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INTRODUCTIONS
There are many ways to introduce an essay. Just as Maugham used a fable in his story, sometimes writers use:
▶ an anecdote (a very shod story)
▶ a suitable quotation
▶ a question
▶ background necessary for the reader to understand their point
CONCLUSIONS
Conclusions are as varied as introductions. Conclusions leave the reader with some final thoughts (but not new ideas) on the main idea and the supporting points. In a conclusion a writer can:
explain the significance of his points to his own life
discuss how the reader might use his information
brief1y list the main pins of support again for the reader to keep in mind,
especially in a very long composition
Conclusions, like introductions, are typically more general than body
paragraphs because they move away from the specific topic and shift toward the reader"s or the writer"s life. The flow in a typical essay is from general (introduction) to specific (the body) and back to general (the conclusion).
Student essay
Read this student essay on a topic from this chapter. answer the questions that follow by yourself; then compare your answers in pairs or as a class.
WORK AND LABOR

There are many opinions about the question, "Why dont people work?" Aesop"s famous fable clearly illustrates what the result of not working is. The ant and grasshopper are opposites in that one of them doesn"t want to work. People of many generations have accepted the moral of Aesop"s fable as the rule. According to Aesop"s moral, the ant was right, and the grasshopper was not because it did not work during the summer. It was singing and dancing all the time and didn"t anticipate what would happen in the winter. That is a simple moral. It is also too idealistic. For Aesop, the world is divided into two groups - the ants and the grasshoppers. However, people in real life are more varied and complex than the ant and the grasshopper. Maugham tried to depict the world in more realistic colors. He showed two brothers, one of whom didn"t work but was still rewarded. It is the way life is. So, Aesop defined a rule and Maugham showed that people dont always want to live by the rules. Why? Life is more complicated than Aesop"s fable because there is a big difference between labor and work.
Most people consider labor as a way to exist, to provide themselves with the necessities of life. They work in order to live - even if they hate their jobs - and they would not work if they could manage not to. A work ethic and moral rules have been created by society. Political orientation does not matter; in any case, society will create conditions which require people to work hard. Daniel Yankelovich considered three conceptions of work:
first, as a way to exist: second, as a way to improve ones level of life; and third, as a moral necessity. Some people accept these rules. They work hard and consider this way of living as the only right one. They believe that their labor will eventually be rewarded. They are obvious characters of Aesop"s fable. They are ants. And they do labor. not work.
There is another reason that people work. It doesn"t fit into any of Yankelovich"s definitions of work. There are some people who work not for money, not for the best possible material life, not because of a moral necessity or society"s rules - but because they cannot live without working. For them, work is a natural necessity which has nothing to do with either morals or money. There are three good examples of people who illustrate that work is different from labor. A good example of someone who could not live without working was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. the great Viennese musician and composer. He could not accept life without making music. To live without creating music was meaningless to him. Jack London, a great American writer, spent his entire life in an effort to describe people with strong personalities and will power, people who were trying to realize the truth about life. Roald Amundsen, the great Norwegian explorer, sacrificed his life for the work of exploration. He was the first person to reach the South Pole.
The people I have been talking about lived in order to work. They considered work something very interesting. It made existence more exciting; it gave meaning to their lives. Life and work were the same for them. However, they dont fit into the character of Aesop"s ant or Yankelovich"s workers. The three of then spent long periods of time without working. These were times of terrible depression, stress, and even the threat of madness. Mozart was under a depression after his mothers death. The last years of his life, he drank heavily, and he died in poverty. Jack London wasn"t more successful: alcoholism and financial problems led him to commit suicide at the age of 40. Roald Amundsen was killed during the air search for an Italian explorer, Umberto Mobile. It would be very simple to say that these people didn"t do any real work because they were lazy or because they could not handle problems due to a weak will. However. like a glow worm, which does nothing at all, they made a beautiful light through their work. The light they made illuminated whole generations.
I believe that the difference between work and labor can explain a lot of things.
Sometimes it is difficult to recognize the difference between them. but it is important to do so. Since man became human. he has created. His creativity has brought the greatest advances and inventions into the world. Uncreative work, or labor, leaves no trace in history. The majestic pyramids of Egypt, built through the labor of thousands of slaves but the work of only a few architects, still stand today as a monument to creative work. They are a combination of work and labor. So, why are we trying to differentiate the two terms? First, it is important to understand the difference between work and labor. Second, it is important to work rather than labor in order to create rather than merely produce.
(Igor Shchegolev. Azerbaijan)
1. Does the introduction grab your attention? If so, what stands out for you?
2. Which of the four ways to introduce an essay did Mr. Shchegolev use?
3. Did you want to continue reading after you finished the introduction?
4. What is the writers thesis? Does it appear in a thesis statement? If so, underline it.
5. How effectively does Mr. Shchegolev develop his thesis? How does he explain the difference between work and labor?
6. Are you convinced by his explanation?
7. Which of the ways to conclude an essay did Mr. Shchegolev use? Is his conclusion effective?
8. How long are the introduction and conclusion in relation to the body of the essay? The right length? Too long? Too short?
Introducing Main Ideas
PREREADING QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions.
1. Why do you think people exercise?
2. What things should you do to be healthy?
3. What foods should you eat to he healthy?
Line A healthful lifestyle leads to a longer, happier, healthier life. Staying
healthy means eating a well-balanced diet, getting regular exercise, and
avoiding things that are had for the body and mind.
Nutrition plays a key role in maintaining good health and preventing
5 many diseases. In spite of all the information available about diets,
scientists still believe that good nutrition can be simple. There are several
basic rules to follow. Keep fat intake low. Eat foods high in carbohydrates,
which are the starches in grains, legumes (beans and peas), vegetables,
and some fruits. Avoid too much sugar. Limit salt. Eat lots of fruits and
10 vegetables, which are high in vitamins.
A healthful lifestyle in an active lifestyle. Lack of proper physical
exercise can cause tiredness, irritability, and poor general health. Physical
fitness requires both aerobic exercise, such as running, bicycle riding, and
swimming, and muscle-strengthening exercises, such as weight lifting.
15 Finally, good health is acquired by saying no to bad habits such as
smoking, drinking, and overeating and by avoiding situations that are
constantly stressful. People can take their lives and happiness into their
own hands. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is the first step.
EXERCISE 1
Main Idea Questions
One of the most frequently asked questions in the Reading Comprehension section is about the main idea of the passage. There is usually one such question for each reading passage. As its name suggests the main idea is the most important idea in the passage or what the passage is about. Each passage has main and subordinate, or less important, ideas. The main idea is more general than the supporting ideas or details in the passage. The main idea may be the first sentence in the paragraph, but this is not always the case. The main idea may appear in the middle or toward the end.
When the main idea of a passage is not clear because each paragraph has a different main point, a question identifying the main topic of the passage will be asked. The following are examples of main idea questions:
What is the main idea of the passage?
What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?
The primary idea of the passage is
The main topic of the passage is
If the main idea of the passage is not clear because each paragraph has a different main point, then summarize or combine the main points of each paragraph to find the main idea. The main idea should relate to the entire passage and not to just one pan of it. Also, the main idea should not be so general that it goes beyond the passage.
The four answer choices to the main idea questions will contain the following types of answers:
(A) Too general
(B) True but only a detail
(C) Incorrect
(D) Correct

