영어학 문제들 질문이예요..좀 많습니다..답변 부탁드릴께요..

[내가반드시붙는다]

Syntax 질문입니다.

which one of the following verbs in parenthesis should Not be changed to an adjective?

 Participles in english appear to be ambiguous between the categories Adjective and Verb.
But, once again, a careful examination of the data leads to the conclusion that there are two different kinds of
participles: one adjectival and the other verbal. The tow have the same phonological shape, but can be distinguished
on the basis of grammatical properties.
 for examples, adjectives bu not verbs can funtion as modifiers within a noun phrase. In the
same way, adjectives but not verbs can function as predicate complements of verbs like be,
seem, become, etc.

1. John found a (break) guitar in the attic.
2. The king's (cherish) daughter kept her letters in a painted box.
3. Arthur is (consider) untrustworthy.
4. The president did not sound (convince).
5. Bill seems rather (depress) about the stock market.

여기서 답이 3번인데요. consider은 is의 complement인 Adjective가 되지 않나요? 어째서 3번이
답이 되는 건지 이해가 안갑니다.

Theta role에 관련된 문제입니다.

(a) John is easy to please.
(b) John is eager to please.

에서 John이 (a)에서는 patient, (b)에서는 agent가 된다고 답이 나와 있던데요.
(b)에서 John은 is eager의 subject이므로 agent가 되는 건 이해가 되는데 (a)에서
John은 to please의 subject이고 please를 경험하는 대상이 되므로 experiencer가 되어야
하지 않나요? 어째서 patient가 되는 건가요?

stative adjectives와 dynamic adjective에 대한 문제입니다.
stative adjectives와 dynamic adjective도 verb처럼 progressive와 imperative가 가능하느냐에
따라 나누어지는 거 같은데요.
brave, old, beautiful, cruel, naughty, jealous, good, atomic, rude, red
중에서 dynamic adjectives가 되는 것이 brave, jealous, good, atomic, rude가 맞나요? adjective에
관해서는 강의를 들은 적이 없는 거 같아서 설명해주시면 감사하겠습니다.

Choose a sentence that content of the following passage does Not apply to correctly.

 Adjectives with complementation normally cannot have attributive position but require postposition. compare :

  a suitable actor   BUT NOT : * a suitable for the part actor

 The complementation can be a prepositional phrase or a to-infinitive clause.

  I know an actor suitable for the part.

 If the adjective is alone or merely premodified by an intensifier, postposition is not
normally allowed:

  * They have a house (much) larger.

 However, if the noun phrase is generic and indefinite, we can postpone coordinated adjectives, or adjectives with some
clause element added, though such constructions are formal and rather infrequent.

  1. The boys easiest to teach were in my class.
  2. They have a house larger than yours.
  3. Students brave enough to attempt the course deserve to succeed.
  4. The soldiers rather timid approached their officer.
  5. Soldiers timid or cowardly don't fight well.

  답이 4번인데요. rather timid가 왜 The soldiers 뒤에 오면 안되는 건가요? 5번의 timid or cowardly
는 명사 뒤에 바로 와도 되는데 rather timid도 가능하지 않나요?

 one substitution에서 one이 받는 N-bar앞에 정관사 the가 있으면 반드시 the one으로 해줘야 되잖아요?
그러면 부정관사 a/an이 있을 때에도 a one이나 an one을 써야 하나요? 그 외에 a few와 같은 specifier는
어떻게 받아야 하나요? 그냥 one만 쓰면 되나요? 문제 보기 중에 Can you give me a few nails? I need one. 이란
문장이 정문으로 나와 있던데요. a few의 위치가 tree diagram에서 Det(Spec)자리에 나타나지 않나요? 그럼 one 안에
포함이 안되는 걸로 아는데..헷갈리네요.. 자세한 설명 부탁드립니다.

which of the following is suitalbe for the blank?
  Having a diet (       ) large amounts of coffee, chocolate and red wine, may have the effect
of staining the enamel of one's teeth.

