I am eating too much. => I eat too much. => I ate too much. 평서문으로 고쳐도 같은 의미라 이 경우는 동작동사인 현분사로 증명된다
This film is exciting. = This film excites. (X) 현분사를 동작동사로 고치면 의미가 불통이라 이 경우는 형역 현분사로 증명된다
영화가 혼자 스스로 흥분할 수 없으니 동작동사로 않쓰이고 형용사로 쓰인걸 알 수 있다 동작동사인 excite 는 타동사로 목적이 필요하다 Heranswersexcitedcuriosity. 그녀의 답변이 호기심을 일으켰다
하여 This film is exciting. 에서 exciting 은 S Be C 구조의 C/보어/형역 현분사고 의미는 주어가 신바람을 능동적으로 도발/출연하는 출처/상태라 직역하면 영화가 신바람을 준다/신나게 해주는 특성/상태다 의역하면 신나는 영화다
당근 동사로 만든 준동사/형용사니 역동적인 상태를 묘사한다
이런류의 분사 예문 It is interesting. You're interesting. During the night of weeping, the darkness is overwhelming, suffocating and disorienting. let this be an encouragement for anyone who might still be hurting.
나. 과분사가 수동태의 동작동사냐 수동상태 설명의 형역이냐?
과분사가 동작동사의 수동태면 능동으로 전환해도 의미가 같으나 수동상태 설명의 형역이면 능동문으로 하면 주어문제로 의미가 애매해 진다
If the -ed form is verbal, we can change the passive construction in which it occurs into an active one: 수동동작 동사면 능동태로 고칠 수 있다 즉 by + 동작자를 주어로 해서 능동문으로 할 수 있다
Passive: I was delighted by his compliments. 수동태/동작동사 Active: His compliments delighted me. 능동태 전환
허나 형분사는 단지 수동적인 상태만 묘사하므로 분사의 동작자가 없어서 능동태로 전환하면 어색해 진다
I was delighted to meet you again Somebody delighted me to meet you again. (X) 누군가 나를 즐겁게 해서 너를 다시 보게 했다?
To meet you again delights me. (X) 잠재/미래적인준동사는 실재적인 일에 쓰이지 않는다
누가 나를 신명나게 했다는 동작자가 없으니 능동태는 않된다 단지 너를 만난 때문에 내가 신나는 감정을 (수동적으로) 받은 상태다라는 수동적인 감정상태 묘사일 뿐이다 그 감정을 내가 유발한게 아니고 받은 거라는걸 표시하는 다분히 영어적인 사고이다 우리말은 나 신났다 하여 자동사로 해석되나 그건 다분히 한글식/한글감이다
하여 이 경우의 부정사구는 형역과분사를 수식하므로 부사역할이라 할 수 있고
be+보어/형+부정사 구조로 분류한다 ; I am happy to meet you again.
Bedevoted to one another in love. Honor one another /above yourselves.
누가 나를 헌신하게 만들었다는 수동동작 설명이 아니니 수동태로 고쳐도 이상하므로 형역 과분사로 드러난다 Somebody devote me to one another in love. (X)
1. My mom was diagnosed with a brain tumor and given just six months to live. 2. This season with my mom was filled with grief.
1번은 의사가 진단하는 주체라 수동태가 확실하나
2번의 filll 의 주체는 없이 단지 주어가 외부적인 요인으로 그리'된' 수동상태라 과분사의 형용사역할이 된다
그러므로 과분사가 형용사인지 수동동작 동사인지를 구별하는
1. 의미상 이미 끝난 상태 설명인지
2. 수동동작이면 동작자가 확실히 존재하는지를 알아보면 된다
* 보어로 쓰인 형역 과분사
so that
years later, when they were grown up they were so used to quarrelling
and making it up again
that they got married so as to go on doing it
more conveniently.
과분사를 수동동작으로 하면 누군가가 그들을 자라게 하고 익숙하게 하고 결혼하게 만들었다는
의미의 능동문이 가능해야 하는데
논리상 그렇지 않기에 단지 수동적인 상태설명인 과분사의 형용사적인 역할이 적당하게 된다
so that
years later, when somebody had grown them up
somebody used them to quarrelling
and making it up again
that somebodymarried them so as to go on doing it
more conveniently.
능동문으로 전환해 보니 문법적으로는 딱이지만 의미적으로는 어색하거나 비논리적이다
현/과분사 오해 해석
현분사의 능동적인 동작상태 설명의 경우나 과분사의 동작자를 잘못 선정하면 의미 오해는 따논당상이다
He endured year after year of hard times, frustrating people, and complicated disappointments.
언뜻 보기에 frustrating people 은 분사구로 보여 동작자를 문장의 주어로 연결해 보면 주어가 사람들을 짜증나게 한다는 의미로 나오니 he who was frustrating people (O)
사람들을 짜증나게 하면서 여러해의 고생을 참았다로 의미도 일부 통하나
뒤에온 과분사는 수동이라 주어수식의 형용사가 될 수 없기에 의미불통이라 않되고
He who is complicated disappointments. (X) 수동으로는 의미불통
frustrating people 이라는 명사구에서 frustrating 을 전치수식 형용사로 하면 이 분사의 동작자는 people 되므로 짜증을 능동적으로 유발하는 사람이다는 의미가 되어 의역하면 '짜증내는 사람들'이 되고
과분사는 실망을 수식하는 형용사가 되어 명사구를 구성하므로 복잡다단하게된 실망으로 되고
분석도 용이해진다
He endured [year after year of hard times], [frustrating people], and [complicated disappointments].
주어 + 타동사 + 목/명사구 A, 목/명사구 B, and 목/명사구 C
과분사 역시도 동사의 과거형으로 오해하면 주어가 실망을 복잡하게한다는 해석을 할 수 있으나 역시 오해요 억지다
주어는 endure 참아주는 본동작을 하므로 사람들을 짜증나게 하거나 실망을 복잡하게 한다하면 의미불통이나 분석을 올바로하면 frustrating people 은 명사구로 목적역할이라 '짜증내는/유발하는 사람들'을 참아준다는 통하는 의미로 나온다
물론 out of context 문맥이탈된 한 문장의 의미를 쉽게 파악하긴 어려우나
문맥이 있으면 쉬워진다
Jeremiah was just a youngster when he came to know God and began to work
for Him as a prophet.
