‘동사+동사’ 이렇게 올 수 없으니, 뒤에 나오는 동사에 ‘To나 분사형태(ing/ed)’을 붙여 다른 품사(형용사, 명사, 부사)로 사용하기 위해서 나왔었다.
근데, 왜 ‘동사+동사’를 사용 못한다고 했는지 기억하는가?
‘주어+동사’가 문장의 기본이고, 동사가 오면 항상 주어가 와야 된다고 했다. 그러니 ‘주어+동사+주어+동사’ 가 와야 되므로 ‘동사+동사’는 성립이 안 된다고 했다. 하지만 이 ‘주어+동사+주어+동사’ 도 그냥 연속해서 바로 사용할 수 있는 것이 아니고, 중간에 뭔가 이어주는 것이 있어야 한다.
바로 that 을 이용하여 이어줄 수 있다. That 이 절을 이끌도록 문장을 만드는 것을 영어문법에서는 ‘That 절’ 문장이라고 한다.
처음에는 단순한 ‘단어+단어+단어’ 의 문장이라면 To부정사와 동명사에서는 ‘구+구+구’ 문장의 맛을 봤다. 이제는 that 을 이용하여 ‘절+구+절’ 을 만들어 보자. 긴 문장을 이해하기 위해서는 이 부분을 꼭 이해해야 하며, 문법적으로 이해를 못 한다 할 지라도 예문을 듣고, 따라 하고, 반복을 하여 자연스럽게 익히자. 그리고 이 부분을 이해해야지만 ‘관계대명사, 관계부사’ 을 이해 할 수 있고, ‘관계대명사, 관계부사’를 이해해야지만 ‘분사구문’을 이해 할 수가 있다.
That 을 이용하여 절을 만드는 것은 어렵지 않다. 구를 어떻게 만드는지 알면 ‘That 절’ 도 쉽게 이해를 할 수 있다. 구 문장을 절 문장으로 만들 수 있고, 절 문장을 다시 구로 바꿀 수도 있기 때문이다. 이때는 ‘동사+동사’에서 앞의 동사가 3형식동사이냐? 4형식동사이냐? 따라서 문장이 조금 달라지고, 어떠한 의미를 지니느냐 따라서 그 문장을 형태를 조금 달리 한다. 근데 이런 것들을 신경 쓰면서 언제 말을 배우겠는가~. 문법적 설명은 가벼운 마음으로 읽어 보고, ‘듣고, 말하는데 90%힘을 쏟자’
That 절을 이용하여 만든 문장은 이미 여러분들이 경험을 했다.
상황11 - 거실에서 - 미래형 - will 과 I think / I don't think 을 기억하는가? 이 부분이 바로 ‘that 절’을 사용한 문장이다.
I think I will / I don’t think I will 의 문장은 원래 ‘I think that I will~’, ‘I don’t think that I will~’ 처럼 that 이 생략되어 있었던 문장이다. 여기서 that 절을 공부하고, 다시 돌아가서 I think ~문장에 that 을 넣어서 연습해보자.
* 13325 : I told you that my computer came with an 80gigabyte hard drive.
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* 13326 : I told you that my computer hard drive had a lot of space.
* 13327 : He told me that he has a 19-inch computer screen.
* 13328 : He told me that he bought a built-up computer.
* 13329 : He told me that he would upgrade his computer.
일단 기준점을 정해야 한다. 지금 누군가에게 말을 전달하는 순간을 현재로 잡는다면, 컴퓨터를 업그레이드 하기로 한 시점이 아직 지나가지 않았으면, would 와 will 둘 다 사용할 수 있다. Would를 사용할 수 있는 이유는 과거에 이야기를 했기에 시제를 일치 시키기 위해서이고, will를 사용할 수 있는 이유는 말하고 있는 시점을 기준을 봤을 때, 아직 일어나지 않은 미래의 시점이 이기 때문이다.
그럼, 현재의 말하고 있는 시점으로 봤을 때, 사건이 끝나 버린 것이면, would 만을 사용할 수 있다. Will 은 안 된다.
시제가 끝나던, 끝나지 않았던 두 상황에 모두 사용할 수 있는 것은 would 이다. 괜히 머리 싸매지 말고 would를 사용하자.^^
* 13330 : He told me that he has(had) a built-in high speed internet connection line.
