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1. Adverbial prepositional phrases, like adverbs, modify
verbs, adjectives,
adverbs or prepositions, and answer the same range of questions
as adverbs:
부사적 역할; 어떻게, 언제, 어디서, 왜 등의 부사적인 질문에의 대답이 된다
How? in a hurry, with enthusiasm 어떻게? 바쁘게
When? after the party, at midnight 언제? 파티후
Where? at the station, near London 어디서? 역에서
Why? for my sake, because of the cold 왜? 나 위해서
2. Adjectival prepositional phrases, like adjectives,
modify nouns:
for example, they tell you which boy:형용사역할로 명사를 수식한다
The boy in a hurry is waiting over there. 바뿐 소년
The boy at the station told me.역에 있는 소년
The boy from London lives here. 런던에서온 소년
The boy with red hair is called Ginger. 빨강머리소년
The boy behind the shed is smoking.창고뒤에 있는 소년
As some of these examples show, the same phrase can be
adjectival or
adverbial, depending on its function in the sentence.
전치사구는 내영상 형용사역할 또는 부사역할이 될 수 있다
USAGE and DEFINITION
장소; Place (in, on, under, over,
near, beside, etc.)
“Your book is on the table.”
방향; Direction (to, toward, into, through, etc.)
“The football player ran through the stadium to the other end.”
시간; Time (in, on, at, etc.)
“We can meet at five o’clock.”
행위자; Agent (by)
“This book was written by a famous author.”
매개체;Instrument (by, with)
“I heard the news by television. (Communication)
“She came by bus.” (Transportation)
“He opened the door with a key.” (Instrument or tool)
SPECIAL NOTE:
We use by + no article
for communication and transportation.
*** by + 통신, 교통 수단 에서는 관사를 쓰지않음
Examples: by phone, by radio / by bus, by car
동반; Accompaniment (with)
“I like spaghetti with white sauce.”
“Mrs. Vajiona went to Thassos Island with her husband Georgios.”
의도; Purpose (for)
“He went to the store for milk and bread.
SPECIAL NOTE: Never use for + verb + ing to express the purpose of the verb.
Example: “He went to the store for buying milk and bread.”
This is wrong usage and a common mistake!
for + 동명사로 동작을 표시하려 쓰지말고 동작 중심인 부정사를 이경우에 쓰시라!
그게 그네들 언어습관이다
분할, 소유; Partition / Possession (of)
“They painted the front of the building white and green.”
“He broke the top ofthe table with his fist.”
계량; Measure (by, of)
“We buy our olive oil by the 16 kilo container.”
“Please buy a quart of milk from the market.”
유사성; Similarity (like)
“Mary walks like her mother.”
용량; Capacity (as)
“Bill worked as a fireman until a year
ago.”
It is
useful to locate prepositional phrases in
sentences since any noun or pronoun within the prepositional phrase must
be the
preposition’s object and, therefore, cannot be misidentified as a verb’s
direct
object.
전치사가 명사에 붙어 전치사구를 이루기에 동사의 목적이 될 수 없다
그래서 동사는 자동사로 된다
동사가 자동사이므로 의미상 to 는 동사에게 방향을 제공하지만 문법상으로는 명사에 붙어서 전치사구를 이루어
동사수식 부사역할을 한다 당근 명사 store 는 전치사의 목적이 된다
To the store is a prepositional phrase.
Store is the object of the preposition to, not the direct object of the verb drove.
Car is the direct object of the verb drove.
To the grocery store is a prepositional phrase.
요 전치사구는 명사 뒤에 왔지만도 의미상 동사 수식이다
어디로 운전해 간다고? 가게로/향하여
NOTE:
A word that looks like a preposition but is actually part of a verb is called a particle.
Held up is a verb meaning “to rob.”
Therefore, up is not a preposition, and bank is not the object of a preposition.
Instead, bank
is the direct object
of the verb held up.
요 up 는 의미상/문법상 모두 동사와 결합해서 타동사구를 만든다
held + up 은 타동사구, up 은 동사에 붙는 불변화사/소사라(particle) 하고 뒤에오는 명사와 결합하지 않는다 고로 뒤에온 명사는 목적이 된다
***To avoid
confusing prepositions with particles,
test by moving the word (up) and words following it to the front
of the
sentence:
동사와 명사 사이에 온 전치사가 동사와 결합해서 동사구를 이루는지 명사와 결합해서 전치사구를 이루는지 구별하는 방법; 전치사구를 만들어 문두에 보내어 밀되면 전치사구, 않되면 동사구이다
Up
the bank
four armed men held.