He endured year after year of hard times,
frustrating people and complicated disappointments.
His message was one
that called the people of Jerusalem - God’s chosen people -
to turn away
from the idols that they had been worshiping and back toward the one,
true God.
이상의 내용만 잘 알면 현/과분사가 동작동사인지 형용사인지 무리없이 구분할 수 있다 보므로 여기서 끝내도 되겠으나 분사를 좀 더 잘 알아보자 원하시면 Keep on reading.
** [the star //around which we orbit] is downright “boring” /compared
with its solar siblings.
boring 은 현분사/형용사로 주어가 지루함을 창출하는 특성/출처로 맞지만
과분사 역시도 주어를 수식하는 형용사이므로
주어가 비교되는 상황이다
this star which is /compared
with its solar siblings
물론 의역해석상 "태양계의 어린 동생들과 비교하여"로 된다하여 부사로 보이지만
해석은 한글이니 한글감으로 영어를 논하는건 영어농단이다
** a woman named Martha welcomed Him into her home.
위 예문에서 과거동사 두개가 쓰인 것 처럼 보이나 문장에서 동사가 접속사 없ㄱ이 2개 쓰일 수는 없으므로 자세히 보면 a woman named Martha 하면 한 여인이 마르다를 이름짓다는 이상한 문장이 나오나 a woman welcomed Him into her home 한 여인이 그를 환영하다/영접하다는 통하는 의미로 나오므로 named 는 형용사적으로 쓰인 과분사임을 알 수 있고 [명사+과분사구=명사구]로 주어역할임을 알 수 있다
[a woman /named Martha ]welcomed Him into her home.
혹자는 과분사구를 수동태의 형절의 축약형이라하여 관계사와 be 동사가 생략되었다 하나 과분사구가 형용사 역할을 못해서 형절로 설명하는 것이 아니니 그져 친절한 초보설명으로만 알면 되나 형절로 쓰면 named 는 준동사가 아닌 정형동사로 되는 것도 알아야 한다
(준동사는 동사활용이 않되나 정형동사는 되는 차이가 있다)
[a woman who was named Martha ]welcomed Him into her home.
주의!!!
수동태에 쓰이는 과분사는 형용사 역할도 하나
의미상
당하는 동작을 설명하면 수동동사고 수동적인 상태를 설명하면 형용사 역할이 된다
No moneys are exchanged at the farm.
농장에서 일하는 사람들이 exchange 하는 주체로 암시되기에 수동태 동작
it is through the capillaries that oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the blood and the tissues.
위 문장에서 exchange 의 동작을 하는 주체가 없으므로
exchanged 는 주어의 수동적인 상태설명의 형용사 역할이 된다; 교환되어지는 상태/교환되어진다
한글해석으로는 두 문장 다 '교환된다' 로 되지만
수동태형용사와 수동태 동작동사의 차이를 설명을 하자면 그렇다
*** 보어가 아닌 명사수식의 형역과분사
They are masked evil.
They are masked 까지만 보면 과분사는 보어로 보이나 뒤에 명사인 evil 이 나오므로
과분사는 뒤에온 명사수식이 되어 형+명=명사구 일부로 된다
They are [masked evil].
과분사는 형용사로 쓰였기에
의미상 주어인 대명사를 수식하는 보어/형용사냐
아니면 뒤에온 명사를 수식하는 일반 형용사 둘 중의 하나로 갈린다
Pain is
unmasked, unmistakable evil.
언뜻 보면 주비보 구조 같으나 명사수식인 형용사 2개가 컴마로 분리되어 쓰인 경우다
Pain is
[unmasked, unmistakable evil].
분사구 복습
분사구의 잊지못할 개성/특성
1. 태양과 해바라기 관계
일편단심에 서로 주고 받는 인연 '해바라기 분사'는 명사 오직 '명사 태양'을 일편단심으로 향하고 분사는 형용사적인 수식을 주고 명사는 actor 동작/피동작자를 제공한다 즉 분사는 문법 법칙상 명사 수식이고 그 명사는 현분사의 능동 동작자 또는 과분사의 피동작자 역할한다
2. 인과, 전후 또는 동시관계 명사 태양이 본문 주어인 명사/대명사의 경우 주어의 본동작과 cause and effect 원인결과나 시간대상 전,후/동시 관계라는 필수조건의 시간대 관계 tight timeline-relation 이 요구된다는 점
* 바로 이 개성들이 형절이나 부절에서 찾아볼 수 없는 개성이라 분사구가 형절/부절과 유사성은 있어도 일란성쌍동이는 아니라는 것이다 우선 구와 절의 차이가 있고 맛과 쓰임새 차이도 있다
Participial phrases are groups of words having a participle and any modifiers and/or noun, pronouns,
or noun phrases that function as the direct object, indirect object, or complement of the action
or state expressed in the participle. 분사구는 분사와 분사란 동사가 가질 수 있는 술부를 합친 전부를 말합니다 Participial phrases can be present (verb form + -ing) or past
(verb form usually + -ed, -en, -d, -t, or –n., except for irregular verbs).
3. 분사구는 현재분사 또는 과거분사구 단 두 종류로 능동/수동상태 설명이다
비록 동사를 변형하여 만든 분사고 동사의 자동/타동 성격은 유지하여 자체술부를 갖지만 구조상의 역할은 동작동사가 아닌 형역이라 준동사구라 하는거고 정형동사가 아니니 동사활용도 못한다
명사 수식어니 수식받는 명사/대명사 전후에 위치하거나 그 명사가 본문의 주어인 명사/대명사일 경우는 문장 전후 또는 중간에 삽입구 형식으로 쓰인다
(삽입구는 의미추가 역할이다) Complaining about the heat, Bea opened the window. (Complaining ; participle), (about the heat ; prepositional phrase acting as an adverb modifying complaining). (The participial phrase is an adjective /describing the subject, Bea.) 분사구는 주어 Bea 를 수식하는 형용사 역할이고 주어가 능동적으로 불만을 토로하는 상태로 본동작을 한다는 의미므로 분사와 본동사는 동시동작 관계에 있다
Daisy Mae thought she saw Elvis leaving the supermarket. (leaving (participle), the supermarket (direct object of leaving). The participial phrase leaving the supermarket modifies Elvis as an adjective.