Sample Reading Passage
Line Although lie detectors are being used by governments, police departments, and businesses that all want guaranteed ways of detecting the truth, the results are not always accurate. Lie detectors are properly called emotion detectors, for their aim is to measure bodily changes that
5 contradict what a person says. The polygraph machine records changes in heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and the electrical activity of the skin (galvanic skin response, or GSR). In the first part of the polygraph test, you are electronically connected to the machine and asked a few neutral questions (What is your name? Where do you live?). Your physical
10 reactions serve as the standard (baseline) for eval‎uating what comes next. Then you are asked a few critical questions among the neutral ones (When did you rob the bank?). The assumption is that if you are guilty,
your body will reveal the truth, even if you try to deny it. Your heart rate, respiration, and GSR will change abruptly as you respond to the
15 incriminating questions.
That is the theory; but psychologists have found that lie detectors are simply not reliable. Since most physical changes are the same across the emotions, machines cannot tell whether you are feeling guilty, angry, nervous, thrilled, or revved tip from an exciting day. Innocent people may
20 be tense and nervous about the whole procedure. They may react physiologically to a certain word (bank) not because they robbed it, but because they recently bounced a check. In either case the machine will record a lie. The reverse mistake is also common. Some practiced liars can lie without lunching, and others learn to beat the machine by tensing
25 muscles or thinking about an exciting experience during neutral questions.
QUESTION
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Physical reactions reveal guilt.
(B) How lie detectors are used and their reliability.
(C) Lie detectors distinguish different emotions.
(D) Lie detectors make innocent people nervous.

ANSWER
Answer (A) is not correct because it is too general and does not have anything to do with lie detectors. Answer (C) is incorrect because lie detectors record only physical changes in the body and not emotions. A lie detector cannot determine whether you are angry or nervous. Answer (I)) is incorrect because although lie detectors make innocent people nervous, this is only a detail and not the main point. The best answer is (B) since this combines the main point of the first paragraph, which is about the use of the lie detector with the main point of the second paragraph, which is about the reliability of the lie detector.
Exercises an Main Ideas
EXERCISE 2
Read the following passages and find the main idea of each one.

Strictly speaking, cartography is the drawing or compiling of maps. The explorers and surveyors go out and make the measurements and gather the information from which the cartographers draw their maps. Sometimes the fieldwork and the creation of the map are done by the same person. But when the scope is broad and the sources of information many, maps are more often a compilation of that information. They represent the accumulated work of many people, brought together under the supervision of one person, the compiler. The value of the map depends, of course, on the expertise of the compiler, who must sift through available information, select the most accurate data, and come up with a thoughtful and accurate synthesis of the geographic knowledge of the region.

Strategies
◆ The main idea is not always the first sentence in the paragraph or passage. It can also appear in the middle or toward the end of a paragraph.
◆ When the main idea is not clear because each paragraph has a main point, combine all the main points to get the main idea.
◆ Make sure the answer you select for the main idea question relates to the whole passage and not just to one part of it. You can scan the passage to see whether the main idea you have selected is discussed all through the passage.
◆ The wrong choices for main idea questions may be one of the following:
1. True statements that focus on one paragraph or a detail
2. Statements that are too general and go beyond the passage
3. Statements that are incorrect misinterpretations of the main idea Or, briefly:
1. Too specific
2. Too general
3. Incorrect

1. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) The definition of cartography is the drawing or compiling of maps.
(B) Maps are the product of a group effort brought together usually by one person.
(C) Not all of the information initially compiled for maps is accurate.
(B) The compilers task is more important than that of the explorers and surveyors.
In the 1820s and 1830s American painting added a new chapter to the story of its development. Until the nineteenth century, portraiture and occasional historical pieces were the only concerns of American art, but throughout the WOOs some of Americas most talented painters chose to depict landscapes and the daily activities of ordinary people. With the nations declaration of independence had come prosperity and with it the opportunity and inclination for painters to contemplate their environment. As they traveled beyond the early settlements and left the nations first cities, such as Boston and Philadelphia, they began to experience and appreciate the pristine beauty of the American scenery, which differed greatly from the European landscape, partly because in its unsettled state it appeared wild and primeval‎.
2. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) Conditions in the early WOOs were favorable to the emergence of the American landscape artist.
(B) In the early 1800s, landscapes were produced in preference to portraits and historical pieces.
(C) Americas declaration of independence brought prosperity to the nation and with it an appreciation of the outdoors.
(B) An increase in travel in America led to an appreciation of the beauty of the American landscape.
Speculation about the earths crust has a special edge of tirgency in California, which sits on the San Andreas fault, the worlds most famous and respected fracture zone. Not surprisingly, it was a scientist at the California Institute of Technology, Charles F. Richter, who invented the Richter scale used to measure earthquakes. Seismic activity in California is being constantly monitored and mapped. Seismometers register many thousands of small earthquakes every year, and computers instantly calculate the location, depth, and magnitude of an earthquake. Laser distance-ranging networks can detect changes of length, indicating change in crustal stress, accurate to about half an inch in 20 miles. Satellite measurements of crustal blocks are improving, and California seismologists believe they may in time be precise enough to allow earthquake prediction.

