또 다른 느낌을 주는 글입니다..
관심잇는 분은 읽어봐 보시기 바랍니다..
다른소리의 경험으로,,,,그들의 이런 디테일을 알고 잇다는 것은 대화에 굉장히 큰 도움이 됩니다.
광화문에서 외국인들을 상대로 세월호 서명을 받으면서 이야기를 나누어 보앗고
그들의 반응에서 충분하게 그런 느낌을 받을수 잇엇습니다..
-당신 직업이 뭐냐??...대학교수나 학자 처럼 이야기 한다.
-외국에서 공부 햇냐??
이런 반응을 받은 것이 기분 나쁜일은 아니겟지요.
여러분들도 경험해 보시기 바랍니다.
Shame of the Nation: The 1921 Tulsa Massacre in Historical ContextBY AL RONZONI
American Red Cross Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
With the 100th anniversary of the Tulsa Race Massacre upon us, I’ve heard a lot of discussion about it on shows like Democracy Now! but not as much detail as I would have liked on the background of this shameful episode in American history and exactly what triggered it. So, I decided to dig further myself, picking up a copy of journalist Tim Madigan’s, 2001 book, The Burning: The Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921, re-released this year with a new afterward.
Early on, Madigan tells us:
“Not long into my research, I realized that what happened in Tulsa in 1921 was scarcely an isolated event. It might have been the worst incident of its kind in our history but almost every month, American newspapers of that time carried new accounts of racial bloodshed in another town or city, new atrocities perpetuated against Black people by mobs of white people. Rather than an exception, I learned, what happened in Tulsa was a metaphor for that period of our history.”
According to Madigan, there were at least two dozen race riots in 1919 alone, in Houston, Chicago, Washington D.C., Atlanta, even Duluth, Minnesota. Every month it seemed that another city was consumed. White men worried that blacks would take “their” jobs, that black men would deflower “their” women or white people were enraged by uppity coloreds no longer content to ride in segregated rail cars. So, tensions rose and the smallest things could set off an apocalypse.
Even white women got into the act. Madigan recounts how during a race riot in East St. Louis in 1917, a white woman slashed a black woman’s throat, while gangs of white girls roamed the streets beating every black female they could find. White people also shot a black toddler and then tossed its body from a burning building. African American veterans were strung up in uniform. More and more white people insisted on torturing black people before lynching them, as if killing a black person itself did not satisfy their lust for blood. Newspapers ran ads inviting the public to witness the burning of live colored men.
Not surprisingly, this angered some black people, particularly young men in Greenwood, the prosperous black section of Tulsa. Hundreds had served in World War I and had been treated by the French with dignity and respect. They had fought and bled to defend “freedom” only to find that their brothers and sisters were still being treated like dirt at home. Andrew J. Smitherman, editor of the Tulsa Star, Greenwood’s leading newspaper and most authoritative public voice, never missed a chance to rail in print against the injustices perpetrated against his people and had intervened personally in attempted lynchings in neighboring towns. An early banner headline summed up his belligerent disposition where race matters were concerned: YOU PUSH ME AND I’LL PUSH YOU!
1차 대전의 참전이 미국에 미친 영향은 별도로 꼭 정리해 두시기 바랍니다.
위 글에서는 전쟁에 참여 햇던 흑인들이 프랑스에서 존엄과 존경이 어린 대접을 받앗고, 자신들이 자유를 위해 싸우고 잇는 자부심을 갖고 고국에 돌아왓지만 여전히 미국에서는 천대 받는 깜둥이엿을 뿐이다는 자각을 한줄로 이야기 햇습니다.
이것만 가지고도 날밤을 셀수 잇을 만큼 이야기를 할수 잇습니다.
이들은 총기를 가지고 실제 사람을 쏴 죽이는 전투를 경험한 사람들입니다...그리고 폭력(물리력)의 파괴성을 직접 경험한 사람들입니다..
이들이 1919 시카코 폭동에 지체 없이 나설수 잇엇던 것도...그런 무장과 전투경험이 준 자신감 이엇지요.
-왜....우리가 당하고만 잇써야 하나??...............이들은 당연히 자신들의 경험에서 닶을 찾앗고 곳바로 총을 들고 싸우기 시작 햇습니다..
- YOU PUSH ME AND I’LL PUSH YOU! (당신이 날 쏴지? 그래서 나도 당신을 쏜다)
말콤 x는 말햇지요
-당신이 나를 신사로 대 하면 나도 너를 신사로 대해 주겟지만, 당신이 나를 니그로로 대 한다면, 나도 너를 니그로로 대해 줄 것이다..