감각동사의 목보로 쓰인 분사라 목적인 명사가 분사의 동작자가 된다 즉 엘비스가 떠나는 상태인 것을 주어가 인식하였다는 의미다
(우리말 해석상 " 엘비스가 떠나는 것을 주어가 인식하였다 " 하여 동명사구로 오인하면 곤란하다)
Dogs /beaten as puppies can become vicious as they mature. (beaten as puppies (participial phrase) describes the subject dogs.) Growing up in Alaska, Nate knew an iceberg when he saw one. (The participial phrase Growing up in Alaska modifies the subject Nate.)
앞명사 수식의 형역과분사니 수동의미로 새끼로/때 맞은/맞고자란 견공이 된다
A participial phrase must be placed as close to the noun it modifies as possible,
and the noun must be clearly stated. 분사구는 수식받는 명사 가까이 쓰고 분사의 수식을 받는 명사를 확실히 해 주어야 한다
Crawling across the floor, his pantstore on a nail. (X) Who was crawling across the floor? 누가 현분사 crawling 의 동작의 주체인가? 이 질문은 분사/구의 경우 필히 해야될 질문이다 왜냐면 형용사 역할인 분사는 단짝인 명사 없이는 문장에서 존재할 이유조차 없기 때문이다
his pants? 그의 바지? 바지가 기어가나 사람이 기어가나? 사람이다. 하여 바지를 주어로 한건 틀린문장
This is called a dangling modifier because the participle (modifier) isn’t modifying any particular noun.
Crawling across the floor, he tore his pants on a nail.
(He was crawling. The noun or pronoun that the participial phrase modifies comes right after the phrase.)
* 주의
분사의 이런 능동/수동 상태 설명을 모르고
분사 뒤에 목적 유무로 현분/과분사를 구분한다는 것은 유치한 영어공식인게
3형식은 목적이 하나라 그 공식이 통하나
만약 4형식의 수동태에서 파생한 과분사라면 뒤에 여전히 목적이 있으므로
미안하지만 그런 공식이 맞지 않게된다
a contractor given a building (= they give a contractor a building)
분사와 콤마 사용문제
분사구가 비제한/삽입구로 쓰인 경우는 반드시 컴마로 분리해 주어야 하고 제한용법으로 쓰인 경우는 컴마를 쓰지 않는다
비제한 삽입구는 문장의 구조와 상관없이 끼워넣는 내용이고 제한용법은 한정사로 명사의 내용을 분사의 내용으로 제한하는 형용사 용법이다
When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should follow it immediately. 분사구가 문두에 쓰이면 콤마로 분리한다
Missing the train, Donhad to take the bus to Texas.
Painting and plastering, Mr. Leediscovered he had a flair for home repair.
When the participle or participial phrase is in the middle of a sentence, set it off with commas
If the information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
제한 분사구는 앞 명사의 의미를 분사구 내용으로 한정하므로 콤마없이 쓰고 비제한 분사구는 의미추가 역할인 삽입구이기에 콤마로 분리한다
a sad homeschooled girl sits imprisoned in a house made of books
labeled “reading,” “writing,” “arithmatic.”
현재분사
When you are describing the person or thing that causes the reaction, use the present participle form. 현재분사를 쓰면 그 분사의 주어가 반응을 유발하였다는 능동 의미다
John's elephant report was interesting to read. The movie was boring, so Jane wanted to leave. It was surprising to see more than fifty people at the meeting.
진행형 같지만 주어가 분사의 동작을 할 수 없으니 아니고 (현제형 동사의 문장으로 고쳐보면 안다) John's elephant report interested to read. (X) He is studying English = He studies English (O)
하여 John's elephant report was interesting to read. 는 주어 + be동사 + 보어 구조인데 능동 의미의 현재분사가 보어로 쓰였으니 주어가 분사의 동작이 주는 감정을/반응을 능동적으로 유발 하였다는 의미다
Most present and past participle forms of verbs that describe emotion or feelings can be used as adjectives, but the meanings of the participles are not the same. For example:
분사가 감정이나 느낌을 묘사하는 형용사로 쓰일수 있으나 현분사와 과분사의 의미는 같지 않다
A fresh ocean breeze on a hot summer day is refreshing, so I feel refreshed.
주어 A fresh ocean breeze 는 심신을 새롭게 해주는 느낌을 유발하는 출처이고 주어 'i' 는 그런 느낌을/영향을 받은 수동 상태라는 의미다
The present participle (-ing form of the verb) refers to something or somebody that causes the feeling: 감정 유발 The breeze is refreshing. (The breeze causes this feeling.) 즉 신선감을 유발한다/준다
The past participle (-ed form of the verb) is used to express how a person is affected by something.
