앞에서도 설명했듯이 영어문장은,
l ‘단어(주어=명사)+단어(동사)+단어(형용사)+단어(부사)’
l ‘구(주어=명사)+구(동사)+구(형용사)+구(명사)+구(부사)’
l ‘절(주어=명사)+구(동사)+절(형용사)+절(명사)+절(부사)’
이루어져 있다.
구를 이끄는 역할을 하는 것은 To부정사, 분사(현재분사~ing, 과거분사p.p.)가 그 역할을 담당한다. 이는 앞에서 충분히 익혔을 것이다.
절을 이끄는 역할을 하는 것은 that, if, whether, when, after, before, although, since, as 등이 있다.
절을 이끄는 단어들은 절과 절을 ‘이어 준다’는 특징에 따라, 8품사의 접속사에 속하게 된다. 어떤 영어의 단어도 8품사를 벗어 날 수는 없다고, 앞에서 많이 강조를 했다.
형용사절에서 배우게 되는 것은 ‘관계사 =관계대명사+관계부사’ 가 있다. 명사절에서 배우게 되는 것은 ‘that 절’ 등이 있다. 이는 앞에서 했다. 부사절에서 배우게 되는 것은 여기서 우리가 하고자 하는 ‘When, While, After, Before, Although’ 등이 있다.
부사절이 문장에서 나타내는 것은 ‘시간·때·조건·양보·목적·결과·이유·방법·제한’ 등이다. 무엇을 나타내느냐 따라서 적절한 접속사를 선택하여 표현한다.
여기 기초에서는 부사절 접속사들 중에서, 우리가 주로 생활에서 많이 사용하는 것들을 위주로 귀와 입으로 익히도록 하겠다.
참고로, 부사절은 자주성 없이 주가 되는 것에 딸려 붙여 있으므로 ‘종속절’이라고 한다. ‘부사절=종속절’이니 용어에 혼돈이 없기를 바란다.
여기서 설명하는 것 말고도 여기에 관련된 문법사항은 다양하다. 하지만 그런 것들을 다 하다 보면, 말을 할 수가 없다. 기초적을 것을 자신이 직접 말을 할 수 있다면, 그 나머지 문법적인 요소들은 금방 익히니 여기서 사생결단을 내자.
l When : ~할 때에, ~할 때는, ~하니, ~하자, ~하면 l While : ~하는 동안, ~하는 사이, ~와 동시에 l After : ~뒤에, ~하고 나서 l Before : ~보다 전에, ~하기에 앞서서,~하기 전에 l Although : ~비록~일지라도, ~이기는 하지만
* 13972 : I got hospitalized when I had a car accident.
* 13973 : I was hospitalized when I was sick.
* 13974 : I checked into the hospital right away when I arrived there.
* 13975 : I checked out of the hospital when I got better.
* 13976 : I went to the ICU (intensive care unit) when (I was) injured seriously.
* 13977 : I visited the mortuary when my friend died.
* 13978 : I changed into the hospital gown when (I was) hospitalized.
* 13979 : I got treated as an outpatient when I didn’t have to get hospitalized.
* 13980 : I was put in a 6-bed ward when (I was) hospitalized.
* 13981 : I showed my insurance card when I checked into the hospital.
* 13982 : I showed my medical insurance card when they wanted me to pay for the medicine.
위에서도 병원업무를 담당하는 한 사람이 약값을 내라고 했을 것이다. 하지만, They 라고 말을 한다. 여기서 they 는 그 사람을 지칭 하기 보다는 병원을 지칭하는 것이다.
* 13983 : I got discharged from the hospital when I became healthy again.
* 13984 : I paid the consultation fee when I went out of the hospital.
* 13985 : I paid the doctor’s bill when I got discharged from the hospital.
* 13986 : I treated him when he got injured.
* 13987 : I opened my mouth wide when the doctor told me to open my mouth.
* 13988 : I stuck out my tongue when the doctor told me to do that.
* 13989 : I had my eyes checked when my eyes were blood-shot.
* 13990 : I widened my eyes when the doctor checked my eyes.
* 13991 : I listened to the patient’s heart with a stethoscope when he complained about a pain.
* 13992 : I explained my symptoms to the doctor when I saw the doctor.
* 13993 : I registered for a check-up when she asked me to do that.
* 13994 : I had a medical exam when I had a cold.