3. What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
(A) The Richter scale was invented in California.
(B) Computers provide a variety of information about earthquakes.
(C) A great deal of attention is paid to earthquake activity in California.
(B) Earthquake prediction will be possible in the future.
The first expedition down the Colorado River was made by John Wesley Powell and his party in 1869. Powell had made long trips down the Ohio and the Mississippi and its tributaries during his twenties, when his lifelong interest in natural history developed. In 1867 he led his first expedition to the Rockies, a collecting trip for the museum he had founded in Illinois. While on Pikes Peak, near Colorado Springs, Powell conceived his great plan to explore the Colorado River. On May 24, 1869, he and his party set off down the upper Colorado and nothing was heard from them for thirty-seven days. During that time Powell and party braved uncharted territory, encounters with the natives, fierce rapids, and 20-foot waterfalls, as they followed the Colorado through the Grand Canyon to the Gulf of California.
4. What is the main subject of the passage?
(A) Powell was uniquely qualified to lead an expedition down the Colorado.
(B) Powell was inspired to explore the Colorado while on Pikes Peak.
(C) People were concerned when nothing was heard from Powell and his party for over a month.
(B) Powell and his party faced daunting challenges on the first Colorado River expedition.
Innovations in transportation in the 1800s permitted space to he traversed more rapidly and were crucial to the industrial expansion of the North. The great spaces that separated producers from consumers made speed essential, especially in the movement of perishable freight. The development of the steam-powered locomotive in the 1830s and the rapid extension of the railways in the 1840s and 1850s provided the answer to the need for faster transport and dramatically altered patterns of economic development throughout the United States. In 1830 there were 32 miles of rails in the country, in 1840 there were 2,818 miles, and by 1850 there were more than 9,000 miles. The rapid extension of rail mileage enabled the railroads significantly to reduce their costs for shipping freight and carrying passengers, thus enabling them to price their services more cheaply and competitively. The extension of trunk lines, into which short or local lines fed, further tightened the east-west flow of commerce and bound the Northeast and the old Northwest together with bands of steel.


5. What is the main theme in the passage?
(A) Railroad made the transportation of perishable freight possible.
(B) Between 1830 and 1850 over 8,000 miles of railroad track were laid.
(C) Railroads provided an important link between the Northwest and the Northeast.
(B) Railroads had a profound effect on the economic development of the United States in the nineteenth century.
The few places left on earth that have not been altered by humankind are almost invariably hostile to humans. One such place is the Alaskan Arctic, which is inhabited, where inhabited at all, by only a scattering of Eskimos, Native Americans, and whites. But while the Arctic is indeed a chill and inimical realm of snow, ice, and polar bears, it is also a region of great beauty and, above all, purity, where plants and animals still exist undisturbed in a state of natural balance. Nearly one third of Alaska lies north of the Arctic Circle and consists of pristine land. The Brooks Range cuts across the region like a wall, making access difficult. Even today, in an age of jet travel, the number of persons who have had firsthand experience in the Alaskan Arctic remains small, and countless valleys and mountains go unnamed and even unexplored.
6. What is the primary topic of the passage?
(A) The Alaskan Arctic is a beautifully pristine realm of snow, ice, and polar bears.
(B) The Alaskan Arctic is habitable only to arctic animals and a few hardy humans.
(C) The ruggedness of the Alaskan Arctic makes it one of the last few remaining pristine areas in the world.
(D) Remarkably, parts of the Alaskan Arctic still remain unexplored.
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the first distinctly American culture took form. The rise of an American tradition in literature paralleled the expansion of the nation, as American writers began to look within themselves and across their enlarged continental homeland for their subjects and themes. The romance, or novel, provided a useful form for dealing with the large moral subjects and the peculiar circumstances of the American setting. In James Fenimore Coopers The Pioneers (1823) and The Deerslayer (1841), Natty Bumppo and the Mohican guide Chingachgook confronted the environment of the American frontier, chronicling the advance of civilization and questioning the implications of its impact on the natural world. The theme of the individual confronting nature was further developed by Herman Melville in the classic novel Moby Dick (1951). Nathaniel Hawthorne dealt with equally difficult questions of inner limits and the individuals responsibilities to society in The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The Rouse of the Seven Gables (1851).
7. What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
(A) As the nation expanded, novelists began writing about the American frontier.
(B) The first American literature took the form of novels that dealt with uniquely American themes.
(C) In their novels, Melville and Hawthorne both addressed difficult questions facing Americans.
(B) The individual versus nature was one of the main themes explored in early American literature.
Because different tree species adapted to different climates and soil types have evolved over millennia, many kinds of forests occupy the earth today. The primitive forests of several hundred million years ago consisted of fewer kinds of trees. In fact, the earliest trees, which grew nearly 500 million years ago, were like giant club mosses. They lacked true roots and consisted of a tangle of specialized branches that clambered over rocky ground. Fifty million years later came the dense forests of tree ferns that prevailed in tropical climates of that era. The forerunners of modem conifers were on the scene 300 million years ago, when plant life abundantly colonized marshy land, building the tremendous coal and oil reserves so important today. By the time the dinosaurs roamed the earth some 180 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period, seed-bearing trees had evolved that shed their leaves in winter; from these have sprung the angiosperms and our present deciduous forests.
8. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Conifers are the oldest trees in today"s forests.
(B) Climate affected the development of trees over millennia.
(C) The predecessors of today"s forests were giant club mosses and tree ferns.
(B) The variety of trees in today"s forest are a result of millions of years of evolution.
Birds have two basic types of sounds: songs and calls. Songs are usually more complex than calls and are utilized primarily by adult males during the breeding season to establish territories or attract mates. Calls are normally simple notes, single or repeated, vocalized by males and females in all seasons to express alarm or maintain contact with mates, offspring, or other birds of the same species. All songs and most calls are distinctive, and with concentrated study and practice, bird-watchers can learn to identify many birds by their sounds and to call them as well.

9. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Bird calls and songs are distinctive, meaningful, and identifiable.
(B) Bird songs are complicated and used mainly by males to attract mates.
(C) Birds have their own language by which they maintain contact.
(B) Bird-watchers can identify many bird calls and their meanings and learn to mimic them as well.
Hawaii was originally settled by the natives of the Sotitli Pacific, who arrived in the islands in canoes laden with breadfruit, yams, taro, coconut, bananas, pigs, and chickens. Supplementing these foods were over a hundred different edible fishes and forty kinds of seaweed from the surrounding waters. Hawaiian food was eaten raw or wrapped in taro leaves, seasoned with coconut, and cooked.
In the early 1800s, the whalers and missionaries introduced stews, chowders, curries, corned beet dried beet salt salmon, and Indian and cornstarch puddings. Most likely, pipkaula (jerked beeO, lomi lomi salmon, and haupia (coconut pudding) evolved during this period.
In the late nineteenth century immigrants from China, Japan, and Korea were brought to Hawaii to work the sugar plantations. The Chinese brought rice, soybeans, and vegetables and their ways of cooking them. The Japanese brought sukiyaki and teriyaki, among many other foods. Settlers from the continental United States also brought their favorite recipes and in the spirit of aloha, the Hawaiians have accepted each groups offerings and drawn the best from them. Thus a Hawaiian feast is a gastronomic experience, the essence of Hawaii and its many cultures.
10. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) Whalers and missionaries introduced new kinds of foods to the people of Hawaii.
(B) Sugar plantations were worked by immigrants from Asia, who brought their native foods with them.
(C) Hawaiian food is a combination of the foods of many peoples and a reflection of Hawaii" s history.
(B) The natives of the South Pacific who first settled in Hawaii ate raw food, whereas other immigrants cooked theirs.
Review Test 1
Each of the following groups of items includes one topic, one main idea (topic sentence), and two supporting ideas. In the space provided, label each item with one of the following:

T (for Topic)
MI (for Main Idea, expressed in a topic sentence)
SD (for Supporting Detail)]

Group 1
a. Rubbing ones nose and eyes transfers viruses to the hands, which then contaminate whatever they touch, such as a table top or telephone.
b. Because the dried cold virus can live as long as three hours, you can pick it up long after the person with a cold is gone.
c. The most likely way of catching a cold.
d. The most likely way to catch a cold is by touching an object that someone suffering from a cold has handled.

Group 2
a. Beethoven continued to compose even when he was completely deaf.
b. Sometimes he tried out passages at the piano to make sure they could
be played, but his playing was agonizing to hear.
c. Every day at dawn, Beethoven began working at his desk, writing
down the music he heard in his head.
d. Beethoven.

Group 3
a. Stretching exercises.
b. Limbering up after strenuous exertion reduces the risk of stiffness,
soreness, and injury.
c. Slow, simple stretching before exercising make muscles more pliable
so that vigorous activity becomes easier.
d. Stretching is important both before and after strenuous exercise.
Group 4
a. Love at first sight.
b. Couples who knew each other only slightly but fell instantly in love
found that their feelings for each other grew weaker instead of
stronger.
c. Love at first sight is a poor basis for a happy marriage, according to
a study of one thousand married and divorced couples.
d. The couples who considered themselves happily married reported that they were not powerfully attracted to their partners when they first met, but that they gradually found each other more attractive as they grew to know and understand each other.

Review Test 2
A. The main idea (topic sentence) appears at various places in the following paragraphs. In one case, the main idea appears at both the beginning and the end of the paragraph. Identify the topic sentence of each paragraph by writing the correct sentence number in the space provided. Fill in two numbers for the paragraph in which the main idea appears twice.
1. 1) People who are interested in physical fitness need not spend hundreds of dollars on fancy exercise equipment or health club memberships. 2) lnstead, they can get into good shape simply by climbing stairs. 3) stair-climbing helps in weight loss; just walking up and down two flights of stairs a day instead of riding an elevator will take off six pounds a year. 4) Climbing stairs is also good for the heart and can prevent heart attacks. 5) And frequent stair-climbing strengthens the muscles of the legs and buttocks.
Topic sentence(s):

2. 1) For many couples, the first vacation they take together can either make or break their relationship. 2) If they both have careers, the daily pressures of work and home responsibilities may have covered up sources of disagreement. 3) However, without these distractions, the disagreements can surface. 4) In addition, if one wants to splurge and the other prefers a no-frills camping trip, or if one is a neat packer and the other is disorganized, conflicts will certainly result. 5) unless both partners communicate, are willing to compromise, and remain flexible during the vacation, their first trip together may be their last.
Thpic sentence(s):
3. 1) A series of crises punctuated the decade of the 1960s. 2) At the beginning of the 1960s, the Cuban missile crisis brought America and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war. 3) Only after a nerve-racking week of uncertainty, when the Soviets backed down and agreed to remove their missiles from a base in Cuba, was the crisis resolved. 4) The assassinations of political leaders also rocked the country; President Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King were all murdered within a few short years. 5) Other crises that simmered and eventually boiled over in this decade were the civil-rights movement and the protest against the Vietnam War. 6) The Watts riots, the underground terrorism of groups such as the Weathermen, and violent demonstrations at the 1968 political conventions were a few of the examples of the general sense of unrest.
Topic sentence(s):

B. Circle the letter of the sentence that best expresses the implied main idea of paragraph 4 below. Then write out the implied main idea of paragraph 5.
4. If you fear growing older, remember that Sigmund Freud published his first important work, on dream interpretation, at age 44; Henry Kissinger was appointed Secretary of State at 50; and Rachel Carson completed her classic book on environmental damage, Silent Spring, at 55. If you continue reading, thinking and creating all of your life, your intelligence increases, says one medical researcher. The mental health of many people also tends to improve as they grow olden Young people often protect their feelings with such defenses as denial and impulsive actions. By middle age, we are more likely to use such constructive defenses as humor, altruism and creativity. Finally, age will make you more yourself, as new or previously unexplored aspects of your personality emerge. As the actress Candice Bergen wrote in her autobiography, It takes a long time to become a person.

a. To keep your intelligence growing, continue reading, thinking and creating all of your life.
b. Most people get better in all ways as they age.
c. In several important ways, people get better as they get older.
d. By middle age, people are less likely to protect their feelings with such defenses as denial and impulsive actions.
5. People who wish to reduce the salt in their diets should read labels carefully, looking for telltale ingredients like sodium and monosodium glutamate (MSG). Also, they should avoid salt-coated snacks such as potato chips, pretzels, and corn chips. Canned fish should be drained to removed the salted liquid it is packed in. Finally, the salt shaker should be removed from the table and replaced with onion powder, garlic powder, herbs, or lemon juice to give food added taste.
Implied main idea: __________________________________________

Review Test 3
A. To review what you"ve learned in this chapter, complete each of the following sentences about main ideas.
1. The umbrella statement that covers all of the material in a paragraph is its (topic, topic sentence, supporting detail) _____________________________
2. The main idea of a longer selection is often called its (topic, central point, implied main idea) __________________________________________
3. To locate the main idea of a selection, you may find it helpful to first
decide on its (topic, central point, implied main idea) ________________

4. When a paragraph has no topic sentence, we say that its main idea is

5. To help you decide if a certain sentence is the topic sentence, ask yourself, Is this statement supported by all or most of the ___________________

