rt에서 카피한 것입니다.
반공주의자들의 시각으로 공포 소설 처럼 읽고 들어야 햇던 것과는 달리
러시아인들의 글을 통해서 읽어 보는 소련에 대한 이야기는 그 현장감에서 다릅니다.
한국인의 육성을 통해서 들어 본 광주의 이야기........뭐 그런 것이겟지요.
냉전이 계속되고 지금까지 소련이 붕괴하지 않앗다면....
어차피 우리가 보고 듣고 해야 햇던 것들에는 차이가 없엇을 것입니다.
소련과 동구권의 붕괴는 자유진영, 자본주의 진영의 승리로 해석 되엇습니다..
후쿠야마의 "역사의 종언" 은 그런 정서를 지나치리 만큼 노골적으로 보여주엇습니다..
그런데 ...사회주의의 종말로 승승장구 할 것 같앗던 자본주의도 흔들리기 시작햇습니다.
1991년 12월 현실사회주의 국가 소련은 공식으로 소멸 햇습니다.
그리고 불과 반세기도 지나지 않아...자본주의는 근본에서 삐걱 거리기 시작한 것이지요..
-어...이게 뭐야??
당연히 다른 분석과 다른 시각이 필요합니다.
그런데도 여전히 이념의 잔재는 남아 잇는듯 합니다.
아직도 솔찍 할 수 없는 현실의 굴레가 잇는 것이지요..
자본주의던, 민주주의던, 사회주의던.....어차피 외부적인 팽창의 형태로 발전 하엿습니다.
이런 외부적인 팽창은 필연적으로 외부의 적을 설정하고 외부의 적에 대한 공격으로 자신들의 우월을 지키고 생존하는 방식을
찾앗습니다.
그런데 세계에는 더 이상 외부지대가 존재 하지 않습니다.
여전히 힘의 차이, 기술의 차이, 경제력의 차이가 잇다고는 하나...과거 팽창적인 제국주의 시대 처럼 도무지 극복해 볼 수 없는 그런 차이는 아닌것이지요..
지구가 평평하다고 생각하는 지구상의 어떤 나라도 어떤 사람들도 없습니다.
최소 깨깽은 할 수 잇습니다.
팽창은 더 이상의 지배질서을 만들어 내지 못 합니다...
더 이상 팽창이 불 가능하다면, 당연히 내실적인 성숙으로 나가야 합니다.
멀티 폴라의 시대는 필연적인 것이지요.
그런데 제국주의적인 관성은 여전하고 ..그들은 아직도 자신들의 방식이 보편적 지배 방식이라 착각하고 잇지요.
미국이 주도하는 신 냉정 체체란....아직도 버리지 못한 과거 제국주의의 지배 근성에 대한 향수말고 달리 설명 할 수 없습니다.
이 찌지리 지럴떠는 폼 쫌 보세요..
이게 개로 보입니까?? 사람으로 보입니까??
최소 대통령씩이나 되는 사람이라면....똥 오줌은 가리는 사람이 되어야 하지 않겟습니까???....
집단으로 쌩 지뤌들 떨어 되는 노무현교 때거지들.....
민주주의란 줄기차게 줄기차게 단지 오로지 저런 등쉰때들만 지배 세력으로 만들어 주는 참 기이한 체체이지요.
다른소리에게 구 동구권 현실사회주의 종말은 여전히 흥미로운 주제입니다.
흥미 잇는 분들은 함 쭉 읽어 보시기 바랍니다....
안심하고 읽어도 되는 글 입니다.
다른소리 같으면 안 읽겟습니다.
https://www.rt.com/russia/574532-stalin-against-jews-doctors-case/
Stalin against the Jews: How the Soviet dictator lost his last fight
80 years ago, the Georgian strongman's death brought an end to persecution of the religious minority and the infamous “Doctor’s Case”
© RT
Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin’s “purges,” targeted at groups of his perceived rivals, are a unique historical and psychological phenomenon as well as the subject of considerable research. In the 1920s, the Georgian indiscriminately eliminated political competitors from opposing parties and classes, former White Army officers(러시아 백군), and workers of the tsarist military-industrial complex. In the 1930s, he went after internal party opponents, the entire leadership of the Red Army, and the NKVD (forerunner to the KGB). Fortunately, the terror was briefly halted during World War Two.
By the end of the conflict, the search for internal enemies guilty of “impeding the construction of communism” resumed. The new enemy of the Stalinist regime was presented in the image of a cosmopolitan and... a Jew. The so-called ‘Doctors' Case’(의사사건) was to become the highlight of this new anti-Semitic purge, but the legal process was abruptly closed immediately after Stalin’s death.