* 13995 : When he had to get a shot, I raised the patient’s sleeve
* 13996 : When the doctor wanted to give me an exam, I laid myself down on the sofa.
* 13997 : When I caught a cold, I got a shot
* 13998 : When I caught the flu, I got an injection
* 13999 : When I got an intravenous injection, I rolled up my sleeve.
* 14000 : When I was in school, I received a vaccination on a regular basis.
* 14001 : When I got a skin rash, my skin felt itchy.
* 14002 : When I had poison ivy, I scratched the itchy spot.
* 14003 : When I turned 13 (years old), I got a pimple on my forehead.
* 14004 : When I applied ointment on the wound, I picked off the scab
* 14005 : When I was tired, I had a sty.
* 14006 : When I was on vacation, I had pinkeye.
* 14007 : When my eyes were blood-shot, I put eye drops in my eyes.
* 14008 : When I had a sty, I put an eye patch on my left eye.
* 14009 : When I was on holiday, I had an eye infection.
* 14010 : When I was in the army, I got an STD.
* 14011 : When I was 60 years old, I got osteoporosis.
* 14012 : I had tics when I was in elementary school.
* 14013 : She found out that she had a cancerous lump in her breast when she was hospitalized.
* 14014 : I had a bone stuck in my throat when I had a fish for lunch.
* 14015 : I will get acupuncture on my neck when I feel a pain in my neck.
그리고, 이런 미래의 형식은 명령문에서도 많이 사용한다. ‘When you feel a pain in your neck, get acupuncture on your neck’ 처럼 명령문과 함께 사용할 수도 있다. ‘목에 통증을 느낄 때, 목에 침을 맞아라’. 여기서도 미래의 하라는 의미이지만, when 에는 미래시제를 사용하지 않는다.
* 14016 : I might have chapped lips when it is winter.
* 14017 : I might have cold hands when it becomes winter.
* 14018 : I will have sore legs when I start working again.
* 14019 : You will feel pressure in your ears when the airplane takes off.
* 14020 : We might have poor hearing when we become 70 yeas old.
* 14021 : She had her eardrums split when she played the guitar in the band.
* 14022 : I had chronic nose inflammation when I was in school.
* 14023 : I performed CPR when he couldn’t breathe.
* 14024 : I was anesthetized when I had the operation.
* 14025 : I sterilized the wound when I got home.
* 14026 : I had some blood taken out when I had a blood test.
* 14027 : I gave first aid to him when he had the car accident.
* 14028 : I had an emergency treatment when I had my arm broken.
* 14029 : I had a miscarriage with my first child when I was 20.
* 14030 : I had a CAT scan taken when I was in the hospital.
* 14031 : I was addicted to heroin when I was in college in
* 14032 : I was allergic to cats when I was young.
* 14033 : I was allergic to pollen when I was young.
* 14034 : I took a pill for digestion when I had indigestion after eating too much.
* 14035 : I had some digestive medicine when I had dyspepsia.
* 14036 : I had to have my arm amputated when I had a train accident.
* 14037 : She went to a psychiatric hospital when she was 17 (years old).
* 14038 : I hurt my hands when I fell down.
* 14039 : I sneezed when I breathed in some dust.
* 14040 : I had a runny nose when I caught the flu.
* 14041 : I coughed when I caught a cold.
* 14042 : I had straight teeth when I was young.
* 14043 : I got a botox injection in my face when I was 40.
* 14044 : I had a face-lift when I was 50.
* 14045 : My eyesight was twenty, twenty while I was serving in the army.
* 14046 : I had my eyes tested while she was having an X-ray taken.
* 14047 : I tested a patient’s eyes while she was giving a blood-test to another patient.
* 14048 : I had a stomachache while (I was) driving.
* 14049 : They looked at my stomach with an endoscope while I was sleeping.
* 14050 : I threw up while (I was) sleeping.
* 14051 : I choked on something while (I was) having dinner.
* 14052 : I burped while they were having dinner.
* 14053 : I sprained my ankle while (I was) playing football.
* 14054 : I twisted my ankle while (I was) playing football.
* 14055 : I had a cramp in my leg while (I was) swimming in the pool.
* 14056 : I had many handicapped friends while (I was) studying abroad.
* 14057 : I tore ligaments while (I was) playing tennis.
* 14058 : I pulled a ligament while (I was) playing basketball.
* 14059 : I hurt the back of my foot while (I was) playing baseball.
* 14060 : I set his broken bone while he was sleeping.