B. Here is a chance to apply your understanding of main ideas to a full-length selection. Read the article below, and then answer the questions that follow on the central point and main ideas. There are also vocabulary questions to help you continue practicing the skill of understanding vocabulary in context.
Words to Watch
Following are some words in the reading that do not have strong context support. Each word is followed by the number of the paragraph in which it appears and its meaning there.
tequila (1): a strong liquor made from a Mexican plant
peer pressure (2): social pressure from people in the same general age and social position
readily (2): quickly and easily
myth (3): a false belief
illusion (7): false impression
alter (8): change unifies
(9): brings together
irony (11): a meaning that is the opposite of what is actually said

HERES TO YOUR HEALTH
Joan Dunayer
As the only freshman on his high schools varsity wrestling team, Ted was anxious to fit in with his older teammates. One night after a match, he was offered a tequila0 bottle on the ride home. Ted felt he had to accept, or he would seem like a sissy. He took a swallow, and every time the bottle was passed back to him, he took another swallow. After seven swallows, he passed out. His terrified teammates carried him into his home, and his mother then rushed him to the hospital. After his stomach was pumped, Ted learned that his blood alcohol level had been so high that he was lucky not to be in a coma or dead.
Although alcohol sometimes causes rapid poisoning, frequently leads to long- 2 term addiction, and always threatens self-control, our society encourages drinking.
Many parents, by their example, give children the impression that alcohol is an essential ingredient of social gatherings. Peer pressure0 turns bachelor parties, fraternity initiations, and spring-semester beach vacations into competitions in getting trashed. In soap operas, glamorous characters pour Scotch whiskey from crystal decanters as readily0 as most people turn on the faucet for tap water. In films and rock videos, trend-setters party in nightclubs and bars. And who can recall a televised baseball or basketball game without a beer commercial? By the age of 21, the average American has seen drinking on TV about 75,000 times. Alcohol ads appear with pounding frequency in magazines, on billboards, in college newspapers promoting a harmful myth about drinking.
Part of the mytht is that liquor signals professional success. In a stick men"s 3 magazine, one full-page ad for Scotch whiskey shows two men seated in an elegant restaurant. Both are in their thirties, perfectly groomed, and wearing expensive looking gray suits. The windows are draped with velvet, the table with spotless white linen. Each place-setting consists of a long-stemmed water goblet, silver utensils, and thick silver plates. On each plate is a half-empty cocktail glass. The two men are grinning and shaking hands, as if they"ve just concluded a business deal. The caption reads, The taste of success.
Contrary to what the liquor company would have us believe, drinldng is 4 more closely related to lack of success than to achievement. Among students, the heaviest drinkers have the lowest grades. In the work force, alcoholics are frequently late or absent, tend to perform poorly, and often get fired. Although alcohol abuse occurs in all economic classes, it remains most severe among the poor.
Another part of the alcohol myth is that drinking makes you more attractive 5 to the opposite sex. Hot, hot, hot, one commercials soundtrack begins, as the camera scans a crowd of college-age beach goers. Next it follows the curve of a woman"s leg up to her bare hip and lingers there. She is young, beautiful, wearing a bikini. A young guy, carrying an ice chest, positions himself near to where she sits. He is tan, muscular. She doesn"t show much interest until he opens the chest and takes out a beer. Now she smiles over at him. He raises his eyebrows and, invitingly, holds up another can. She joins him. This beer, the song concludes, attracts like no other.
Beer doesn"t make anyone sexier. Like all alcohol, it lowers the levels of male 6 hormones in men and of female hormones in women even when taken in small amounts. In substantial amounts, alcohol can cause infertility in women and Impotence m men. Some alcoholic men even develop enlarged breasts, from their increased female hormones.
The alcohol myth also creates the illusiont that beer and athletics are a 7 perfect combination. One billboard features three high-action images: a basketball player running at top speed, a surfer riding a wave, and a basketball player leaping to make a dunk shot. A particular light beer, the billboard promises, wont slow you down.
Slow you down is exactly what alcohol does. Drinking plays a role in over 8 six million injuries each year not counting automobile accidents. Even in small amounts, alcohol dulls the brain, reducing muscle coordination and slowing reaction time. It also interferes with the ability to focus the eyes and adjust to a sudden change in brightness such as the flash of a cars headlights. Drinking and driving, responsible for over half of all automobile deaths, is the leading cause of death among teenagers. Continued alcohol abuse can physically altert the brain, permanently impairing learning and memory. Long-term drinking is related to malnutrition, weakening of the bones, and ulcers. It increases the risk of liver failure, heart disease, and stomach cancer.
Finally, according to the myth, alcohol generates a warm glow of happiness 9 that unifiest the family. In one popular film, the only food visible at a wedding reception is an untouched wedding cake, but beer, whiskey, and vodka flow freely. Most of the guests are drunk After shouting into the microphone to get everyones attention the band leader asks the bride and groom to come forward. They are presented with two wine-filled silver drinking cups branching out from a single stem. If you can drink your cups without spilling any wine, the band leader tells Them, you will have good luck for the rest of your lives. The couple drain their cups without taking a breath, and the crowd cheers.
A marriage, however, is unlikely to be lucky if alcohol plays a major role in 10 it. Nearly two-thirds of domestic violence involves drinking. Alcohol abuse by parents is strongly tied to child neglect and juvenile delinquency. Drinking during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage and is a major cause of such birth defects as deformed limbs and mental retardation. Those who depend on alcohol are far from happy: over a fourth of the patients in state and county mental institutions have alcohol problems; more than half of all violent crimes are alcohol-related; the rate of suicide among alcoholics is fifteen times higher than among the general population.
Alcohol, some would have us believe, is part of being successful, sexy, 11 healthy, and happy. But those who have suffered from it-directly or indirectly know otherwise. For alcohols victims, Heres to your health rings with a terrible irony0 when it is accompanied by the clink of liquor glasses.
Reading Comprehension Questions
Central Point
1. Which sentence best expresses the authors central point?
a. Advertising promotes false beliefs about life.
b. Sports and alcohol dont mix.
c. Advertising aggressively promotes harmful false beliefs about alcohol.
d. Alcohol should finally be outlawed in this country.
Main Ideas
2. The topic sentence of paragraph 3 is its
a. first sentence.
b. second sentence.
c. third sentence.
d. last sentence.
3. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of paragraph 5?
a. Attractive young people are often used in alcohol advertisements.
b. College-age people drink beer at the beach.
c. Ads promote the myth that alcohol makes one attractive to the opposite sex.
d. In one ad, a beautiful woman has no interest in a young man until he offers her a beet
4. Which sentence best expresses the implied main idea of paragraph 8?
a. Drinking can make us move more slowly.
b. Drinking can physically harm or kill people.
c. Drinking is the main cause of death among teenagers.
d. Long-term alcohol use can lead to permanent damage.
5. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of paragraph 10?
a. Alcohol abuse often leads to domestic violence.
b. Miscarriages and birth defects are caused by alcohol abuse.
c. Alcohol can harm family life and contribute to mental problems, vi lent crime, and suicide.
d. People who never drink have happy family lives.
INTRODUCTIONS