If the resulting sentence does not make sense, then the word belongs with the verb and is a particle, not a preposition.
Note the difference:
The resulting sentence makes sense. Therefore, up is a preposition.
The resulting sentence does not make sense. Therefore, up is a particle in this sentence.
The
following examples illustrate the difference
between prepositions and particles:
전치사가 어디에 붙느냐에 따라 2, 3 형식이 결정된다
***보어로 쓰인 전치사구; be 동사뒤에 와서 보어 역할 하는데 의미에 따라 상태 수식이면 형역, 때와 장소에 대한 것이면 부사적으로 이해한다
Be 동사 뒤에온 전구
He is in Asia. (where?)
“in Asia” is a prep phrase (adverbial) indicating where he is. Adverbial
prep phrases are common after the verb to be. It’s a bit like saying
“He lives in Asia.”
Only the first response is about
the
topic of the original text: American soldiers.
s v c 전치사구보어
The next two discussions are in some way about the text.
The major difference in the
discussions above is in what is being discussed.전
구 in + 명사/의문사절
On the simplest level,
Cinderella is a story /about a
girl //who marries a prince. On another level, it is /about inner goodness
/triumphing over deceit and pettiness.
The first order
of business is to make sense of
the text, and it is with that task that our efforts are concerned here.
the station was between two lines of rails in the sun.
전치사 역할 구별해 보기
The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees
and the station was between two lines
of rails in
the sun. Close against the side
of the station there was the warm
shadow of the building and a
curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads, hung across the open door into the
bar, to keep out flies. The American and the girl with him sat at
a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and
the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went on to
Madrid.
Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective
telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An
adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun
that it modifies. If there are two adjective phrases together, one will
follow the other. A prepositional
phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and
why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb
prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved
within the sentence without changing the meaning. Only adjective
prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another
prepositional phrase.
형역 전구는 수식하는 명사 바로 뒤에 오나 부역 전구는 동사 앞이나 뒤에 올 수있다
Instructions:
Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what
they tell us, and what they modify. 전구 부역/형역 찾아보기
1. The boys searched the beach for sand dollars.
2. The grass behind the house and near the fence is dying.
3. A deep ditch was dug near the boundary of the factory.
4. A pretty girl with brown hair and eyes sat near me at the banquet.
5. The three contestants listened carefully to each question.
Answers:
1. for sand dollars modifies "searched" telling why
2. behind the house / near the fence modify "grass" telling which
3. near the boundary modifies "was dug" telling where / of the factory modifies "boundary" telling which
4. with brown hair and eyes modifies "girl" telling what kind / near me / at the banquet modify "sat" telling where
5. to each question modifies "listened" telling how
Instructions: Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.
1. The early settlers were very careless of our forests.
2. We divided the candy among the children at the party.
3. I still live in that stucco house in the next block.
4. The rooms of the house were dark and dreary.
5. The sound of whispers came to us through the window.
Answers:
1. of our forests modifies "careless" telling how
2.
among the children modifies "divided" telling how / at the party
modifies either "children" telling which or "divided" telling where
3. in that stucco house modifies "live" telling where / in the next block modifies "house" telling which
4. of the house modifies "rooms" telling which
5.
of whispers modifies "sound" telling what kind / to us modifies "came"
telling where / through the window modifies "came" telling how
Instructions: Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.
1. The real owner of the property is not available for comment.
2. I have no time for your excuses or delays.
3. The manager came for the answer.
4. In this century we are preserving our forests.
5. You will always be one of my best friends.
Answers:
1. of the property modifies "owner" telling which / for comment modifies "available" telling how
2. for your excuses or delays modifies "time" telling what kind
3. for the answer modifies "came" telling why
4. in this century modifies "are preserving" telling when
5. of my best friends modifies "one" telling which
Instructions: Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.
1. Do you have a reason for your absence from class?
2. The veterans from the war in Spain remained loyal.
3. The class was delighted by the outcome of the story.
4. Dozens of stories about heroes are in the school library.
5. In the afternoon Henrietta went to the library.
Answers:
1. for your absence modifies "reason" telling what kind / from class modifies "absence" telling which
2. from the war modifies "veterans" telling which / in Spain modifies "war" telling which
3. by the outcome modifies "was delighted" telling how or why / of the story modifies "outcome" telling which
4.
of stories modifies "dozens" telling what kind / about heroes modifies
"stories" telling what kind / in the school library modifies "are"
telling where
5. in the afternoon modifies "went" telling when / to the library modifies "went" telling where
Instructions: Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.