감정이 영향을 받다 I feel refreshed. (I am experiencing this feeling as a result of the breeze.) 신선감을 받은 상태다/받았다
Note that you cannot use the past participle/–ed form with things because things do not have emotions. 사물이 주어인 경우 감정이 없어 감정 반응을 할 수 없으니 과분사 형용사를 쓸 수 없다
혹자는 형용사로 쓰인 분사를 "분사-형용사" 줄여서 분형사라 부르기도 하나 본인은 일반 형용사와 분사의 형태가 다르기에 분사의 역할에 촛점을 두어 형역분사라 부른다
We saw in an earlier section that many adjectives can be identified by their endings. Another major subclass of adjectives can also be formally distinguished by endings, this time by -ed or -ing endings: 일반 형용사와는 달리 분사 형용사는 동사의 ing 형 또는 과거 분사형이다
-ed form computerized, determined, excited, misunderstood, renowned, self-centered, talented, unknown -ing form annoying, exasperating, frightening, gratifying, misleading, thrilling, time-consuming, worrying
Remember that some -ed forms, such as misunderstood and unknown, do not end in -ed at all. This is simply a cover term for this form. -ed 형이란 과거분사를 말하니 불규칙 변화형도 포함하면 된다
Adjectives
with -ed or -ing endings are known as PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES, because
they have the same endings as verb participles (he was training for the
Olympics, he had trained for the Olympics). 분사-형용사라 부르는건 분사가 진행이나 수동태를 만드는 동작 동사로 쓰이는 경우와 구별하기 위함이다
In some cases there is a verb which corresponds to these adjectives (to annoy, to computerize, to excite, etc), while in others there is no corresponding verb (*to renown, *to self-center, *to talent). 부정사 역시 형용사적인 역할이 있으나 분사와는 쓰임새가 다르건 서로 특성과 용법이 다르기 때문이다
Like
other adjectives, participial adjectives can usually be modified by
very, extremely, or less (very determined, extremely self-centered, less
frightening, etc). 분사형용사는 다른 형용사와 마찬가지로 부사 강조어로 수식을 받을 수 있다
They
can also take more and most to form comparatives and superlatives
(annoying, more annoying, most annoying). Finally, most participial
adjectives can be used both attributively and predicatively: 분사는 또한 비교/최상급에 쓰이는 more 나 most 로 수식받을 수 잇다 형용사이므로 명사 앞에서 수식하는 한정사 노릇, 명사(주어)를 설명하는 보어로써 서술적인 수식 역할도 한다
Attributive 명사앞에서 한정사 처럼 쓰인경우
That's an irritating noise. This is an exciting film. He's a talented footballer.
Predicative 보어로 쓰인경우
That noise is irritating. This film is exciting. That footballer is talented.
필요에 따라 하으픈으로 연결하여 만든 분사
Many participial adjectives, which have no corresponding verb, are formed by combining a noun with a participle:
alcohol-based 라는 동사가 없기에 두 글자를 하이픈으로 연결하여 한 글자로 하여 형용사로 쓰는데 뒷글자는 반드시 분사 형태라야 형용사 자리인 명사 앞에 올 수 있다
These, too, can be used predicatively (the chemicals are alcohol-based, the soldiers were battle-hardened, etc). 하이픈으로 연결해서 만든 분사형용사를 보어로도 쓸 수 있다
When
participial adjectives are used predicatively, it may sometimes be
difficult to distinguish between adjectival and verbal uses:
분사-형용사가 보어인 경우
현분사가 동작 동사로 진행형, 과분사가 수동태 역할도 하므로 동작 동사인지 상태 설명 형용사인지 구별이 쉽지 않은 경우가 있다
[1] the workers are striking
In the absence of any further context, the grammatical status of striking is indeterminate here. The following expansions illustrate possible adjectival [1a] and verbal [1b] readings of [1]:
문맥이 없기에 진행 동작으로 파업중인지 형용사로 쓰여 두드러진/과시적 인상의 감정을 유발하는건지 모른다 하여 설명을 추가하여야 구별된다
[1a] the workers are very striking in their new uniforms (=`impressive', `conspicuous') 형분사
[1b] the workers are striking outside the factory gates (=`on strike') 진행형 자동사
Consider the following pair:
[2] the noise is annoying 형역분사 [3] the noise is annoying the neighbors 진행동작 타동사
In [2], we can modify annoying using very:
부사강조어 very 를 써서 분사가 형역인지 동사 역할인지 구별할 수 있다 즉 형용사라면 부사 강조어의 수식을 받을 수 있으나 동사는 않된다
[2a] the noise is (very) annoying (O)
But we cannot modify it in the same way in [3]:
[3a] *the noise is (very) annoying the neighbors (X)
물론 우리 어감으론 될것 같지만 영어감으론 어색하다 한다 동작이니 상태처럼 더 심하고 덜하고 말 할 수 없다
I am very eating. (X) 그냥 먹는중이라는 동작 예기니 강조사를 쓸 필요없다 우리말로 무지 먹는다로 번역할 순 있지만 그건 Mr. 변억지고 I am eating too much. 라곤 할 수 있다
The acceptability of [2a] indicates that annoying is an adjective in this construction. very 를 써도 자연스러우니 형용사로 쓰인 분사인걸 알 수 있다
In [3], the verbal nature of annoying is indicated by the fact that we cannot add very , as in [3a]. 허나 동사로 쓰인 경우 동작 관련 표현이라 very 는 어색하다
It is further indicated by the presence of the neighbors (the direct object) after annoying. 또한 목적이 뒤따라 왔으니 동작 동사/타동사 라는게 증명된다
Notice also that we can turn [3] into a passive sentence (the neighbors were annoyed by the noise). 타동사 문형은 수동태화 할 수 있다
In this case, annoying is the main verb of the sentence, and it is preceded by the progressive auxiliary verb is. 하여 3번의 annoying 은 현재분사고 is 는 진행을 만드는 조동사로 쓰였다
In [2], there is only one verb, the main verb is. 2번의 be 동사는 본동사 be 이고 annoying 은 보어로 쓰인 분사 형용사가 된다
We can distinguish between the following pairs using the same criteria:
Adjectival or Verbal 형용사나 동사로 구별하기 연습
This film is terrifying. This film is terrifying the children.
Your comments are alarming. Your comments are alarming the people.
The defendant's answers were misleading. The defendant's answers were misleading the jury.