로마 올림픽에서 금메달을 거뭐쥔 케시어스 클레이는 ....금이환양 하여 ..금메달을 목에 걸고 핫도그 집에 들여 커피 한잔과 헴버거 하나를 주문 햇지만 깜둥이라고 거부 당햇습니다..
-We don't serve negro!........................종업원
-아....아 괜쟎아 난 흑인은 필요없고, 단지 커피한잔과 핫도그 하나면 되...........................알리
(serve....흑인에겐 안 판다를 흑인을 주문 한 것으로 들은척 한 것입니다)
무하마드 알리..
Smitherman was a friend of John B. Stradford, one of Black Tulsa’s most successful entrepreneurs, including among his ventures the famously luxurious, fifty-four room Stradford Hotel on Greenwood Avenue, one of the state’s largest Black-owned businesses. Like Smitherman, Stradford’s overriding concern was the plight of African-Americans and, like the editor, he was not shy about saying so. Madigan tells us Stradford had once, “beaten a white delivery boy within an inch of his life for a racist remark made within earshot.” On issues of race, some of Greenwoods black citizens no doubt shared the confrontational notions of Smitherman and Stradford, while others preferred a quieter course. But each resident of Greenwood in his or her own way had put the lie to the prevailing theories of Black inferiority with which white people of that time continued to justify so much of their cruelty. They were educated, literate and affluent, in fact undoubtedly more so than some white residents of Tulsa.
The post-World War I period was also one of extreme political and social volatility. Mass immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, along with the radical politics of some of the new arrivals fueled “native,” white Anglo-Saxon Protestant fears they’d be overrun by people of inferior racial stock, who didn’t share American values. The success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia also provoked fears that a worker’s revolution could happen in the U.S. as well.
소련의 볼세비키 혁명의 성공이 ..혁명의 확산을 두려워한 백인 기층 지대들의 흑인들에 대한 공포를 더욱 확산 시켯다..
궂이 꼭 좌파나 사회주의자가 아니더라도 이런 부분을 이야기 할수 잇써야 제대로된 지식인 취급을 받습니다..
한국의 지식인들이 왜 허접하고 저질 취급을 받는 냐면....
그들은 애써써 가장 강조되어저야 할 것을 가장 약화시키거나 지워버립니다......개 쐣끼들이지요.
이런 방식이 노무현 사만니즘 만큼 극명하게 투영된 곳은 없습니다..
-우리 교주님이 처 드신 돈은 뇌물이 아니고 생계형 범죄이시다
-취지지지ㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣㅣ
Into this already volatile mix, African-American intellectuals like W.E.B. Dubois added a new, far less accommodating philosophy than that which had been advocated earlier by Booker T. Washington. Following the Chicago race riot of 1919, in an editorial for the Crisis, the national journal of the NAACP, Dubois wrote:
“We have cast off on the voyage which will lead to freedom or death. For three centuries we have suffered and cowered. No race ever gave passive submission to evil a longer, more piteous trial. Today we raise the terrible weapon of self-defense. When the murderer comes, he shall no longer strike us in the back. When armed lynchers gather, we too must gather armed.”----니들이 나를 신사로 대하면 나도 니들을 신사로 대해 주겟지만...운운....
W.E.B. Dubois
우리가 제3국의 인민으로써 미국역사에서 배울것이 잇다면...조지 워싱턴의 사기적 정직이 아니라...바로 이런 사람들의 저항입니다.
One form of white Protestant response to all of this was the resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan. After its first post –Civil War incarnation had been ruthlessly stamped out by the Grant administration, the stunning success of the 1915 film Birth of a Nation, the first Hollywood blockbuster, inspired a rebirth of the Klan, which took place at a ceremony on Stone Mountain only a few months after the film’s release. This new Klan was active in many places outside of the South, where by 1921 it counted many of Tulsa’s leading politicians, law-enforcement officers, judges, businessmen and even an Oklahoma governor and U.S, senator, among its membership.
스톤 마운틴 조각 앞의 BLM 시위.