* 14061 : I had physical therapy while my friend was playing a computer game in another room.
* 14062 : I received physical therapy on my knee while (I was) sitting on a special chair.
* 14063 : The jaw bone was dislocated while I was boxing with my friend.
* 14064 : I limped while (I was) walking home.
* 14065 : My lower back ached continuously while I was doing sit-ups.
* 14066 : My legs became numb while I was climbing down the cliff.
* 14067 : She had the baby while she was being taken to the hospital in the ambulance.
* 14068 : While she was being taken to the hospital, she was in labor the whole time.
* 14069 : While the teacher was writing something on the board, I took a pill for cramps
* 14070 : While (she was) on vacation, she had a cramp.
* 14071 : While (she was) flying to
* 14072 : While (she was) having dinner with her family, she had morning sickness.
* 14073 : While (I was) cooking, I felt nausea
* 14074 : While (I was) on the bus, I felt dizzy.
* 14075 : While (she was) being taken to the hospital in the car, she gave birth to a baby
* 14076 : While I was working abroad, she delivered the baby at the hospital.
* 14077 : While (I was) sleeping, I had cold sweats.
* 14078 : While (I was) cooking, I got a burn on my finger.
* 14079 : While (I was) putting out the fire on my car, I had a second degree burn.
* 14080 : I had hives on my neck after I had a peach.
* 14081 : I had a rash all over my body after having a peach.
* 14082 : I had a boil on my hip after a long trip on the bus.
* 14083 : I was seriously hurt when I fell down after bumping into another person.
* 14084 : My face was swollen after I ate instant noodles.
* 14085 : My heart beat rapidly after hearing the news.
* 14086 : I took an x-ray after seeing the doctor.
* 14087 : My eyes were bruised after I had a fist-fight with a friend of mine.
* 14088 : I had red eyes after watching 9 DVDs.
* 14089 : I felt bloated after having lunch.
* 14090 : I had indigestion after eating too much.
* 14091 : I had dyspepsia after I ate too much.
* 14092 : My ankle swelled up after I twisted it.
* 14093 : I put on a cast after I broke my arm.
* 14094 : I took off the cast after seeing the doctor.
* 14095 : I was paralyzed from the waist down after the accident.
* 14096 : My legs were asleep after sitting in the chair for 2 hours.
* 14097 : She had a late period after getting married.
* 14098 : She registered the birth of her first son after she checked out of the hospital.
* 14099 : She had an abortion after having a discussion with her parents.
* 14100 : I had my temperature taken after seeing the doctor.
* 14101 : I read the thermometer after I checked the temperature.
* 14102 : I read the temperature after taking the thermometer out of the patient’s armpit.
* 14103 : After listening to the music, my ears were ringing.
* 14104 : After sneezing, my nose was running.
* 14105 : After I played outside for a long time, I had a head cold.
* 14106 : After seeing the doctor, I got a flu shot.
* 14107 : After hanging out with my friends in the cold weather, I had a chest cold.
* 14108 : After I swam in the cold water, I had pneumonia.
* 14109 : After I played football, my toenail was pulled out.
* 14110 :. After I blew my nose, my nose was sore.
* 14111 : After spending much time on the beach, I got sunburn on my shoulders.
* 14112 : Before I had my tonsils out, I had a fever.
* 14113 : I had cough syrup before I went to bed.
* 14114 : Before I had the chills, I had a fever.
* 14115 : Before I sniffled, I sneezed.
* 14116 : Before the tooth fell out, I had a fist-fight with my friend.
* 14117 : I got a gold filling in one of my back teeth before I got married.
* 14118 : I had the back tooth replaced with an implant before I turned 18 (years old).
* 14119 : Before I had braces, I had some teeth treated.
* 14120 : Before I had a cavity, I had a lot of sweets.
* 14121 : Before I had my tooth filled, I had the tooth treated.
* 14122 : Before I had swollen gums, I had a tooth ache.
* 14123 : I had my decayed tooth pulled out before going to
* 14124 : I pulled out my wisdom teeth before going abroad to study.
* 14125 : I capped a tooth with gold before I had my teeth scaled.
* 14126 : I had a filling replaced before receiving my medicine.
* 14127 : I was treated with medicine before having an operation.
* 14128 : Before I treated the patient with medicine, I had a long discussion with him.
* 14129 : Before I filled the prescription, I called the doctor to make sure that there was no mistake.