Rootless cosmopolitanism
The USSR’s joint victory over Germany and Japan together with Western allies gave rise to a geopolitically unjustified, “friendly” attitude towards Western countries. Ordinary Soviet people just couldn’t see how people that helped them throughout the war suddenly became the enemy in a new, ‘cold’ war.
To fix this cognitive dissonance(인지적 부조화), the USSR launched a campaign against cosmopolitanism. The authorities advocated the idea that the war against Hitler was won by one great nation – the Soviet people, as Stalin proclaimed in his famous toast on May 24, 1945. Now, if this nation defeated the world's evil, it surely possessed the best of everything. Thus, any attempts to compare the domestic situation to life in other countries were labeled as “kowtowing before the West.”
Citizens expressing “cosmopolitan” views and statements, especially those whose work implied contacts with foreigners, could easily fall victim to the “anti-Soviet” Article 58 of the Criminal Code. Legal formulations based on observed behavior ranged from “admired American weapons and military equipment” (received by the USSR under lend-lease--소련은 무기 임대법을 통해 전쟁 초기 미국으로 부터 막대한 전쟁 물자 지원을 받앗음--- 이 당시 미국인들이 가장 좋아 햇던 나라는 영국도 프랑스도 아닌 소련 이엇고..소련인들의 미국에 대한 인식도 매우 우호적이엇음) to “nurtured anti-Soviet sentiments” or “had ties resulting in suspicions of espionage.”
The campaign proceeded at all levels. Newspapers and Soviet “courts of honor” launched a campaign against “idealism,” “cosmopolitanism,” “formalism,” and “Jewish bourgeois nationalism.” The latter was particularly important, since after Israel’s War of Independence, it became clear that, contrary to Stalin’s calculations – not to mention his supply of weapons to the Zionists – Israel would not become a satellite state of the USSR in the Middle East.( .유럽내 에서는 오랜 기간 동안 유대인 박애가 잇어 왓고 이들이 박애를 피해 이주한 곳은 동 유럽과 러시아 입니다.....독일의 홀로코스트는 서 유럽 기독교 국가들의 전통적인 유대인 박애가 더 악질화 되어 표상화 된 것 뿐입니다....아유스비취의 옥 문을 연 사람들도 소련의 붉은 군대엿고, 가장 많은 유대인을을 해방 시키고 그들에게 삶의 터전을 마련해준 나라는 소련입니다.. 소련은 이스라엘이 당연히 공산주의 국가가 될 것으로 생각을 햇습니다...이런것은 전혀 이상한 기대가 아니고......신생국 이스라엘에 유별나게 공산주의적인 제도가 많앗던 이유도 이런 배경에 기인합니다....이제는 거의 다 고인이 되엇지만,,,2차 대전을 경험햇던 유대인들 중에 소련이나 공산주의에 거부감을 갖고 잇는 사람들은 매우 적습니다.....소련에 대한 악마화나 이스라엘의 친미성은 유대인 중에서도 미국에서 또 아리를 튼 우익- 특히 돈 많고 머리 좋은 엘리트들이 만들어 낸 작품이지요.....한나 아렌트를 생각해 보세요.
Konstantin Eliseev's caricature of a 'Passport-free Tramp' on the cover of the issue of the Crocodile magazine dated March 20, 1949, which appeared in the midst of a campaign to combat 'rootless cosmopolitanism'.
In 1948, the Soviet authorities began purging the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC), which they had created just a few years earlier. The organization’s leader, world-famous theater director and Jewish public figure Solomon Mikhoels, was killed in Minsk on Stalin's personal order.(이런것이 정설인가 봅니다)
아인쉬타인과 Mikhoels
The JAC answered to the NKVD and was initially established for propaganda purposes in 1942. Soviet Jews, scientists, and intellectuals were members of the organization. Their primary job was to collect financial assistance from the international community on behalf of the Jews fighting Nazism under the red banner.
Among other things, the committee collected information regarding the Holocaust on German-occupied Soviet territory. The ‘Black Book’ was printed in New York in 1946, but was never published in the USSR. According to the official stance of the authorities, the entire population of the Soviet Union was affected by the war, not just several nationalities. Therefore, the only Holocaust memorial was erected in Kiev, in Babi Yar. Memorials at other places of mass executions of the Jews were forbidden, despite numerous appeals by the Jewish community.
Babi Yar 학살 현장.
As the war ended and USSR’s political failure in Israel became apparent, the organization was deemed useless and said to merely attract “unnecessary” attention. So the JAC was dissolved in 1948.