But, as Madigan shows us, to truly understand the Tulsa Massacre, we also need to understand the kind of mass psychosis that gripped many white males after the Civil War, engendered by fear and guilt about interracial sex; a mass psychosis that still has reverberations today. Madigan reminds us about how many lynchings and race riots started over something as harmless as a black man smiling at a white woman. Why? Well, for one thing, there were the tens of thousands of multiracial men and women, “everywhere you turned in African-American neighborhoods across the United States.” As Madigan relates further:
“That was the final proof that white men never hesitated to find their pleasure with black women. Before the Civil War Southern slave owners kept their white women on pedestals, hidden away from the slaves; they made those women icons to white purity and the Southern way of life. But such veneration came with a cost. Women on pedestals tend to be frosty in bed, so the white man had his way with black women and girls…But then the Union triumphed and the slaves were freed. Mingles with the Southern white man’s fury at the destruction of his way of life was this fear: What sort of retribution might the “black buck” now exact on white women?”
It was precisely an incident involving a black man and a white woman that created the spark that ignited the Tulsa Massacre.(당연히 이런것은 원인이 아니고 결과 입니다.....단지 이란 사건은 방아쇠를 당기는 역할만 한 것입니다....도널드 트럼프의 당선과 원인이 아닌 결과입니다......트럼프를 통해 미국의 모순이 들어난 것 뿐입니다...트럼프가 원인이 아닙니다...꼭 같은 일이 지금 한국에서도 벌어지고 잇습니다....윤석열 현상이나, 이준석 현상은 원인이 아니고 결과 입니다...노무현 똥파리때들의 끊임없는 꼴깝질이 원인입니다...)And, as Madigan shows, we know quite a lot about what happened. The girl was seventeen-year-old Sarah Page, who’d already been married and divorced. According to Madigan’s research, “People said,” she had ditched her husband in Kansas City and come to live in Tulsa to live with a relative, while the Tulsa’s sheriff who served divorce papers on her that spring was heard to comment that if half the charges in the divorce petition were true, “she was a notorious character.” A young black man named Dick Rowland developed a nearly fatal attraction to Sarah. Originally an orphan named Jimmie Jones, he had been adopted by Damie Rowland, who owned a small grocery store and had fallen in love with the boy when he showed up hungry at her door one day. By all accounts, Jimmie was a smart and charming child with a lot of promise. Damie had ambitions for him to become a doctor or lawyer but Jimmie, who renamed himself “Dick” as a teenager, found he was satisfied with the substantial money he made shining rich white men’s shoes and the freewheeling lifestyle it afforded him.
Sarah ran an elevator in a building downtown, where Dick’s employer at the shoeshine stand had arranged for his bootblacks to use the bathroom on the fourth floor, a dirty little cubicle marked COLOREDS ONLY. Dick didn’t mind, the bathroom gave him an excuse to ride Sarah’s elevator several times a day. On May 30, 1921, Dick arrived home to Damie early in a highly agitated state. It had been a busy day for Dick with crowds who had come for the Memorial Day Parade downtown. He had taken a different elevator upstairs to use the bathroom, then waited for Sarah’s to take him back down. When the door opened, Dick smiled at Sarah and hurried onto the elevator. But in his rush, he slipped, fell into Sarah by accident and stepped on her toe, which was already tender from an ingrown nail. He tried to apologize but she laid into him in anger from the pain, hitting him repeatedly over the head with her purse, so hard the leather handles snapped. When the elevator reached the ground floor, Sarah screamed, “I’ve been assaulted!” Dick took off. A clerk from a clothing store right next to the elevator on the ground floor ran after him but Dick outran him.
All night long Dick and Damie waited for a knock on the door or worse but it passed quietly. But Dick snuck out for a bit to see his friends the next day and got picked up by the police. In tears, he called Damie from jail to plead with her to get him a lawyer. At the courthouse, the sheriff made her feel a little better. His name was William McCullough. Madigan tells us he was “a tall kindly man with a thick handlebar mustache.” McCullough said the Page girl was nothing but trouble and that Tulsa detectives were already skeptical of her story. He promised Damie that Dick would get his day in court and even arranged for her to contact a prominent white attorney named Washington Hudson, who would later become the Democratic Party leader of the Oklahoma State Senate. What McCullough didn’t tell her was that Hudson would also soon become a leading member of Tulsa’s Ku Klux Klan.