We can also identify -ing forms as verbal if it is possible to change the -ing form into a non-progressive verb:
진행형은 동작 동사이니 단순 동작으로 고쳐쓸 수 있다는 것이 진행인지 분사형용사인지 구별하는 좋은 방법이다
Progressive / Non-progressive
The children are dancing The children dance
My eyes are stinging My eyes sting
The wood is drying The wood dries
Compare these changes from progressive to non-progressive with the following: 형분사의 경우를 동사로 전환해서 의미가 어찌 변하는지 알아보자
the work is rewarding ~*the work rewards 일이 보상한다 the job was exciting ~*the job excited 일이 신명나게 한다 무얼??? 목적을 요한다 your paper was interesting ~*your paper interested 네 보고서가 뭔가(목적)에게 흥미준다 즉 목적이 필요
In these instances, the inability to produce fully acceptable non-progressive sentences indicates adjectival use. 형분사를 동사로 전환하면 의미가 달라지거나 미완성 되므로 동사가 아닌 형용사로 쓰인걸 알 수 있다
Similar
indeterminacy occurs with -ed forms. Again, we can generally use very
to determine whether the -ed word is adjectival or verbal: 형역과분사나 수동태 과분사의 경우도 마찬가지다
수동태(동작동사)에 very 를 붙이면 무지 어색하다
The bomb was detonated ~*The bomb was very detonated This document is hand-written ~*This document is very hand-written My house was built in only twelve weeks ~*My house was very built in only twelve weeks Ten people were killed ~*Ten people were very killed
The inability to supply very in these cases indicates a verbal rather than an adjectival construction. However,
this test is less reliable with -ed forms than it is with -ing forms,
since very can sometimes be supplied in both the adjectival and the
verbal constructions: 허나 very 가 수동태에도 쓸 경우도 있으니 완벽한 구별법은 못된다
Adjectival 상태설명 형용사 Vs Verbal 동작동사
I was embarrassed 형역분사 I was very embarrassed.
I was embarrassed by your behavior 수동동작 I was very embarrassed by your behavior your behavior embarrassed me. 능동태
She was surprised 과분사 She was very surprised.
She was surprised by my reaction 수동동작 She was very surprised by my reaction. my reaction surprised her. 능동태
The presence of a by-agent phrase (by your behavior, by my reaction) indicates that the -ed form is verbal. Conversely,
the presence of a complement, such as a that-clause, indicates that it
is adjectival. Compare the following two constructions:
수동태에서 by + 동작자를 표시해 주면 수동태인걸 금방 알 수 있고 형분사 뒤에 부사적인 수식구/절로 전치사구, 부정사구나 that 절이 오면 형역인걸 쉽게 알 수 잇다
Adjectival: The jury was convinced that the defendant was innocent Verbal: The jury was convinced by the lawyer's argument * 색깔로 형분사나 동사를 구분해주면 구별이 쉽다
Here
are some further examples of adjectival constructions (with
complements) and verbal constructions (with by-agent phrases):
수식구/절을 붙여주면 구별이 쉬워진다 영작시에 애매성을 배제하고 바른 의미를 전달하기 위해서 적당한 수식구를 붙여 주면 좋다 그런 연유로 잘쓴 표준글로 영어를 배워야 이해도 쉽고 바로 배우나 원어민이라도 영문학 전공도 아닌 글못쓰는 일반인이 개발새발 쓴 글은 글이 어려워서가 아니라 논리적으로 쓰여지지 않아서 이해가 어렵고 그런글은 배워 봐야 harm 해만 될 뿐이다
Adjectival 형분사 Verbal 수동동작동사 I was delighted to meet you again I was delighted by his compliments John is terrified of losing his job John is terrified by his boss I was frightened that I'd be late I was frightened by your expression I was disappointed to hear your decision I was disappointed by your decision
If the -ed form is verbal, we can change the passive construction in which it occurs into an active one: 수동동작 동사면 능동태로 고칠 수 있다 즉 by + 동작자를 주어로 해서 능동문으로 할 수 있다
Passive: I was delighted by his compliments Active: His compliments delighted me
허나 형분사는 단지 수동적인 상태만 묘사하므로 동작자가 없어서 능동태로 전환하면 어색해 진다
I was delighted to meet you again Somebody delighted me to meet you again?
누가 나를 신명나게 했다는 동작자가 없으니 능동태는 않된다 단지 너를 만났기에 내가 신나는 감정을 (수동적으로) 받았다라는 감정 상태 묘사일 뿐이다 그 감정을 내가 유발한게 아니고 받은 거라는걸 표시하는 다분히 영어적인 사고이다 우리말은 나 신났다 하여 자동사로 해석되나 그건 다분히 한글식 표현이다
Be devoted to one another in love. Honor one another /above yourselves.
누가 나를 헌신하게 만들었다는 수동동작 설명이 아니니 수동태로 고쳐도 이상하다 Somebody devote me to one another in love. (X)
As
we have seen, discriminating between adjectival and verbal
constructions is sometimes facilitated by the presence of additional
context, such as by-agent phrases or adjective complements. However,
when none of these indicators is present, grammatical indeterminacy
remains. Consider the following examples from conversational English:
형역분사와 동작분사가 구별되도록 수식어들을 잘 붙여 주어야 구별이 용이하다
And you know if you don't know the simple command how to get out of something you're sunk. But that's convenient because it's edged with wood, isn't it.