 1. containing 2. that contain 3. in which containing 4. contains  5. to contain에서 답이 1인데
5번도 답이 되지 않나요? to-infinitve가 noun phase인  a diet를 수식 가능하지 않나요?  그리고
2번의 that contain이요, 만약 that contains가 보기로 나왔다면 이것도 답이 될 수 있는 거죠?

History of English 질문입니다.

 Which numbers can be included in Generalization?
 
1 . Latin penna originally meant 'feather', but came to be used to indicate an instrument for
writing.
2. Tail, in earlier times seems to have meant 'hairy caudal appendage, as of a hourse.' When
we eliminated the hairness form the meaning, so that in Modern English the word means simply
'caudal appendage.'
3. A mill was earlier a place for making things by the process for grinding, that is, for making
meal, A mill is now simply a place for making things: the grinding has been eliminated, so that
we may speak of a wollen mill, a steal mill, or even a gin mill.
4. Barn earlier denoted a storehouse for barley, but nowadays it means a storehouse ofr any kind of grin.
5. Hound used to mean 'dog] as does its German cognate Hund. To this earlier meaning, we have
added the idea of huntin and thereby it means a spoecial sort of dog.

1번이요 전 generalization이라고 생각했는데 아니더라구요. 1번은 그럼 뭐에 해당하는 건가요?

Read the passage and answer the questions.
           
       (A)
  We can be sure that OE ceorl 'peasant, freeman, layman' has degenerated in its meaning when we read a ME pha\rase like 'the foule
cherl, the swyn'(the foul churl, the swine). similarly, when we read in Chaucer about someone who is so crafty and so sly, we can be
sure that crafty has degenerated form its OE meaning of 'strong, skillful, clever.'
  The OE word goma meant 'jaw, palate, inside of the mouth.' With the Latin loan palate and the new word jaw from an unkonwn source,
ME gome 'gum' came to refer only to the firm connective tissue that surrounds the teeth.
 OE sand had meant either "sand" or "Shore".
     (B)
  (a) knave : a boy - an unprincipled, crafty man.
  (b) deer : 'beast' or 'animal' - a particular kind of animal
  (c) kinght : youth - mounted man- at-arms
  (d) girl : young person of either sex - young female
  (e) starve : to die - to die of hunger
  (f) fear : danger - terror
  (g) censure : opinion - bad opinion
  (h) nice : foolishly particular - particular - pleasant or proper

  3. What is the first paragraph of (A) about ? - 답이 pejoration이거든요..근데 A는
specialization이라고 볼 수 있지 않나요? goma의 여러가지 뜻 중에 하나인 inside of the mouth가
firm connective tissue that surrounds the teeth로 의미가 축소된 걸로 볼 수 없나요? 그리고 sand도
고대 영어에서는 sand와 shore 뜻이 다 있었는데 지금은 sand 뜻만 남은 거니까 specialization인거
같은데 어째서 pejoration이 되나요?
 
 Choose all the symbols for <B> which fit in the answer of the question 3.
<A>가 pejoration일 때 답이 a, g 인데요. f도 해당되지 않나요? danger에서 terror로 더 의미가
nagtive해진 거 같은데요. pejoration이 아니라면 어디에 해당하는 건가요?

문제 풀다가 모르는 용어가 나와서 설명 부탁드립니다. pidgin과 argot, creol, jargon, lingua, terminology 에 대해서 설명 좀 해주세요.

Read the passage and choose proper ones of (1)-(4) from the box

 Old English has a rich case inflction system as follow :
  Case                    Old English           singualr
 nominative                  stan                 stone
  genetive                  stanes               stone's
  dative                     stane                stone
  addusative                 stan                 stone

 Modern English still retains the genitive case which is written with (1) as far as nouns
are concerned. But Modern English has replaced its depleted case system with an equally expressive
system of prepositions. For example, the dative case is often indicated by the preposition
(2) and the genitive case by the preposition (3). A noun occurring after a transitveverb
is often, but not always, in the (4) case.
 (1)-an apostrope's (2) - to, (3)-of (4)-accusative
인데요. (2)은 for를 쓰면 안되나요? for도 dative에서 사용되는 전치사인데 to만 답이 되는
이유가 뭔가요?