1. Yesterday many people in Alaska suffered from the heat.
2. During the morning the family drove through the lovely mountains.
3. At noon we ate our lunch at the summit with great excitement.
4. Later our friends and we strolled down the wooded path.
5. The giant hole in the mountain is an unusual monument of our past.
Answers:
1. in Alaska modifies "people" telling which / from the heat modifies "suffered" telling how
2. during the morning modifies "drove" telling when / through the lovely mountains modifies "drove" telling where
3.
at noon modifies "ate" telling when / at the summit modifies "ate"
telling where / with great excitement modifies "ate" telling how
4. down the wooded path modifies "strolled" telling where
5. in the mountain modifies "hole" telling what kind or which / of our past modifies "monument" telling what kind
Instructions: Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.
1. The librarian took from her desk a new edition of one of the classics.
2. It was placed in the display case in the corner of the library.
3. Many books of mysteries and detective stories are found in the library.
4. One story about magic appears in our literature book.
5. This story contains clues to the solution of the mystery.
6. I have read many stories by Arthur Conan Doyle about Sherlock Holmes.
7. A wall of ancient Pompeii was discovered accidentally by an ordinary peasant.
Answers:
1.
from her desk modifies "took" telling where / of one modifies "edition"
telling which / of the classics modifies "one" telling what kind
2.
in the display case modifies "was placed" telling where / in the corner
modifies "case" telling which / of the library modifies "corner"
telling which
3. of mysteries and detective stories modifies "books" telling what kind / in the library modifies "are found" telling where
4. about magic modifies "story" telling what kind / in our literature book modifies "appears" telling where
5. to the solution modifies "clues" telling which / of the mystery modifies "solution" telling which
6. by Arthur Conan Doyle modifies "stories" telling which / about Sherlock Holmes modifies "stories" telling what kind
7. of ancient Pompeii modifies "wall" telling which / by an ordinary peasant modifies "was discovered" telling how
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Understand what prepositional phrases do in a sentence.
1. A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one? 어떤건데?
Read these examples:
The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.
Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!
The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!
The note from Beverly confessed that she had eaten the leftover pizza.
Which note? The one from Beverly!
2. As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?
Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice.
How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!
Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!
Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's Taco Palace.
Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!
A
prepositional phrase at the beginning of a sentence constitutes an
introductory modifier, which is usually a signal for a comma. However,
unless an introductory prepositional phrase is unusually long, we seldom
need to follow it with a comma.문두에 나간 전치사는 콤마로 분리하나 그리 길지않으면 종종 콤마를 쓰지
않는다
You may have learned that ending a sentence with a
preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. It doesn't
take a grammarian to spot a sentence-ending preposition, so this is an
easy rule to get caught up on (!). Although it is often easy to remedy
the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts
sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. Based on shaky historical
precedent, the rule itself is a latecomer to the rules of writing. Those
who dislike the rule are fond of recalling Churchill's rejoinder:
<"That is nonsense up with which I shall not put." We should also
remember the child's complaint (attributed to E.B. White): "What did you
bring that book that I don't like to be read to out of up for?"
PP 전구
Today he and Jones spend their days/ in a home they rent just blocks from the one he lost.
****************************************************************************************
문두에나 후미에 나온 전치사에 대한 forum 대화
How much does it retail for?
If I were to be picky, I would move the preposition.
The
only place it sounds correct is at the beginning of the sentence, but
this would mean a whole independent clause is the object of the
preposition…which cannot be right can it?
if you’re picky, say, “For how much does it retail?” But it sounds more natural as it is.
However,
moving 'for' doesn’t change anything. Since the sentence is a question,
it’s grammatically “It does retail for how much?” regardless of the
actual word order.
What some people think of as harmless fun can result in lifelong consequences.
I
don’t think “For how much” would end up being an independent clause as
the object of the preposition. “how much” isn’t really an independent
clause.
If you HAD to avoid the preposition at the end, you could rephrase the sentence: “What is the retail price?”
But what you brought up is really part of a more general issue.
Many
verbs get entirely different meanings with the addition of
prepositions. “Look up” does not mean the same thing as “look” - or
even “look at.”
That makes it hard to avoid saying “Here are all the words I have to look up.”
What else could be said? “Of all the words I have to look up, here they are.”
Not
only is that ridiculous in its own right, it doesn’t even really avoid
the problem, except as a technicality—adding some words after “look up”
so it’s technically not the very last part of the sentence.
That’s
just as shabby a solution as rephrasing the sentence to read, “Here are
all the words I have to look up for my assignment.”
This devious trick does not solve the problem (if there is one) so much as obfuscate it.