With -ed and -ing participial forms, there is no grammatical indeterminacy if there is no corresponding verb. For example, in the job was time-consuming, and the allegations were unfounded, the participial forms are adjectives. 형분사로 쓰인 분사의 동사형이 없으면 형용사로 금방 인식할 수 있다
Similarly,
the problem does not arise if the main verb is not be. For example, the
participial forms in this book seems boring, and he remained offended
are all adjectives. Compare the following:
As their name suggests, STATIVE adjectives
denote a state or condition, which may generally be considered
permanent, such as big, red, small. Stative adjectives cannot normally
be used in imperative constructions: 정적인 상태 형용사는 정적 상태를 나타 내므로 진행형으로 만들 수 없고 명령문도 않된다
*Be big/red/small (X)
Further, they cannot normally be used in progressive constructions: *He is being big/red/small (O)
In contrast, DYNAMIC adjectives
denote attributes which are, to some extent at least, under the control
of the one who possesses them. For instance, brave denotes an attribute
which may not always be in evidence (unlike red, for example), but
which may be called upon as it is required. For this reason, it is
appropriate to use it in an imperative:
허나 동적인 형용사는 정적인 형용사 big 처럼 변하지 않고 고정된 상태로 있는것과 달리 어느 정도 소유자/주어에 의해 비활성적이다가도 활성화되도록 조절이 가능하므로 명령어로 쓸 수 있다
Be brave! 용감한 상태가 주어에 의해 활성화 될 수 있기에 명령어로 쓸 수 있다 허나 키작은 사람에게 Be big! 하고 명령한다 한들 작게 고정된 상태가 커질리 없으니 명령이나 진행이 불가다
Dynamic adjectives include: 동적인 형용사 종류 calm careful cruel disruptive foolish friendly good impatient mannerly patient rude shy suspicious tidy vacuous vain
All
dynamic adjectives can be used in imperatives (Be careful!, Don't be
cruel!), and they can also be used predicatively in progressive
constructions:
동적인 형용사는 명령문 말고도 수동진행형으로도 쓰일 수 있다
Your son is being disruptive in class My parents are being foolish again We're being very patient with you
*** am/is/are 등의 be 동사는 진행형으로 aming/ising/areing 로 쓰지않고 전부 being 형태로 쓰니 편하다
being 이 문법상 진행형 형태이지만 동시에 형역 현재분사의 동적인 상태설명에 쓰였고 being 다음에 목적이 아닌 보어가 쓰이니 being + 형용사 = 현재분사구의 형역으로 보아 주어가 형용사의 상태를 능동적으로 야기하는 출처/유발자라 이해하면 되겠다
의미상으로는 한순간의 상태를 부각한다 한다
Your son is disruptive in class. 당신의 아들은 성격상 소동부린다 Your son is being disruptive in class.
1. A participle is a verb form which can be used as an adjective to describe a noun. 분사는 준동사로 형역한다
an interesting book an interested student
2. When the present participle (-ing from) is used, the noun it describes is (or was) the performerof the activity named by the participle. For example, in the sentence "The dog barks," the dog is theperformer of the action (bark).
"현분사란 준동사의 동작자/행위자/actor/performer 는 그 분사가 수식하는 명사" 라는 관계가 분사구의 중요한 특성이라 하겠다
It is a barking dog. 명사 누렁이가 분사의 동작인 barking 을 한다
3. When the past participle (-ed, -en form) is used, the noun it describes is (or was) acted upon. For example, in The child is frightened by the dog, the child is the receiver of the action and is described as a frightened child.
The child isfrightened by the dog. 수동태
과분사구로 고치면 과분사의 경우 수식받는 명사가 과분사의 동작을 받는/당하는 대상이다 The child /frightened by the dog is my son.
4. The use of the present or past participle does not depend on the verb tense of the sentence, but rather on the performer/receiver situation.
분사는 준동사이기 때문에 동사에 적용되는 시제나 인칭등의 제한이 적용되지 않는다 단지 능동 진행, 수동/완료 상태구별을 위해 현분/과분사를 쓸 뿐이다
The dog barks. It is a barking dog. The dog barked. It was a barking dog. The dog frightens the cat. It is a frightening dog. The dog frightened the cat. It was a frightening dog. The problem confuses the students. It is a confusing problem. The students are confused by the problem. They are confused students. The story amused the children. It was an amusing story. The children were amused by the story. They were amused children. The class bores the students. It is a boring class. The students are bored by the class. They arebored students. They are bored.
5. The use of participles is not restricted to the subject of a sentence. In other words, the same statement can produce both a present (active) and a past (passive) participle.
분사의 주어가 분사의 동작을 능동적으로 하면 현분사, 피동적(수동적)으로 하면 과분사를 쓴다
Examples:
The dog frightens the cat. The frightening dog runs after the cat. The frightened cat runs away. 첫문장에서 황견자는 능동적인 행위자 ,암코양이는 동작을 당하는 입장이라 개는 현분사, 고양이는 과분사로 수식을 했다
The problem confuses the students. The confusing problem frightens the students. They are confused students. 그 문제가 혼란 유발의 출처라 현분사 학생은 그 영향을 받으니 과분사로 수식받음
The story amused the children. It was an amusing story. The amused children laughed a lot. 그 얘기가 재미를 주는 출처이므로 현분사, 아이들은 재미라는 감정을 받으니 과분사로 수식받음
The class bores the students. What a boring class it is! The bored students have stopped listening to the teacher. 현분사 유발처와 과분사 받은자
6. Participles used as adjectives often come after the noun they modify, following a linking verb like 분사형용사로 쓰여도 역시 현분사 유발처와 과분사 받은자로 구별하여 씀
Be, Become, or Seem Mathematics is interesting. My friends are interested in sports. You seem confused. Problems often become frustrating. I am fascinated by my children. My children quickly became tired at school. School can be tiring for young children.
형역분사 예문
List of common -ed and -ing adjectives
alarming; What an alarming noise! alarmed; I was alarmed by the loud bang. amusing; That TV program is really amusing. amused; He was amused to hear his little son singing in the bath. boring; I’ve never seen such a boring film! bored; The students looked bored as the teacher talked and talked.
confusing; I find these instructions very confusing! Could you come and help me? confused; I was confused, because I asked two people and they told me two different things. depressing; This weather is depressing! Is it ever going to stop raining? depressed; I was feeling depressed, so I stayed at home with hot chocolate and a good book. embarrassing; That is the most embarrassing photo! I look terrible! embarrassed; John was really embarrassed when he fell over in front of his new girlfriend.
exciting; It’s a really exciting book. I couldn’t wait to find out what happened at the end. excited; I’m so excited! I’m going on holiday tomorrow! exhausting; I hate doing housework! It’s exhausting! exhausted; Julie was so exhausted after her exams, she spent the next three days sleeping. fascinating; The brain is fascinating, isn’t it? It’s amazing how much it can do. fascinated; Joan was fascinated by her grandmother’s stories of life in the 1920s.