일단, has 는 주절의 시제가 과거임에도 불구하고, 현재로 사용을 했다. 이것을 had로 바꾸어, 과거의 시제로 바꿀 수도 있다. 하지만 has(현재시제)를 사용하느냐, had(과거시제)를 사용하느냐 따라서 숨은 의미가 다르다.
일단, 대 전제는 ‘He told me’ 라고, 과거시제로 사용했으면, That 절 안에 has/had 둘 다 사용할 수 있고, 의미 변화는 차이가 없다. (물론 과거나 현재의 상태가 변화가 없다- 지금도 전용선을 사용하고 있다 -는 것을 전제로 깔고 말하는 것이다)
하지만, 상황에 따라서
§ Has(현재형) – 현재에도 여전히 사용하고 있다는 의미를 지닌다. § had(과거형) – 말투에 따라서, 지금은 사용하고 있지 않다는 의미를 지닐 수 있고, 그 사람이 말한 것이 지금은 사실이 아닐 수도 있다는 의미를 지닌다.
즉 ‘He told me that he had a built-in high ~’ 라고, 과거시제를 사용하면, 이 문장은 두 가지 시제의 의미를 지니는 것이다. ①초고속 인터넷 전용선을 사용한다고 그 사람이 저에게 말했어요 ②초고속 인터넷 전용선을 사용했었다고 말했어요
구어에서는 과거형(had)을 과거완료형(had had) 대신에 많이 사용하므로, 상황에 따라서 적절하게 문장을 이해해야 한다.
여기서, has 와 had 둘 다 똑 같은 의미로 사용한 것은 ‘과거에 이야기 했지만, 지금도 여전히 사용한다라는 의미를 지니는 것이다’
* 13331 : He told me that he turned the computer on.
만약 직접화법에서 ‘turned’ 이었다면, 원칙상, 간접화법에서는 ‘had turned’라고 해야 하지만, 구어에서는 그냥 과거로 할 수 있다.
만약 직접화법에서 ‘turn’ 이었다면, 간접화법에서는 ‘turned 와 turn’ 둘 다 가능하다.
그럼 어떻게 구분을 하는가? 문장이 길어지면, 앞 뒤 문맥을 보고 파악해야 하거나, 문장 하나하나를 보고 의미를 파악해야 한다. 위에서 봤던 이 문장을 ‘He told me that he bought a built-up computer’ 을 만약에 현재시제로 해석을 하면, ‘그 사람이 자기가 컴퓨터를 한대 산다고 그랬어요’ 이다. 여기서 ‘산다고’ 는 현재형이다. 미래의 의미가 아니다. ‘상황1의 욕실’ 에서 ‘여러분은 세수를 하나요? 안 하나요?’ 에 대한 대답을 할 때 현재시제의 느낌을 잘 이해 해야 하다고 정말 강조 했다. “~늘 반복한다는 느낌으로~”
그래서 ‘자기가 늘 컴퓨터를 한대 산다고~’라고 하면 어감이 이상하다.
* 13332 : He told me (that) he turned off the computer.
위 문장을 ‘자기 컴퓨터를 끈다고~’라고 해도 되지만, 상식적인 보통의 상황에서 생각하여 그냥 과거완료의 의미로 해석을 했다.
아래에서부터는 대부분 그냥 과거로 해석을 하겠다. 여러분들은 현재로도 해보고, 과거로도 한번 해보자.
* 13333 : He told me (that) he created a password.
* 13334 : He said to me that he entered a wrong password.
Tell 처럼 that 절을 목적어로 취할 때, 간접목적어를 취하는 동사들은, § (notify/assure/convince/inform/persuade/reassure/remind/advise/promise/show/teach/warn등)+간접목적어+that~.
Say 처럼 ‘say to me’ 같은 형식을 취하야 하는 동사들은. § (admit, announce/complain/confess/explain/indicate/mention/point out/propose/recommend/report/suggest 등)+to+인치대명사의 목적격+that ~. 여기서 ‘To+목적격’은 생략할 수 있으며, 이러한 동사들은 3형식 동사들로, 4형식 동사로 착각하기가 쉬워서, 시험 문제에 자주 등장한다.
특이하게 of 을 취하는 동사들도 있다. (ask/beg/demand/require)+of+목적격+that ~.
* 13335 : He admitted to me that he had forgotten the password.
* 13336 : He denied that he had forgotten the pin number.
* 13337 : He said (that) she moved the cursor with the mouse.
* 13338 : He said (that) I moved the mouse.
* 13339 : She said (that) he clicked the mouse.
* 13340 : She said that he connected to an online service.