There are many ways to introduce an essay. Just as Maugham used a fable in his story, sometimes writers use:
▶ an anecdote (a very shod story)
▶ a suitable quotation
▶ a question
▶ background necessary for the reader to understand their point

CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions are as varied as introductions. Conclusions leave the reader with some final thoughts (but not new ideas) on the main idea and the supporting points. In a conclusion a writer can:

explain the significance of his points to his own life

discuss how the reader might use his information

brief1y list the main pins of support again for the reader to keep in mind,
especially in a very long composition

Conclusions, like introductions, are typically more general than body
paragraphs because they move away from the specific topic and shift toward the reader"s or the writer"s life. The flow in a typical essay is from general (introduction) to specific (the body) and back to general (the conclusion).

Student essay

Read this student essay on a topic from this chapter. answer the questions that follow by yourself; then compare your answers in pairs or as a class.

WORK AND LABOR

There are many opinions about the question, "Why dont people work?" Aesop"s famous fable clearly illustrates what the result of not working is. The ant and grasshopper are opposites in that one of them doesn"t want to work. People of many generations have accepted the moral of Aesop"s fable as the rule. According to Aesop"s moral, the ant was right, and the grasshopper was not because it did not work during the summer. It was singing and dancing all the time and didn"t anticipate what would happen in the winter. That is a simple moral. It is also too idealistic. For Aesop, the world is divided into two groups - the ants and the grasshoppers. However, people in real life are more varied and complex than the ant and the grasshopper. Maugham tried to depict the world in more realistic colors. He showed two brothers, one of whom didn"t work but was still rewarded. It is the way life is. So, Aesop defined a rule and Maugham showed that people dont always want to live by the rules. Why? Life is more complicated than Aesop"s fable because there is a big difference between labor and work.
Most people consider labor as a way to exist, to provide themselves with the necessities of life. They work in order to live - even if they hate their jobs - and they would not work if they could manage not to. A work ethic and moral rules have been created by society. Political orientation does not matter; in any case, society will create conditions which require people to work hard. Daniel Yankelovich considered three conceptions of work:
first, as a way to exist: second, as a way to improve ones level of life; and third, as a moral necessity. Some people accept these rules. They work hard and consider this way of living as the only right one. They believe that their labor will eventually be rewarded. They are obvious characters of Aesop"s fable. They are ants. And they do labor. not work.
There is another reason that people work. It doesn"t fit into any of Yankelovich"s definitions of work. There are some people who work not for money, not for the best possible material life, not because of a moral necessity or society"s rules - but because they cannot live without working. For them, work is a natural necessity which has nothing to do with either morals or money. There are three good examples of people who illustrate that work is different from labor. A good example of someone who could not live without working was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. the great Viennese musician and composer. He could not accept life without making music. To live without creating music was meaningless to him. Jack London, a great American writer, spent his entire life in an effort to describe people with strong personalities and will power, people who were trying to realize the truth about life. Roald Amundsen, the great Norwegian explorer, sacrificed his life for the work of exploration. He was the first person to reach the South Pole.
The people I have been talking about lived in order to work. They considered work something very interesting. It made existence more exciting; it gave meaning to their lives. Life and work were the same for them. However, they dont fit into the character of Aesop"s ant or Yankelovich"s workers. The three of then spent long periods of time without working. These were times of terrible depression, stress, and even the threat of madness. Mozart was under a depression after his mothers death. The last years of his life, he drank heavily, and he died in poverty. Jack London wasn"t more successful: alcoholism and financial problems led him to commit suicide at the age of 40. Roald Amundsen was killed during the air search for an Italian explorer, Umberto Mobile. It would be very simple to say that these people didn"t do any real work because they were lazy or because they could not handle problems due to a weak will. However. like a glow worm, which does nothing at all, they made a beautiful light through their work. The light they made illuminated whole generations.
I believe that the difference between work and labor can explain a lot of things.
Sometimes it is difficult to recognize the difference between them. but it is important to do so. Since man became human. he has created. His creativity has brought the greatest advances and inventions into the world. Uncreative work, or labor, leaves no trace in history. The majestic pyramids of Egypt, built through the labor of thousands of slaves but the work of only a few architects, still stand today as a monument to creative work. They are a combination of work and labor. So, why are we trying to differentiate the two terms? First, it is important to understand the difference between work and labor. Second, it is important to work rather than labor in order to create rather than merely produce.
(Igor Shchegolev. Azerbaijan)

1. Does the introduction grab your attention? If so, what stands out for you?

2. Which of the four ways to introduce an essay did Mr. Shchegolev use?

3. Did you want to continue reading after you finished the introduction?

4. What is the writers thesis? Does it appear in a thesis statement? If so, underline it.

5. How effectively does Mr. Shchegolev develop his thesis? How does he explain the difference between work and labor?

6. Are you convinced by his explanation?

7. Which of the ways to conclude an essay did Mr. Shchegolev use? Is his conclusion effective?

8. How long are the introduction and conclusion in relation to the body of the essay?
The right length? Too long? Too short?
3. Organization: 연결사

If there is a bad customers, there is a good and polite customers. She is looks like my
grandmother, and she`s product gives me not only a lot of emotion but also indulge in
think.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [001]
not only A, but also B 로 연결되는 구문으로 같은 성격의 구문으로 연결해 주어야 한다.
There are good and bad customers all the time. She looks like my grandmother, and her
productivity gives me not only impressive but also thought provoking.. [002]

THE FIRST, for my healthy automobile exhaust gas, overcrowding are bring about
smoke pollution and a noise.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [003]
글을 쓸 때, 첫 번째, 두 번째 등의 순서를 나타낼 경우에 관사를 사용하지 않는다.
First, air pollution caused by cars may bring environmental problems.

THE SECOND, country in small town, has intimate neighberhood and settlement
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [004]
Second, country life may bring intimate relationships with people.