* 14130 : I got my medicine before going out of the hospital.
* 14131 : I had a chronic pain before I had the operation.
* 14132 : I got some over-the-counter drugs before I saw the doctor.
* 14133 : I took my medicine before meals.
* 14134 : Before I took antibiotics for the infection, I had some food.
* 14135 : I overdosed on the sleeping pills before I went to bed.
* 14136 : I took sleeping pills before going to bed.
* 14137 : I took some pain killers before going to bed.
* 14138 : I had an energy drink before I played football.
* 14139 : I had some nutritional supplements before playing football.
* 14140 : I rolled around in agony before I took some pain killers.
* 14141 : I had a stabbing pain in my stomach before going to the hospital.
* 14142 : I disinfected the wound before I put the tape on the wound.
* 14143 : Before I put the tape on the wound, I applied some ointment to the wound.
* 14144 : I took the bandage off the wound before going to the swimming pool.
* 14145 : I put disinfectant on the wound before putting the tape on the wound.
* 14146 : I took off the band-aid before going into the swimming pool.
* 14147 : I put on a band-aid before going out.
* 14148 : Before I took some depression medicine, I saw the doctor.
* 14149 : I got liposuction for my waist before getting married.
* 14150 : I had my temperature taken before getting a shot.
* 14151 : I took some patients’ temperature before going out for lunch.
* 14152 : I put the thermometer under the patient’s arm before putting it in his mouth.
* 14153 : I lowered my temperature before seeing the doctor.
* 14154 : I had high blood pressure before I started taking care of it.
* 14155 : I took some patients’ blood pressure before leaving the office for the day.
* 14156 : I had a CAT scan before having the operation.
* 14157 : I had an ultrasound taken first before I saw the doctor.
* 14158 : I had a sonogram first before seeing the doctor
* 14159 : I took a patient's pulse although I didn’t know how to.
그럼, 양보의 의미는 무엇인가? 양보구문을 한자로 하면 (譲歩構文)이 된다. 즉, 길을 양보하는 양보와 같은 말이다. 또한 자신의 주장을 관철하기 보다는 주장을 굽혀 남의 의견도 따른다는 뜻도 된다. 후자의 의미로 말을 할 때 자신의 주장을 전면적으로 내세우기 보다는 ‘비록~할지라도’ 등의 말을 넣어 주장을 다소 굽히고 있는 것이다. 영어문법에서 ‘양보’라는 말이 나오면 그냥 ‘비록~할지라도 구문’이라고 생각하는 편이 훨씬 쉬울 것이다. 쓸데없이 용어에 시간낭비 말자.
* 14160 : I took her pulse although she didn’t want it.
* 14161 : My blood pressure went up even though I was health.
* 14162 : My blood pressure came down even though I was running very fast.
* 14163 : I had a fast pulse although I was listening to some classical music.
* 14164 : My pulse raced even though I tried to calm myself down.
* 14165 : My blood vessel burst although I was very careful.
* 14166 : I had the operation although my mother didn’t want it.
* 14167 : I had the operation although everybody said that it was very dangerous.
* 14168 : I had surgery although it was very dangerous.
* 14169 : I laid the patient on the operation table even though he didn’t want to.
* 14170 : I made an incision even though I didn’t have to do it.
* 14171 : I cut it open although it was not necessary.
* 14172 : I sewed up the incision with five stitches although it needed 20 stitches.
* 14173 : I sutured the wound even though I didn’t how to do it.
* 14174 : I had an organ transplanted although it was very expensive.
* 14175 : I got a heart transplant operation even though everybody objected to it.
* 14176 : I got a blood transfusion although the blood was dirty.
* 14177 : I gave him a blood transfusion although my health was in a serious condition.
* 14178 : I anesthetized the patient even though there was no need to do it.
* 14179 : I came out from under the anesthesia although I wasn’t supposed to wake up at that time.
* 14180 : I had 10 stitches even though there was no need to do it.
* 14181 : Although I didn’t know how to do it, I sewed the wound up with 5 stitches.
* 14182 : Even though (I was) a HIV-infected person, I gave blood.
* 14183 : Even though (I was) healthy, I had a detailed test.
* 14184 : Although (I was) in a good condition, I had a general physical exam.
* 14185 : Although (I was) very healthy, I did a general physical exam.
* 14186 : Even though she wasn’t pregnant, she had an ultrasound taken.
* 14187 : Although (I was) fine, I had a urine test.
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