, she left her keys and cell phone on the seat.
he has checked into a hotel under a false name, using false travel documents
Saving these things brings us closer together as human beings," says Wittman, explaining why he goes to work every day.
Then the reality of what had happened hit so hard that nurses came running to see why his monitors had spiked and set off alarms.
Pulling up hard, Stricklin was trying to get the plane into a position in which he just might survive an ejection and still spare the crowd below.
Taking off at high speed, he would initiate a sharp climb, roll the plane upside down, and complete the loop by diving and pulling up at the last moment.
After high school, Endris, wanting to be close to the water, enrolled at California State University, Monterey Bay.
By age 16, he was an expert, teaching surf camp kids what he knew.
Six bottlenose dolphins were leaping in and out of the water, stirring up whitecaps
Glancing over his shoulder, he spotted a gray creature rising 12 feet out of the water with Endris and a blue surfboard in its mouth
a man stood looking quizzically at her,
The large woman and her companion stole glances at Karen, looking increasingly nervous.
sat out in the cutting wind wearing nothing more than half a neoprene wet suit.
Soaked from spray and covered in goose bumps, he refused to go somewhere more comfortable
On a one-mile swim in Antarctica in December 2005, just yards from the finish, his body began to succumb. His limbs turned leaden, and his team reported that he looked dazed. 연결 동사뒤에온 분사
Working with experts at the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Pugh began a punishing training regimen.
In 2006, living in London and working in a law firm specializing in shipping cases, Pugh swam from the open Pacific into Australia's Sydney Harbour;
Swimming around the Cape of Good Hope, he passed over the shadow of a great white shark.
Before big swims, Pugh spends up to four hours a day preparing mentally.
Another vehicle had hit the car, killing the driver.
He has cruised the San Diego highways looking for motorists flummoxed by flat tires or dead batteries.
Driving in an Illinois blizzard when he was 16, he got stuck in a snowdrift.
Hunched against the bitter wind, he paddled for four hours at a stretch.
Growing up in Devon, active but not athletic, he was spellbound by romantic stories of polar explorers told by his father, a naval admiral.
The message on that sheet of paper in my doctor’s hand was not a love letter but more like a letter of warning /reminding me to get my act together.
*** 예외적인 분사용법; 부사적인 용법
As an adverb modifying an adjective 형용사를 수식하는 부사로 쓰임
It is piping hot.
It is freezing cold.
She was dripping wet.
Every day of my life has been jam-packed full of both wonderful and horrible things
위 분사는 형용사를 수식하는 부사역할로 보임
앞 명사 수식이 아닌 암시적인 일반인인 동작자 수식의 분사
The Presbyterian method of sitting /at tables /munching actual slice of bread~ 에서
sitting 은 전치사의 목적인 동명사이나
분사 munching 우물우물 먹는것은 앞 명사인 method 가 아니고
sitting 의 의미상의 주어는 일반인이라 그 일반적인 동작자가 분사의 동작자가 되나
암시된 동작자는 Presbyterian 이기에
동명사에 주어를 써주어 일반문으로 고치면
The Presbyterian is sitting /at tables /munching actual slice of bread 으로 되므로
분사의 주어/주체가 Presbyterian 임을 알 수 있다
* 분사구문이 부사역할로 본문의 동사를 수식한다고 가르치는 분들이 계시고
한글로 해석하기도 자연스러운고로 많은 분들이 부사구로 설명하나
영어인들은 문법상 주어를 수식하는 형용사구로 설명하고
의미상으로는 동시나 전후관계 의미로 설명하는데
부사구라면 동사수식이므로 현수분사 문제가 없어야 하는데
분사가 주어의 준동작이 아니면 현수분사로 낙점하여 비문으로 취급하므로
동사수식이라 할 수가 없다