THE THIRD, for my dog`s happiness.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [004]
Third, for my dog`s happiness.

Opposite, big city also have other adventage.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [005]
반면에 라는 의미로, on the contrary, in contrast등의 표현을 사용한다.
On the contrary, a big city also offers other advantages.

At the end, generally speaking, city has many convenient facilities.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [006]
전체적으로 볼 때라는 의미로는, overall을 사용한다.
Overall, a city has many convenient facilities.

To conclude, however a small town has a few merits, I want to live in a big city
because of the above reasons.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [007]
결론을 말하자면의 의미로 사용되는 관용용법은, to make a long story short, in short, in
sum, in conclusion등의 표현을 사용한다.
In conclusion, however a small town has a few merits, I want to live in a big city
because of the above reasons.

On other side big city's environment is very noisy and loud.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [008]
반면에라는 의미로 사용하는 관용어구가 와야한다.
On the other hand, a big city's environment is very noisy and loud.

For that, we needed the power of men and materials.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [009]
위와 같은 이유로 라는 의미의 연결사가 와야한다.


Because of the above mentioned reasons, we needed the power of men and materials.
Thirth, we can take comfortable traffic systems in the city.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [010]
Third, we can enjoy comfortable traffic systems in the city.

The first, traffic is very convenient.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [011]
First, traffic is very convenient.

The second, education environment is good.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [012]
Second, educational environment is good.

The third, big city has many companies.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [013]
Third, one can make many friends in a big city.

The fourth, there are many cultural institutions.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [014]
Fourth, there are many cultural institutions.

The last, I like meeting people.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [015]
마지막으로라는 의미의 관용 용법은 finally를 주로 사용한다.
Finally, I like meeting people.

The third, welfare facilities are well equipped.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [016]
Third, welfare facilities are well equipped.

the forth, comparing to the buildings of the country, the buildings in the city are
nice and modern.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [017]
Forth, compared to the buildings of the country, the buildings in the city are nice and
modern.

The fifth, we can enjoy the benefits of civilization such as an amusement park.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [018]
Fifth, we can enjoy the benefits of civilization such as an amusement park.

The first, we'll find some merits and demerits in an urban life.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [019]
First, we'll find some merits and demerits from an urban life.

As it were, a small town gives me peace of mind.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [020]
위에서 말한 것처럼 이라는 의미로
As I said above, a small town gives me peace of mind.

3. Organization: 접속사

They loved me so much. But I had a great time with my family.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [001]
가족들이나를 사랑하고 즐거운 시간을 함께 가졌다는 말은 앞에 나오는 문장과 뒤에 나오는
문장이 논리적으로 순접의 의미이다.
They loved me so much, so I had a great time with my family. [002]

today, I was go "karaoke". you know where? this is sing-room , sell alcoholic liquor
too.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [003]
글쓴 사람의 말하려는 의도가 노래방이면서도 술을 판다. 즉, 역접의 의미이다.
today, I went to "karaoke". You know where? It is a sing-room, but they sell alcoholic
liquors, too. [004]

A big city offers to enjoy various opportunity, convenience to people.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [005]
A big city offers various opportunities and convenience to people.

There are various institutes, extracurricular work.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [006]
There are various institutes and extracurricular work.

If we take any class, there are many good teachers, famous educational institutions in a
big city.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [007]
good teachers와 famous educational institutions 두 개의 명사구를 연결하는 방법은 콤마로만 연결할 수는 없다.
If we take any class, there are many good teachers and famous educational institutions
in a big city. [008]

It"s a very beautiful, quiet town.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [009]
It"s a very beautiful and quiet town.

I had to wait for a long time to take a taxi, a bus.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [010]
I had to wait for a long time to take a taxi and a bus.

I missed the suffocating air, the street noise, smell of Seoul in a train to go to
Seoul.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [011]
I missed the suffocating air, the street noise, and the smell of Seoul when I go to
Seoul.

Moreover small town usually contain friendly, tight-knit communities
that make living there a wonderful experience.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [012]
Moreover, a small town usually contains friendly and tight-knit communities
that make living there a wonderful experience.

And there are many hospitals, schools close our houses.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [013]
And there are many hospitals, schools close our houses.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [014]
And there are many hospitals and schools close to our houses.

I will often miss country"s beautiful sceneries, quiet roads,
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [015]
I will often miss country"s beautiful sceneries and quiet roads,

but I like the city with tall buildings, crowded traffics.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [016]
but I like the city with tall buildings and crowded traffics.

there is flesh air, wildlife.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [017]
there are fresh air and wildlife.

It was too quiet, too inconvenient.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [018]
It was too quiet and inconvenient.

If I live in small town, it will be difficult to access the concert, exhibitions.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [019]
If I live in a small town, it will be difficult to access the concert and exhibitions.

and always try to live better, favorite place.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [020]
and always try to live better and favorite place.

There are lots of people, many vehicles in a big city.
어색한 부분을 바로 잡으면? [021]
There are lots of people and many vehicles in a big city.

Cohesive device, 무슨말일까요? Cohesive device를 많이 사용하면
문장의 level of coherence가 올라가고 작문 성적도 올라가지요.
여러분 작문 잘해서 작문 성적 올리고 싶지요? 그렇다면 Cohesive device
정리하는것은 필수입니다. 설명 잘 읽어보고 제공하는 연습문제
풀어서 다음주 (4/13) 제출해 주기바랍니다. 이것은 조별과제가
아니고 전체 과제입니다.

(1) There were only 10 minutes left in the class. The teacher rushed
to put all the rules and examples on the board. The students took out their notebooks to copy the rules down. They were a little upset. The students had an assignment with the present perfect tense. They weren't sure they would be able to do the assignment correctly. They didn't have enough oral practice with the present perfect tense.


Although the language is perfect and the sentences are short and simple, this
paragraph is challenging for a reader because it lacks coherence. Each action
is clear in itself, but the relationship between the different sentences is not
clear. The reader has to use a lot of imagination and still may not get the
writers full message.

Now read the revised paragraph. The logic of the paragraph is clearer
because of the addition of cohesive devices, or words and phrases that make
the relationships between the events clear to you. As you read the paragraph,
underline the cohesive devices.

(2) There were only 10 minutes left in the class, so the teacher
rushed to put all the rules and examples for the present perfect tense on the board. The students took out their notebooks to copy the rules down. (3)However, they were a little upset because they had an assignment with the present perfect for the next day, and they werent sure they would be able to do it correctly. In addition, they were upset because they hadn't had enough oral practice with the present perfect.