At that time, the two campaigns – against “kowtowing before the West” and that of latent anti-Semitism – merged into a single fight against cosmopolitanism. Jews, especially Zionists, became the most frequent victims. In order to achieve solid results in the mobilization economy, the enemy had to have a face. While England and the US were the image of the external enemy, “cosmopolitans” became the USSR’s internal “fifth column.”
--)) 전후 소련 재건 과정에서 영국과 미국은 외부의 적이 되엇고 “cosmopolitans(국제주의자, 세계주의자)들은 소련 내부의 제5열로 취급되엇다........
스탈린의 일국 사회주의 배경입니다.
그 당시에 소련에서의 "국제주의"를 ...오늘날 한국 사회에서의 빨깽이,,이조 시대의 사문난적,,,중세의 이교도...정도로 이해 하면 될 것 같습니다.
Russia is the homeland of elephants
The campaign was conducted by the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU and was led by Andrey Zhdanov. The department's attitude was explicitly clear:
“There can be no talk of any civilization without the Russian language, without the science and culture of the Soviet peoples. They have the priority.The capitalist world has passed its zenith and is convulsively rolling down, while the country of socialism, full of power and creative forces, is on the rise. The Soviet system is a hundred times greater and better than any bourgeois system, and the bourgeois democracies, with their political systems lagging an entire epoch behind the USSR, will have to catch up with the first country of true people’s power.” Party organizations were told to “focus on educating workers in the ideas of Leninism, encourage the sacred feelings of Soviet patriotism and a burning hatred of capitalism and all manifestations of bourgeois ideology.”
이들의 이런 인식을 미국의 중국에 대한 인식으로 바꿔 읽어 보면 될 것 같습니다.
Andrei Zhdanov © Sputnik / Shagin
Ogonyok magazine reproduced images of works by Western artists, such as Salvador Dali, with harsh criticism of the “militant imperialism and zoological misanthropy.” Western literature was hardly ever translated. “Nord" cigarettes were renamed “Sever” [Russian for ‘North’] and “French bread” was renamed “urban bread.” During this period there were also attempts to attribute the discovery of the Law of Conservation of Matter(질량불변의 법칙) to Mikhail Lomonosov, not Antoine Lavoisier, and the invention of the radio telegraph to Alexander Popov instead of Guglielmo Marconi. A joke underlining the absurdity of the campaign emerged at the time: “Russia is the homeland of elephants.”
이런것은 공산주의라는 이념 사상 이전의 정신질환이지요.
국가 민족 애국이 판치면....반드시 이런 기형물이 나올 수 밖에 없습니다..
-우리 교주 노무현이 청와대에서 처 드신 640만불은 생계형 범죄이쉬다...
꼭 같은 정신질환입니다.
In January 1948, Zhdanov first used the epithet ‘rootless cosmopolitan’ in his speech. "Internationalism is born where national art flourishes. Forgetting this truth means... losing your face, turning into a rootless cosmopolitan."
In another article, one of his deputies stated that cosmopolitanism is the ideology of the imperialist bourgeoisie. This included Pavel Milyukov, Nikolai Bukharin, Leon Trotsky, all Vlasovites and collaborators. In short, all the political opponents of the Stalinist regime and the enemies of the people were labeled cosmopolitans. From a seemingly amorphous accusation, ‘cosmopolitanism’ turned into a term as dangerous as ‘traitor of the Motherland.’
래온 트로츠키도 스탈린의 일국 사회주의에 반대한 -국제주의자- 라는 명분으로 추방되엇고 살해 되엇습니다.
The campaign was accompanied by outbursts of severe criticism in the newspapers, including certain literary and theatrical publications, with most of it directed against Jews. However, there were no severe mass repressions. From 1948 to 1953, things didn’t move beyond aggressive public sentiments.
“International center of espionage”
At the end of August 1948, Zhdanov experienced troubles with his heart. Like the rest of the country’s top leadership, he was monitored by the best doctors of the USSR, who worked in the medical and sanitary department of the People's Commissariat of Health. On August 28, the head of the functional diagnostics department, Lydia Timashuk, did a cardiogram at Zhdanov's country house and diagnosed a heart attack. However, more experienced and high-ranking doctors ignored her conclusion, excluded the diagnosis of heart attack, and prescribed other treatments. Timashuk wrote to her superiors explaining her position, but these letters were also ignored. Three days later, Zhdanov died of a heart attack.