* 13341 : She said to me that the computer had been (was) locked up.
* 13342 : It is true that I had LAN at school and a modem at home.
It is+(true/bad/good/right/a pity등)+that+주어+동사~.
* 13343 : It was true that he had connected to the database.
* 13344 : It’s funny that my dog logged on to the internet.
* 13345 : I forgot that I had to type in a command to connect to the database.
* 13346 : I suggested (to her) that she should go onto the internet.
* 13347 : I suggested that he connect to an online service.
* 13348 : She regretted that she had gotten onto the internet.
* 13349 : She regrets that she surfed the net.
* 13350 : I regret that I searched the internet for information to write my report.
* 13351 : I didn’t mind that she was exploring the internet.
* 13352 : I didn’t mind that she had Googled it.
* 13353 : It seems that she has made (made) an e-mail account with Google.
* 13354 : It seemed that he had stayed online all day.
* 13355 : It seems that he downloaded a movie.
* 13356 : It seems that she saved the movie on a disk.
* 13357 : It appears that she downloaded some music to my Mp3 player.
* 13358 : It appears that she uploaded some files.
* 13359 : It appeared that she had transferred the pictures to the computer.
* 13360 : It looked as if she was using a USB cable to connect to my computer.
* 13361 : It looked as if he sent her some music through an internet messenger.
* 13362 : Do you know why he put the message online?
* 13363 : Do you know why he left a note in the guestbook of his friend?
* 13364 : Do you know why I left hostile comments online?
* 13365 : Do you know how I blocked pop-ups?
* 13366 : I don’t know why he turned the computer off and then back on again.
* 13367 : I don’t know why she rebooted.
* 13368 : I don’t know why she deleted everything and installed Windows again.
* 13369 : I know why she loaded a new program.
* 13370 : I know why she downloaded a new program.
* 13371 : I know why he uploaded a new program.
* 13372 : I know why he compiled data.
* 13373 : Do you know where he played computer games?
* 13374 : Do you know what time he played a computer game on the net in real time?
* 13375 : Do you know how long he played Starcraft?
* 13376 : Do you know how long she played the on-line game?
* 13377 : I don’t remember how long she played internet Go-Stop.
* 13378 : I don’t remember why she put on the headset.
* 13379 : I don’t remember what time she logged on to MS messenger.
* 13380 : Do you know whether he chatted on the computer (or not)?
* 13381 : Do you know if it was disconnected?
* 13382 : I didn’t know if my computer had crashed.
* 13383 : I don’t know why my computer froze up.
* 13384 : They recommended that I (should) use troubleshooting.
■제안·의무를 나타내는 동사 request/ask/suggest/propose/insist/recommend/command/order/require/demand/urge/warn)
■제안·의무를 나타내는 형용사 (imperative/essential/necessary/important/crucial/vital/inappropriate/appropriate)
■제안·의무를 나타내는 명사 (advice)
* 13385 : She recommended that he (should) log off
■She recommended that he log off – 아주 격식을 차린 경우. ■She recommended that he logs off – 비 격식. ■She recommended that he logged off – 비 격식.
하지만, 학교 문법에서는 She recommended that he log off 가 옳다.
* 13386 : I was asked that I send an e-mail to my father.
* 13387 : It is necessary that I (should) scan it.
* 13388 : It was essential that I insert a CD to run the program.
* 13389 : She insisted that I insert a disc into the D-drive to run the program.
* 13390 : I was asked that I take out the disc after I burnt a document.
* 13391 : It is important that she delete the documents.
* 13392 : I am sure that he clicked on the mouse.
* 13393 : I am sure that she took out the CD.
* 13394 : I am sure he dragged an icon to a file and dropped it in.
* 13395 : I am sorry that she lost the documents she was working on.
안됐네요.ㅜㅜ
* 13396 : I was afraid that I was out of paper.
* 13397 : I was afraid that I was out of toner.
* 13398 : I was convinced that she had dropped one file into another file.
* 13399 : He ordered that I enlarge the screen.
* 13400 : She ordered that they minimize the screen.
* 13401 : Do you know why I told you that I had been typing my report?
* 13402 : I don’t know why you reduced the size of font to fit it on a piece of paper.
* 13403 : I don’t know why you told me that you had connected a printer to the computer.
* 13404 : Do you know how I hooked up a printer to the computer?
* 13405 : I don’t know why you quit printing it out.
* 13406 : I don’t know why it looked as if she had taken out the paper tray.