의미 변화에 대한 문제입니다.
The word 'sturdy' originally meant harsh, rough, or intractable. We now use it in a wholly
complementary sense. - gerneralization이 맞나요?

The word 'lovely' meant primarily worthy to be loved, but a box of candy or a chair may be
lovely today. - gerneralization이 맞나요?

'Nickel' in America means a coin, and for a number of years the word 'prohibition' in
this country generally suggested the prohibition of alcohol. - specialization이 맞나요?

Which of the following is Not about Old English?
 1. Derivation and word formation are one of the resourcefulness of vocabulary.
 2. The greatest singly work of literature is Beowulf.
 3. The inflection of noun indicates distinctionof number and case.
 4. The gender of nouns is not dependent upon considerations of sex.
 5. English was becoming a matter of genearl use among the upper classes.

답이  5번인데요. 고대영어시대에 상류충은 영어를 안썼나요? 그럼 무슨 언어를 썼죠?
그리고 고대영어에서의 derivation과 word formation에 대해서는 잘 모르는데 자세히 좀 설명해
주셨으면 좋겠습니다. gender of nouns에서 이거 여성, 남성, 중성 으로 nouns이 나뉜 거잖아요.
그런데 considerations of sex라는 의미는 일본어 처럼 여자가 쓰는 말과 남자가 쓰는 말로 구분되어있다는
의미인건가요? gender of nouns이 쓰는 사람의 성별에 따라 달라지는 것이 아니라는 의미인건가요?

phonetics에 대한 질문입니다,

Choose ONE that is different from the others in consonant description.

 The manner of articulation of a sound is the degree and the kind of obstuction of a consonant
in the vocal tract. For example, if we compare the first sounds of the words tip and sip, we
realize that the airflow is obstructed in the same area(Alveolra), and in both sounds, /t/
and /s/, the configuration of the vocal cords is the same(voiceless). The difference between
the two sounds lies in the type of obstruction of the airflow. While i /t/ we stop the air
completely before the release, we simply obsturct (not stop) the airfolw with a norrowing
created by the articulators in /s/.

 1. nasal  2. fricative 3. glide  4. bilabial  5. afficate
답이 4번인데 이해가 안갑니다. 1번이 답이 되어야 하지 않나요? 1번은 nasal이고 나머지는 다
oral이니까 나머지 넷과 다른 하나 1번이 되어야 하지 않나요? 왜 Bilabial이 답이 되나요?
문제와 답이 잘 이해가 안갑니다.

[파랑새1113]

첫번째 질문요.. 지나가다 보았는데.. 저는 임용그만둔지 오래된 아줌마임당 .. 그냥 참고로.. 살자기억나는 것으로 보면
문제제시에서 설명했든 1,2,번은 뒤 명사를 수식하는 기능으로 adjective이고, 4,5번은 sound,seem, become 등의 2형식 동사의 predicate complement로 쓰여 adjective이지요.
그러나 3번에서 consider은 sentence의 verb이지요. untrustworthy가 동사 consider의 predicate complement임다. is(be동사) 가 수동태를 만드는 조동사이지요.. 맞는지 잘은 모르겠니만^^

[파랑새1113]

두번째 질문은.. subject, object 등은 통사론적 관계를 말하고 agent, patient experiencer등은 동사의 의미론적 관계를 말합니다. 동사의 주어자리라고 agent만 오는 것은 아니지요. 아기가 일어나서 시간나면 더 설명해 드릴께요. 의미론 파트 한번 살펴 보세요..화이팅!!