frightening; What a frightening film! I don’t want to walk home on my own now! frightened; I was really frightened of bees when I was little, but I don’t mind them now. frustrating; It’s frustrating when you want to say something in another language, but you don’t know the word. frustrated; I tried all morning to send an email, but it wouldn’t work. I was so frustrated! interesting; That was a very interesting book. interested; She’s interested in animals, so she’s thinking of studying to be a vet.
overwhelming; I find London a bit overwhelming. It’s so busy and noisy. overwhelmed; Julie felt overwhelmed. She’d moved house, got a new job and was learning to drive, all at the same time. relaxing; A nice hot bath is so relaxing after a long day. relaxed; She was so relaxed, sitting in front of the fire, that she didn’t want to move. satisfying; John loves his new job as a teacher. He says it’s very satisfying when he makes a student understand. satisfied; I’m very satisfied that I managed to order the meal in French.
shocking; What a shocking crime! It’s terrible. shocked; I was shocked when my co-worked admitted stealing some money. surprising; It’s surprising how many people don’t want to travel to another country. surprised; She was surprised when she arrived at her class and found the other students doing an exam. She’d thought it was a normal lesson. terrifying; What a terrifying dog! It’s huge! terrified; My little son is terrified of the dark. We always leave a light on in his room at night.
thrilling; What thrilling music! It’s some of the most beautiful music I’ve ever heard. thrilled; I was thrilled to win first prize in the competition. tiring; My job is really tiring. I don’t get home until 10 pm sometimes. tired; David’s too tired to come to the cinema tonight. He’s going to go to bed early.
We
normally use the progressive form with an adjective when we are talking
about actions and behavior. And being unfair in your example sentence,
Boon and Nukoon, relates to somebody's behavior of not being fair in
their actions, so the progressive form is preferred. Here are some
further examples:
being + 형용사/분사형용사 구조는 문법상 be 동사의 진행형이고 분사로는 능동 진행상태이나 be + 일반 형용사가 주어의 속성/특성을 묘사하는데 반하여 진행형을 써서 의미상 근본적인 속성/성격 묘사가 아닌 당장에 벌어지고 있는 행동양태 behavior 묘사로 쓰인다 한다 바로 이점이 be 동사 서술문과 진행문의 차이라 하겠다
하긴 지금 그리 한다고 근본적으로 성격상 그래서 그런건 아닐 수 있다는게 논리적이다
You're being silly / foolish / childish when you do such silly / foolish / childish things.
I was walking on tiptoe and being very careful not to wake the baby.
However, when the adjectives relate to feelings, we do not use the progressive form:
감정묘사는 진행형으로 하지 않아도 진행중이라 소유 의미의 have 동사를 진행형으로 하지 않는 이유와 같다
I was upset / worried when I heard that they would have to operate on John's knee.
I am delighted / overjoyed to hear that you have passed all your exams.
being + past participle ; 수동진행 상태는 진주어를 찾아 능동 진행문으로 고칠 수 있다
We use being with the past participle, Bhavin, in present progressive and past progressive passive forms. So we might say:
My car is being serviced. Instead of: The local garage is servicing my car. My car was serviced. 하면 수동태로 내차가 수리받았다는 의미나 My car is being serviced. 하면 지금 수리받고 있는중이다
The computers are being installed tomorrow. 수동 Instead of: They're installing the computers tomorrow. 능동
My nieces enjoyed being taken to the circus. 수동적인 상태 Rather than: I enjoyed taking my nieces to the circus. 능동동작/동명사
I was quite sure I was being followed. 수동적인 상태 Instead of: I was quite sure someone was following me.능동동작
She was being punished for being cruel to the cat. 수동적인 상태 Rather than: They were punishing her for being cruel to the cat. 능동동작
Note that cruel in the above example is an adjective describing behavior so the progressive form is used with it.
Note
that other passives with being, i.e the future progressive passive
(will be being) and perfect progressive passive (has been being) are
quite rare. 분사가 조동사 will 과 쓰이는 경우는 드물고 진행형으로 미래를 나타내기도 하니 진행형으로 하는것임
현재분사로 보이나 동명사로 쓰인 being
verb + verb-ing / adj + prep + verb-ing
Note that being as verb-ing, is required in all such instances:
Would you mind [being quiet for a moment]? 목적
I look forward /to being interviewed on the current affairs program. 전목
She was afraid /of being accused of a crime which she did not commit. 전목
I am tired /of being taken for granted and expected to do all the housework. 전목
Past participles (-ed) are used to say how people feel. -ED participle refers to the experience (the one feeling the emotion) Present participles (-ing) are used to describe the people or things that cause the feelings. -Ing participle refers to the actor (the one/thing causing the emotion)
한마디로 과분사는 영향을 수동적으로 받는 처지에 현분사는 능동적으로 영향을 주는 입장에 쓴다 물론 동작 동사로 쓰이면 등동/수동 동작에 쓰인다 하여 동작인지 상태 설명 형역인지 잘 파악해야 바른 이해가 온다
The lesson interests Anne. 동사 Anne is very interested in the lesson. The lesson is interesting (to Anne).
Sports interest Max. Max is interested in sports. He’s a very interested basketball fan. Sports are interesting (to Max). One very interesting sport is basketball.
The movie bored Bob. Bob was bored by the movie. Bib didn’t enjoy the movie because it was boring.
Slapstick comedy doesn't amuse Corin. Corin is not amused by slapstick comedy. He is an unamused victim. Slapstick isn't amusing (to Corin). However, she does like other amusing forms of comedy.
John’s loud stereo annoys his neighbors. John’s neighbors are annoyed by his loud stereo. Several annoyed neighbors complained to the manager. John’s loud stereo is annoying (to his neighbors). They have had enough annoying noise for one weekend.