I think the so-called “rule” about ending a sentence with a preposition is just silly.
It must have begun as “style” advice—a way to prevent sentences from trickling out on a weak note.
Then for some reason, it became generalized as a law of prescriptive grammar.
The same trend is at work nowadays with the advice to avoid all forms of the verb “to be.”
If we’re not careful, the forms of “to be” could end up on the same “Bad List” as the word “me.”
There’s nothing wrong with “look up”—or “retail for,” for that matter.
Right. I think people should be mindful of the effect their words have on others.
If
one is liable to be judged on this usage by people who are not known to
know better, it might be expedient to avoid the issue.
An
application for the position of high school English teacher may not be
the appropriate soapbox for the demonstration of one’s maverick
grammatical theories—particularly if the educations and intelligence of
the School Board members may be doubted.
Anyway, I certainly doubt it.
Out of the many times// my friends and I tried it, I'd say (that) about 40 percent of the adults //we asked would go along.
I've seen the devastating effects that alcohol has had in many people's lives, including my own.
I'm not sure if it's that some adults these days are not well-informed /about the effects of alcohol /on the human body
If your conscience doesn't get to you, the law will.
형역 전치사구
# Visitors/ from the Bizarro world arrived yesterday.
He saved me /from getting hit in the head by a basketball."
"A
young woman /with long hair and a short white halter dress walks
through the casino at the Riviera /in Las Vegas at one in the morning.
# The candles /on the handles /of my bicycle flickered.
# Last night I watched a YouTube video /about green kangaroos.
# The spaceship /from Pluto landed in the desert.
부역 전치사구
The cat jumped and pounced.
(What did the cat jump off of? What did the cat pounce on?)
The cat jumped /off the stove and pounced /on the gerbil.
He saved me from getting hit in the head /by a basketball."(???)
# The students laughed /at the monkey on a scooter.
# The man tripped /over his own feet.
# Gus hid the candy bar /in a dirty sock.
# Sid sat /in a tub of Jell-O with his cat.
# The teacher spoke /to the principal /about a pay raise.
# The spaceship from Pluto landed /in the desert.
# Jenny stood /on the roof of the garage, raised her Super Soaker water gun, and aimed it /at her little brother below.
Building Sentences with Prepositional Phrases
전치사구로 잘 설명되는 문장을 만들기
Prepositional
phrases may do more than just add minor details to a sentence: they
may, in fact, be needed for a sentence to make sense. Consider the
vagueness of this sentence without prepositional phrases:
The workers gather a rich variety and distribute it.
Now see how the sentence comes into focus when we add prepositional phrases:
From many sources, the workers at the Community Food Bank gather a rich variety of surplus and unsalable food and distribute it to soup kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly.
Notice how these added prepositional phrases give us more information about certain nouns and verbs in the sentence:
* Which workers?
The workers at the Community Food Bank.
* What did they gather?
A rich variety of surplus and unsalable food.
* Where did they gather the food?
From many sources.
* Who did they distribute it to?
To soup kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly.
전치사구는 위치를 변경할 수 있다
A prepositional phrase often appears after the word it modifies:
A spaceship from Venus landed in my back yard.
However,
like adverbs, prepositional phrases that modify verbs can also be found
at the very beginning or very end of a sentence:
In the morning, the Venusians mowed my lawn.
The Venusians mowed my lawn in the morning.
In both versions, the prepositional phrase in the morning modifies the verb mowed.
전구 바로 정렬하기
PRACTICE: Rearranging Prepositional Phrases
Break
up the long string of phrases in the sentence below by creating two
sentences. Be sure to include all of the details contained in the
original sentence.
Up and down the coast the line of the
forest is drawn sharp and clean in the brilliant colors of a wet blue
morning in spring on the edge of a seascape of surf and sky and rocks.
Eliminating Needless Modifiers 불필요한 전구 짜르기
We
can improve our writing by using adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional
phrases that add to the meaning of sentences. We can also improve our
writing by eliminating modifiers that add nothing to the meaning. A good
writer does not waste words, so let's cut the clutter.
The following sentence is wordy because some of the modifiers are repetitious or insignificant:
너무 필요없이 말 많은거 정리하기
Wordy: The steward was really a very friendly and agreeable man, quite
round, rotund, and sleek, with a very costly set of dimples around his
terribly pleasant smile.
We can make this sentence more concise (and thus more effective) by cutting out the repetitious and overworked modifiers:
Revised: The steward was an agreeable man, rotund, and sleek, with a costly set of dimples around his smile.