* 13407 : Do you know why I told you not to pull out the paper tray?
* 13408 : I remember that I didn’t tell you to put the paper tray in.
* 13409 : It is true that I expected her to add more paper.
* 13410 : It isn’t true that I didn’t expect her to change the printer ink.
* 13411 : I didn’t know that the paper got caught.
* 13412 : I didn’t know if the paper was stuck.
* 13413 : I am sure that I made him remove the jammed paper.
* 13414 : I was asked that I should take out the jammed paper for the next person to use.
* 13415 : I am sure that she asked me that I should adjust the darkness of the print to make the report look better.
* 13416 : It is necessary that we should print it on both sides of the paper to save paper.
* 13417 : I don’t know why he denied that he had made 10 copies of the document.
* 13418 : Do you remember where he saved the data?
* 13419 : I am sure that she knows how to print out the data to turn it in.
* 13420 : I told you that she didn’t know why the printer had got jammed.
* 13421 : Could you tell me why you put a protective screen on the monitor?
* 13422 : Could you tell me why the keyboard stopped working?
* 13423 : Could you tell her why the keyboard was frozen?
* 13424 : Could you tell me how the computer got a virus?
* 13425 : Could you tell me how my computer was infected with a virus?
* 13426 : Could you tell me whether the computer got a virus or not?
* 13427 : I told you that she had bought an anti-virus program to remove the viruses.
* 13428 : Could you tell me why you gave up getting rid of the virus?
* 13429 : I told you why I gave up removing the virus.
* 13430 : It is very important that I (should) run a virus scan.
* 13431 : I said to you that I didn’t like him making the screen smaller.
* 13432 : I am convinced that she has been using the spell-checker for a long time.
* 13433 : I am afraid that I don’t know how to create a new file.
* 13434 : I am sorry that I don’t remember if I named the file.
* 13435 : I told you that I backed up all my documents on my portable hard drive to use (them) just in case I lost every document.
* 13436 : I said (to you) that I made my own homepage to show my pictures to my friends.
* 13437 : I don’t know when I changed my internet service provider to save money.
* 13438 : I know what time I sent a fax to him.
* 13439 : I don’t remember what time I received the fax.
* 13440 : I told you that I put paper in the fax machine to send a fax to her.
* 13441 : I asked you that you should turn the paper over to use both sides.
* 13442 : I told you that I dialed the fax number.
* 13443 : I told you that I kept pushing the button to fax.
* 13444 : I told you that I changed the settings on my computer to accommodate physical or sensory disabilities
* 13445 : I told you that I previewed the print job before I printed to make sure that there was no mistake.
* 13446 : I admitted that I had setup ITunes on my computer to download music.
* 13447 : I regret that I burned some CDs for a friend to run his new programs.
* 13448 : She suggested that I make a play list on my media player to save time when listening to music.
* 13449 : I told you that I cleaned up the desktop so as not to be scolded by my mother.
* 13450 : It is true that I added some songs to my media player to listen to.
* 13451 : It is true that I failed to find a website to download what I needed.
* 13452 : I said that I added a site to my favorites to use (it) next time.
* 13453 : I told you that I joined a chat room to know what people thought about it.
* 13454 : I told you that I enjoyed joining chat rooms to talk with people I don’t know.
* 13455 : I told you that I participated in an online forum to give my opinion about the current economic crisis.
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첫댓글 He told me that he would update a new data.
data 는 미국영어에서 주로 복수 취급하며, 단수로 취급하더라도 셀수 없는 명사로 취급하기에 a new data 가 아니고, new data 라고 합니다. 다른것은 맞고요..글고 질문란에 올리면 좋겠죠^^ 글자가 넘 작아서리 좀 설명하기기가 곤란하다면서~~
Could you tell her why the keyboard was frozen. 여기에서는 why앞에서 that이 생략된 건가요?
아닙니다. why 가 이유를 나타내주는 절이죠. when, who, where,![~](https://t1.daumcdn.net/cafe_image/pie2/texticon/ttc/texticon28.gif)
![~](https://t1.daumcdn.net/cafe_image/pie2/texticon/ttc/texticon28.gif)
모두 절을 이끌수 있죠.
She told me that she is going to go to a greduate school .
원래는 시제를 일치시켜 she was going to 라고 해야 하나, 현 시점에서 보아 아직 긑나지 않은 미래이면, is going to 라고 해도 상관없다.~~질문란에 좀 남기세요~~