A good reader might unlock the logic of paragraph l, but only after several
readings and a lot of thinking. Paragraph 2, with its attention to cohesive
devices, is clear and easier to read.

COHESIVE DEVICES

There are many devices that can be used to add coherence in writing. What
they have in common is that they help you, the writer, to make explicit the
relationships between the ideas and events you wish to describe. As you read
the list of devices below, look for examples of them in paragraph 2 in the sentences specified.

1. Pronouns that refer baek to a clear antecedent: See sentence 3, it.
2. Coordinating conjunctions: See sentence 1, so: sentence 3, and.
3. Subordinating Conjunctions: See sentence 3, because, sentence 4, because.
(combining sentences with this subordinating conjunction introduced some
logic that was missing in paragraph 1.)
4. Transition Words--See sentence 3, /however, sentence 4, in addition. (These
transition words make clear how these sentences relate to the previous
sentences.)
5. Repetition of an important word: See sentence 4, upset. (The significance
of “not enough practice,, is not clear until the writer points out that the
students were upset about it.)
6. Verb tenses: See sentence 4, hadn't had. (The change to past perfect helps
the reader see that not practicing enough caused the students to be upset.)

Exercise 3 Adding coherence to a paragraph

Read the paragraph and circle the best cohesive device for each numbered
position from the list of choices given on the following page. Rewrite the
paragraph, inserting your choices and making any necessary changes in capitalization and punctuation.

Yankelovich helps explain the dilemma o{ American workers. Most want to do their best. (1)They do not work as hard as they could. (2)They feel that others receive the benefits of their hard work. (3)Yankelovich doesn't see this attitude as a sign of a weak work ethic. (4)He feels the attitude would change if workers made more of the deeisions that affeet their work. There is a message for managers in Yankelovich's findings. Managers need to allow workers to express their needs. (5)They need to listen to what workers say.

1. a. However, 4. a. Rather,
b. For example, b. However,
c. Therefore, c. (no cohesive device needed)

2. a. because 5. a. and
b. even though b. but
C. whereas c. or

3. a. First,
b. Unfortunately,
c. (no cohesive device needed)

Exercise 4 More practice adding coherence to paragraphs

Read the paragraph and circle the best cohesive device for each numbered
position from the list of choices given. Rewrite the paragraph, inserting your
choices ad making any necessary changes in capitalization and punctuation.

Some companies do actually try to address their worker's needs
and suggestions. (1)A few companies offer day-care facilities for workers', children. (2) Workers can have more contact with their children during the day. The workers, minds are freed from worries about their children. (3)They work better. (4)Some other companies offer workers flexible working hours. Workers can begin and finish work at times they choose. (5)They have to put in the required number of hours. (6)If they begin work late, they have to stay late. Other companies are listening to workers, suggestions about improving efficiency in the factory or office. (7) _________ managers make the final decisions, they consider the workers' input when making those decisions.

1. a. On the whole, 5. a. because
b. For instance, b. Besides,
c.At the beginning, c. 0f course,

2. a. On the contrary, 6. a. Therefore,
b. (no cohesive device needed) b. However,
c. That way, c. Moreover,

3. a. and, for example, 7. a. Since
b. so, theoretically, b. Even though
c. however, c. Precisely because

4. a. (no cohesive device needed)
b. For example,
c. Finally,

Exercise 5 Editing for coherence

Edit this paragraph for coherence. Read it carefully, and insert cohesive
devices where they are needed. Then rewrite the paragraph.

English, and undoubtedly other languages, has conflicting sayings about important matters like love, friendship, and work. In English we say, “Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today-” The implication is that one can and should always work more -at least until all the work is done. In English we also have this proverb: “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy-,, The advice is not to work too much because life without recreation makes one an uninteresting person. How is it that the same culture has produced two sayings that give opposite messages? We can assume that work is important to Americans. They respect it a lot -perhaps too much. The second saying may be a kind of safety value. It warns people against going too far in following the advice of the first saying.

[82 박종원]

음. 자기말을 지킬줄아는 용선. 갈수록 마음에 드는군!

[00 김혜윤]

감사합니다......잘 뽑아서 볼께영^^

[03임용선]

으하핫 감사합니다...^__________^ 뭐 그래도 하기로 교수님하고 약속아닌 약속을 한건데요 ㅎㅎ (__ ;

[01김윤희]

ㅋㅋ 은혜많이 받으세여...03이면 후배네^^ 넘 착해여~~잘쓸께여...

[02전윤주]

ㅋㅋ 고마워 ^^ 잘쓸께요

[03 윤아롱]

대체뭐가뭔지..한개도모르겠네.

[03 윤아롱]

글자크기10으로하면 21장나오는데..9면18.근데..이렇게 맨날 프린트질만 해대면 영어실력말고 편집실력만 늘겠다.=ㅅ=

[03임용선]

ㅡ.ㅡ 교수님이 그 코멘트 보시면 기분 좋아하실거 같진 않은데 ㅋㅋ 대담한 03학번이구만...-_-;; 편집 실력이라 ㅡ.ㅡ 아무래도 나한테 하는 소리같어...

[82 박종원]

무술 배울때 무술 먼저 가르치는 곳은 사설 학원 밖에 없어. 진정한 사부는 물길어오기 3년, 밥짓기 3년, 또 필요한거 3년을 가르친다. 그게 뭔지 아니? 인내심이야.

[82 박종원]

제자가 스승의 상투를 붙잡고 쥐어흔들어도 그냥 넘어가는것이 지금 세상이긴하나, 사부가 화나면 무술 안가르치고, 폐인 만들어버릴수도 있어. 각자 자기자리로 돌아가 자기할일이 뭔가 생각해보도록!

[03 박성하]

교수님... 교수님 말씀 저의 뒤통수를 때리며 정신차리게 하네요.. 고마습니당.. 저도 잠깐 잊고있었던게 있었군요

[00김수진]

workers', children랑 the deeisions that affeet 철자 오류라 도저히 해석 불능이네요..올바른 글은 뭐지요?

[02이희숙]

위의 철자오류 좀 풀이해주세요~~

[82 박종원]

workers' children이랑 the decisions that affect 입니다. 좀 오래된 방법이나 관심법을 써보세요. 한쪽 눈을 감고....

[02전윤주]

화이팅!!

[03 윤아롱]

편집실력 저 말한건데-_-편집 제가 하거든요.