Lydia Timashuk © Wikipedia
This incident later formed the basis of the ‘Doctors' Case.’ However, it wasn’t immediately given due attention. In those years, the Soviet authorities had plenty of other motives for removing undesirable people. For example, the purge of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was then in full swing. In 1949, a criminal case was initiated against the organization and the authorities arrested the entire leadership of the JAC. Fifteen people were accused of “ties to Jewish nationalist organizations in America...” Of those, 13 were shot in 1952, and about a hundred more members of the organization were repressed.
Antisemitic processes also took place across Eastern Europe. In November 1952, the Rudolf Slansky trial took place in Czechoslovakia. At the time, part of the leadership of Czechoslovakia – a key republic of the Eastern bloc – tried to establish direct ties with socialist Yugoslavia ruled by Josif Tito. Moscow’s reaction to this was severe. Thirteen people were put on trial, including Slansky, the secretary general of the Central Committee of the CPC, Foreign Minister Vladimir Klementis, and other senior officials. Of the 13 people, 11 were Jews, which made the accusation directly antisemitic. Moreover, at the trial, Israel was called a tool in the hands of the supporters of a new world war, and an international center of espionage.
Against this background, Timashuk's reports were seen in a new light. It turned out, her superiors who did not back the diagnosis were mostly Jews. Many of them were arrested, and an article titled ‘Vile spies and murderers in the guise of medical professors’ was published in Pravda and other newspapers. A detailed official report of the incident followed:
“The investigation established that members of the terrorist group, abusing the status of physicians and the trust of patients, deliberately and villainously undermined their health, made incorrect diagnoses, and killed the patients with improper treatment. Under the guise of the high and noble title of physicians – men of science, these fiends and murderers trampled the sacred banner of science. Embarking on a path of monstrous crimes, they have defiled the honor of scientists.”
Fragment of a cartoon dedicated to the "doctors' case" from the magazine 'Crocodile', winter 1953.
The same TASS report stated:“It has been established that all members of the terrorist group worked for foreign intelligence services, to whom they sold body and soul, and were their hired paid agents.” It went on to say their goal was to “kill active officials of the Soviet state.”
Another quote from the same report:
“Most members of the terrorist group – Vovsi, B. Kogan, Feldman, Greenstein, Etinger, and others – were hired by American intelligence. They were recruited by the international Jewish bourgeois-nationalist organization ‘Joint’ – a branch of American intelligence. The dirty face of this Zionist spy organization, which hides its vile activities under the guise of charity, has been completely exposed.”
‘Joint’ was indeed a charity organization that had existed since World War One and provided relief to Jews around the world. Two world wars, the Great Depression, the rise of the Nazis to power, and Israel’s War of Independence offered plenty of occasions for humanitarian aid. It is not surprising that the arrested doctors could have had contact with such a powerful international organization.
Stalin's personal dislike of the Jews played a large part in these events. On December 1, 1952, Stalin declared: “Any nationalist Jew is an agent of American intelligence. Nationalist Jews believe that their nation was saved by the United States... Among doctors, there are many nationalist Jews.”
박정희. 전두화 시절에 주기적으로 터 젓던 간첩단 사건 같은것으로 보면 될 것 같습니다.
미국의 메카시즘, 스탈린의 숙청,,박정희 전두환의 반공 ...죄다 외부의 적을 이용 하여 내부의 권력을 공고하게 햇다는 공통점을 갖고 잇습니다.....그리고 모두 붕괴햇지요.
민주주의가 배출한 최악의 찌지리 성여리는 또 다시 간첩단 사건을 들고 나왓습니다...
노동조합에 북괴간첩이 암약하고 잇다는 것이지요..
(((17;00
-통진당의 과거 행적, 보여준 모습들에서 우려가 된다.
-처벌 보다도 예방이 더 중요하다
-그쪽 사람들이 우려되는 부분도 이해가 된다..
이게 과거 운동권에 몸 담앗다는 놈 입으로 할 말입니까??
그시절의 전두환와 수구 xx 들의 당신들에 대한 염려 걱정과 우려가 무슨 차이가 잇지요??
그 이해 되는 염려와 예방차원에서 박종철이 대려다 물 고문 하다 실수로 죽인것 아녀?
난 사회주의자다....라는 말이나 하지 마세요.....역겨워 증말
노무현교 환자들이 난 민주주의다 라고 말이 주는 역겨움이나 ...
당신 같은 것들이 사회주의자 운운 할때 받은 역겨움은 꼭 같것덩...)))
사람은 오래 격겨 봐야 안다고 햇지요?
진중권이던 .유시민이던...노무현교 쥐쇄끼때들이던 박정희에 환장한 것들이던
이런것들 제발 그만 봣쓰면 좋겟습니다.