It was at this point the local press, in the form of publisher Richard Lloyd Jones’s Tulsa Tribune decided to fan the flames. Jones was a complex character. He was a devotee of Abraham Lincoln, who had been instrumental in purchasing the Great Emancipator’s birthplace in Kentucky and turning it into a memorial, while also being a virulent racist and ally of the Tulsa Klan. Despite his love for Lincoln, Jones used racism to sell papers. Madigan tells us the Tribune referred to Tulsa’s black community as “Niggertown” or “Little Africa” and described it as a “veritable human cesspool that needed to be cleaned up.” During a week when the Tribune’s front page had been dominated large photos of smiling young white beauties, vying for the title of “Miss Tulsa,” Jones ran a headline against them that read: TO LYNCH NEGRO TONIGHT. But he didn’t stop there. Jones also wrote a scathing, inflammatory editorial on the incident. After hundreds of papers with the editorial had already gone out, some of Jones’s own editors prevailed upon him to have them retrieved. Only a handful were ever recovered. Unfortunately, no copies with the editorial have survived. It was torn out of a lot of the papers that were recovered that day, including an archival copy that is still in the Tulsa Public Library. According to Madigan, “arguably, it was Jones and his editorial — Jones more than any other single person — who’s actions precipitated the obliteration of America’s most thriving Black community.” (italics are mine)
Within hours after Jones’s papers hit the streets, first hundreds, then thousands of armed white men surrounded the Tulsa courthouse where Dick Rowland was being held. But following the examples of Andrew J. Smitherman and John B. Stradford and the exhortations of W.E.B. Dubois, many of the black male residents of Greenwood, including World War I veterans, decided they weren’t going to allow another lynching to take place in their city. They rushed to the scene, also armed, to protect Rowland. A shot was fired and “all hell broke loose,” a massacre survivor recalled later.
While smoke still rose from the ashes of Greenwood, McCullough hustled Rowland out of town and he later disappeared without a trace, adding to some of the uncertainties that still surround this now century-old vicious, unrestrained attack on a black community. There’s no question that we’ve made racial progress since then, largely because of the sacrifice and struggle of African-Americans for equality. But we can’t, we shouldn’t, try to pretend that the United States is not still plagued by the racial demons of 1921. There is still much work to be done.
Al Ronzoni is a writer, historian and political activist based in New York City
1차대전의 참전을 반대 햇던 중대한 이유중의 하나가...기독교적 보수주의에 쩌러 살던 미국의 젊은이들이 유럽에서 자유로운 쐑을 경험하고 돌아 왓을때....미국사회가 얼마나 난잡하게 될 것인가는 기독교적 신앙심 이라고 하엿지요..
미국에서 해수욕장에서 비키니를 입을수 잇게 허용된 때가 60년대 입니다..
미국의 젊은이들은 미국에서는 상상조차 할수 없는 쐑쓰의 세계를 경험 하엿고 이들이 돌아와 미국의 여인들에게 꼭 같은 쐑스를 요구 햇습니다......오랄 쌕스 항문 쐣스 69 쐑스....구룹쐑쓰....동성 색쓰....온갖 종류의 쐑쓰가 미국으로 스며든 것입니다.
그때 가지 미국 주류사회의 색스는 단지 번식만을 위한 것이엿습니다....쐑쓰의 자세도 정상위 이외의 자세는 신에 대한 모욕으로 간주 이혼사유가 되엇습니다.
그런데 미국의 주류 사회가 전혀 예상하지 못 햇던 것이 ...바로 참전한 미국의 흑인들이 그곳에서 신사 대접을 받앗다는 것입니다....미국은 그때도 지금도 풍부한 물자를 보유 하엿고, 전쟁으로 피패된 유럽인들이 흑인이던 백인이던 미군에 환장 하게 되엇던 것은 당연한 현상입니다.....한국 전쟁때의 한국인들의 미군에 대한 바닥 없는 사랑과 존경을 생각해 보기시 바랍니당ㅇㅇㅇ
그만 흑인 노예들이 백인들과 꼭 같은 대접을 경험하게 된 것입니다......
우리로 치면 쫄따구 일등병이 사단장 대우를 받은 것입니다..
이런 경험은 정말 중요합니다...
-어 이게 뭐야?
-뭐야 나도 백인들과 꼭 같은 취급을 받을수 잇네.......차이 없뇌 씨봘!!
이 실제의 경험이 흑인 참전용사들을 완전하게 바꿔 버린 것이지요.....
나도 니들과 꼭 같은 사람이다...는 실체적인 경험과 환신을 준 것입니다..
이들은 더 이상 눈치나 보고 소극적인 노예의 후예들이 아니엇습니다..
그들은 적극적이고 공격적인 변혁의 주체로 거침 없이 바뀐겁니다.....
-.구걸따윈 더 이상 하지 않겟다...난 싸워 얻을 것이다...
이것이 미국인민들의 저항정신으로 자리잡게 된 것입니다.
미국의 위대함은 이런 것에서 찾아야 합니다....조쥐 워싱턴 따위 쌍판 허연 노예주인 따위가 아닙니다.