Other participial adjectives of this type 분사 형용사 종류
Other aspects of active and passive participles (from Swan’s Practical English Usage)
When -ing forms are used like adjectives or adverbs, they have similar meanings to active verbs. 현재분사는 능동 의미를 지닌다
falling leaves (= leaves that fall) a meat-eating animal (= an animal that eats meat) She walked out smiling. (= She was smiling)
a broken heart. (= a heart that has been broken)
He lived alone, forgotten by everybody. (= He had been forgotten by everybody.) Exceptions: active past participles
************ 자동사로 만든 과분사 ***************
A few intransitive verbs have past participles that can be used as adjectives with active meanings, especially before nouns. 자동사로 만든 형역으로 쓰이는 과거분사가 있는데 능동의미로 쓰인다
자동사로 만든 과분사; 형태는 과분사이나 의미는 능동 Not every past participle is passive. 과분사라하여 다 수동 의미는 아니다
A few intransitive verbs have past participles, and since intransitive verbs have no voice, their past participles are, strictly speaking, neither active nor passive. 자동사는 수동태가 없기에 자동사로 만든 과분사는 수동 의미아닌 능동 의미의 형용사다 해서 형태는 과분사이나 의미는 능동 의미다
* 이런 종류의 동사를 능격 자동사ergative verb 라 부른다 쥔장 영어 한담방의 15138 번 참조
They resemble passive participles in form and active participles in meaning: gone, grown, fallen, risen, and slept. We can say that someone is gone for the day or slept out. A middle-aged couple may have several grown children. Christians speak of fallen sinners and a risen Lord.
a fallen leaf fall 이라는 자동사에서 만들어진 과분사라 의미는 누가 떨어 뜨린 잎이 아니고 스스로 떨어져 있는 잎이라는 영어논리라 떨어진 상태/끝난동작 상태에 있는 잎이라 이해하면 된다
advanced students (=students who have advanced to a high level, not students who have been advanced...)
developed countries increased activity vanished civilizations a retired general
fallen leaves (=a leaf that has fallen)
a grown-up daughter and escaped prisoner faded colors swollen ankles
Some more past participles can only be used in this way in phrases with adverbs. 오직 부사와 조합되어 쓰이는 과거분사
a well-read person a much-traveled man recently-arrived immigrants (but not a read person) Worry can be used actively and passively. I worry about you. I’m worried about you.
분사가 형용사냐 아니면 진행/수동 동작 동사냐
In particular cases, it can be difficult to differentiate between participles and mere adjectives.
어떤 경우 분사형용사인지 아니면 진행/수동에 쓰인 분사인지 구별이 어려울 때도 있지만 진행형이라면 현재동사로 한 서술문으로 바꾸어도 의미가 통해야 하므로 문장을 전환해 보는 방법으로 구별할 수 있다
One
of the criteria is the consensus of dictionaries. If most dictionaries
show hurt, for example, as an adjective, then it is an adjective in a
sentence like He is hurt.
일단 사전정의가 형용사라하면 분사처럼 보여도 형용사 취급을 하면 된다 해서 일단 사전을 찾아 사전 정의에 따르면 된다
Of course, it is a participle when used as part of the passive voice, e.g., Ten firemen were hurt when the roof collapsed. 허나 명백히 수동태면 수동태로 이해하면 된다
Another
criterion is replaceability: If tired in a sentence like We are tired
can be replaced by another adjective of the same meaning, then it is an
adjective; it can, in fact, be replaced by weary, a pure adjective.
Tired in We are tired is an adjective.
만약 분사 형용사 대신에 일반 형용사로 대치가 가능하다면 그건 형용사로 치면 된다
명사에서 만들어진 분사는 오직 형용사로만 쓰인다
Some words ending in -ed are formed from nouns and not from verbs (e.g., diseased, talented, cultured); such words often look like participles, but they are simply adjectives.
명사로 만든 분사는 분사가 아니고 단지 형용사다
grammar exercise
Adjective Or Participle? 형역분사냐 동작분사냐?
Participles
can also act as adjectives. In this case, they modify nouns. Sometimes
participles are used as adjectives after be or other copular verbs. In
this case, they complete the predicate.
When participles help to form continuous and perfect tenses, they act as participles.
This grammar exercise tests your ability to recognize participles and adjectives.
1. She was excited about the project.
Correct !
Excited is an adjective here and it acts as the complement of the verb was.
2. I watched an interesting movie yesterday.
Correct !
When ing forms are used before nouns they act as adjectives.
3. She was driving us crazy.
Correct !
When ing forms are used to form continuous tenses, they are used as participles.
4. I hope you are fully recovered from your operation.
Correct !
Recovered
is an adjective here. Participles are often used after the verb be. In
this case, they complete the predicate and act as adjectives.
5. Her idea seems exciting.
Correct !
Participles are often used as adjectives after be and other copular verbs.
6. The children were screaming at the top of their voice.
Correct !
When ing forms are used to form continuous tenses, they act as present participles.
7. I had warned you.
Correct !
When participles are used to form perfect tenses, they act as past participles.
8. He was not expecting this.
Correct !
When participles are used to form continuous tenses, they act as present participles.
9. It was beginning to rain.
Correct !
When ing forms are used to form continuous tenses, they act as present participles.
10. I did not enjoy the party because I was bored.
Correct !
Participles are often used after the verb be as adjectives. In this case, they complete the verb.
11. They have not been able to find the missing child.
Correct !
When ing forms are used before nouns, they act as adjectives.
12. She is retired now.
Correct !
Participles are often used after the verb be as adjectives. In this case, they complete the verb.
Answers
1. She was excited about the project. (Adjective) 2. I watched an interesting movie yesterday. (Adjective) 3. She was driving us crazy. (Participle) 4. I hope you are fully recovered from your operation. (Adjective) 5. Her idea seems exciting. (Adjective) 6. The children were screaming at the top of their voice. (Participle) 7. I had warned you. (Participle) 8. He was not expecting this. (Participle) 9. It was beginning to rain. (Participle) 10. I did not enjoy the party because I was bored. (Adjective) 11. They have not been able to find the missing child. (Adjective) 12. She is retired now. (Adjective)