The tone of accusations in media outlets like Pravda and TASS, as well as the high rank of the arrested ‘killers in white robes’ left no doubt that a large-scale public trial was being prepared. Only this time, the accused were not servicemen or Trotskyists, but doctors and mostly Jews.
© RIA News
Endgame
The main defendant was Miron Vovsi. In 1941-1950, Vovsi was the chief physician of the Soviet Army, held the titles of academician and major general, and was one of the developers of military field therapy. Following his arrest at the end of 1953, he was named the leader of the group of ‘killer doctors.’
Besides Vovsi, the accused included the head of the Department of Hospital Therapy of the First Moscow Medical Institute Boris Kogan, the creator and head of the ENT Department of the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Training Alexander Feldman, Joseph Stalin's physician Vladimir Vinogradov, the head of the Kremlin's medical and sanitary department and Stalin's leading physician Pyotr Egorov, and Yakov Etinger – the personal physician of people’s commissars Georgy Chicherin, Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Semyon Budyonny, Maxim Litvinov, and Palmiro Togliatti.
These doctors along with several other famous medical professors were imprisoned in late 1952-early 1953. All the defendants were actively interrogated and preparations for a public trial were underway. Essentially, all were brought up on the same charges – the deliberate ill-treatment of major party officials.
However, the hearing never took place, because in early March 1953, Stalin himself suddenly fell ill and soon died.
Nikolai Mesyatsev, former special case investigator in the USSR Ministry of State Security, claimed that the link between the closure of the doctors' case and Stalin's death was based on speculation. According to Mesyatsev, the decision to close the case was reached by mid-February 1953. This explanation is contradicted by the growing accusations against the doctors and anti-Jewish stories in the press – both of which surged in mid-February and ceased only after the dictator's demise.
Historians agree that Lavrentiy Beria initiated the closure of the case on March 13 – a week after Stalin's death. Everyone arrested in the "Doctors' Case'' was released and reinstated a month afterwards. On the following day, an official announcement proclaimed that the confessions were obtained using “unacceptable investigative methods.” Lieutenant Colonel Ryumin, the official in charge of the case had been dismissed from the Ministry of State Security and was immediately arrested on Beria's order. He was shot in the summer of 1954 during Khrushchev’s trials of perpetrators of mass repressions.
The case was quickly overshadowed by the national mourning of the death of Stalin and a feeling of inevitable internal policy changes. All of a sudden, there was a sense of relief.
In the Soviet Union, anti-Israel rhetoric faded away until the Six-Day War of 1967(이스라엘과 이집트 간의 전쟁). Meanwhile, Khrushchev's trips to the US put an end to the persecution of “cosmopolitans.” Incidentally, not long before this he would’ve surely been accused of “kowtowing before the West.”
By Anatoliy Brusnikin, Russian historian and journalist
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스탈린의 반 유대 정책에 대한 비판만 열거 되어 잇습니다...
왜 스탈린은 유대인에게 적대적이엇는가??....에 대한 보다 근원적인 내용은 없습니다.
스탈린이 너무 많은 군 장교들을 학살 하여 ..독일이 공격을 해 왓을때 지휘할 장교들이 없엇다..
스탈린이 너무 많은 의사들을 죽여서 정작 스탈린 자신의 병을 치료 해줄 유능한 의사가 없엇다..
등등의 이야기는 반공세대인 다른소세대들은 너무 너무 많이 들어왓던 말인데..
소련이 붕괴된후 하 세월이 지난 지금도 이런 이야기를 들어야 합니다..
워쩨...........영..
스탈린 시절에 숙청과 인권탄압이 잇엇다는 것은 분명한데..
그것이 우리가 냉전시대 사상적 대결을 위한 쇄뇌용으로 만들어진 만큼 중대한 것이엇는가??..
그런 아니다..........는 선 까지는 온 것 같습니다..
하지만....여전히 으시시한 한국의 반공, 빨갱이, 할렐루야 만큼이나...소련이 소멸해 버린 바뀐 환경에서도객관적 진실과 평가을 방해 하는 힘은 대답합니다.
누구나 한 목소리로 킬링 필드를 이야기 하지만....수하르토의 학살에 대해서는 귀 딱 닫어 버리고.
무엇이 그리도 잔인한 폴 포트 정권의 집권을 만들엇고...대규모 학살이 가능 하게 하엿는가 따위.......
정말 우리가 알고 싶은 것에 대해서는 여전히 인색합니다..
그들에 의해 새롭게 만들어 지고 잇는 새로운 괴물 중국을 보고 잇는 것은 ....
정말 진땀 나는 일입니다.