(Lawrence Durrell, Bitter Lemons)
PRACTICE: Cutting the Clutter
Make this sentence more concise by eliminating needless modifiers:
It was a rainy morning, dull, wet, and gray, in the early part of the month of December.
위치가 잘못되어 헷갈리는 전치사구
we need to be careful not to confuse our readers by misplacing a prepositional phrase:
The Venusians swam for two hours after lunch in my pool.
This
arrangement gives the idea that the visitors from Venus enjoyed lunch
in the pool. If this is not the case, shift the prepositional phrase:
After lunch, the Venusians swam for two hours in my pool.
전치사구가 너무 많아 헷갈리는 문장
Although several prepositional phrases may appear in the same sentence, avoid packing in so many phrases that you confuse the reader. The sentence below, for example, is cluttered and awkward:
On a rickety stool in one corner of the crowded honky tonk, the folk
singer sits playing lonesome songs on his battered old guitar about warm
beer, cold women, and long nights on the road.
In this case, the best way to break up the string of phrases is to make two sentences:
On a rickety stool in one corner of the crowded honky tonk, the folk
singer sits hunched over his battered old guitar. He plays lonesome
songs about warm beer, cold women, and long nights on the road.
A long sentence is not necessarily an effective sentence.
* Adding Prepositional Phrases to the Basic Sentence Unit
* What Is Sentence Combining and How Does It Work?
After
you have completed the exercise, compare your new sentences with the
original sentences on page two. Keep in mind that many combinations are
possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the
original versions.
여러 문장을 하나로 함축해보기
길다란 절을 전치사구로 간단히 쓸 수 있어서 글의 생명인 함축성을 기할 수 있다
1. A mouse darted.
It darted across the salad bar.
This happened during the luncheon.
# During the luncheon, a mouse darted across the salad bar.
2. We traveled this summer.
We traveled by train.
We traveled from Biloxi.
We traveled to Dubuque.
# This summer we traveled by train from Biloxi to Dubuque.
3. The convertible swerved, crashed, and caromed.
It swerved off the road.
It crashed through the guardrail.
It caromed off a maple tree.
# The convertible swerved off the road, crashed through the guardrail,
and caromed off a maple tree.
4. Mick planted seeds.
He planted them in his garden.
He did this after the quarrel.
The quarrel was with Mr. Jimmy.
# After his quarrel with Mr. Jimmy, Mick planted seeds in his garden.
5. Grandpa dropped his teeth.
His teeth were false.
His teeth dropped into a glass.
There was prune juice in the glass.
# Grandpa dropped his false teeth into a glass of prune juice.
6. Lucy played.
She was behind the sofa.
She was with her friend.
Her friend was imaginary.
They played for hours.
# Lucy played behind the couch for hours with her imaginary friend.
7. There was a man.
He wore a chicken costume.
He dashed across the field.
He did this before the ballgame.
The ballgame was on Sunday afternoon.
# Before the ballgame on Sunday afternoon, a man in a chicken costume
dashed across the field.
8. A man stood, looking down.
He stood upon a railroad bridge.
The bridge was in northern Alabama.
He was looking down into the water.
The water was twenty feet below.
The water was swift.
# A man stood upon a railroad bridge in northern Alabama, looking down
into the swift waters twenty feet below.
9. The gray-flannel fog closed off the Salinas Valley.
It was the fog of winter.
The fog was high.
The Salinas Valley was closed off from the sky.
And the Salinas Valley was closed off from all the rest of the world.
# The high gray-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from
the sky and from all the rest of the world.
10. I climbed to my perch.
I did this one night.
The night was hot.
The night was in the summer.
The night was in 1949.
It was my usual perch.
My perch was in the press box.
The press box was cramped.
The press box was above the stands.
The stands were wooden.
These were the stands of the baseball park.
The baseball park was in Lumberton, North Carolina.
#
One hot night in the summer of 1949, I climbed to my usual perch in the
cramped press box above the wooden stands of the baseball park in
Lumberton, North Carolina.
(Tom Wicker, "Baseball")
전치사구를 잘 쓰면 문장이 간략해져 상쾌하게 된다!
분사로 보이나 전치사의 의미로 쓰이는 소위 분사-전치사 종류
- Barring
- Considering
- During
- Following
- Given
- Gone
- Including
- Notwithstanding
- Pending
- Regarding
- Accepting
- Concerning
- Counting
- Excepting
- Excluding
- Failing
- Respecting
- Saving
- Touching
- http://www.english-for-students.com/Participle-Prepositions.html
- http://www.english-for-students.com/Participle-Prepositions.html
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