On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.종의 기원 영문-

[카페지기]

[책] The origin of species

The Origin of Species - 6th Edition

Charles Darwin

The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection

or,

The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

By Charles Darwin, M.A., F.R.S.,
Author of "The Descent of Man," etc., etc.

Sixth London Edition, with all Additions and Corrections. The 6th Edition is often considered the definititive edition. Also see Project Gutenberg Etext #1228 for an earlier edition.

"But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this-- we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws."

--Whewell: "Bridgewater Treatise".

"The only distinct meaning of the word 'natural' is STATED, FIXED or SETTLED; since what is natural as much requires and presupposes an intelligent agent to render it so, i.e., to effect it continually or at stated times, as what is supernatural or miraculous does to effect it for once."

Butler: "Analogy of Revealed Religion"

"To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain, that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the book of God's word, or in the book of God's works; divinity or philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an endless progress or proficience

file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Egyptian%20Raptor/Desktop/ebooks/literature/index-91.htm (1 of 3)2/6/2004 9:20:37 PM

Online Literature Library - Charles Darwin - The Origin of Species - 6th Edition

in both."
Bacon: "Advancement of Learning"

• ●  Preface

• ●  Introduction

• ●  Chapter 1 - Variation Under Domestication

• ●  Chapter 2 - Variation Under Nature

• ●  Chapter 3 - Struggle For Existence

• ●  Chapter 4 - Natural Selection; Or The Survival Of The

  Fittest

• ●  Chapter 5 - Laws Of Variation

• ●  Chapter 6 - Difficulties Of The Theory

• ●  Chapter 7 - Miscellaneous Objections To The Theory Of

  Natural Selection

• ●  Chapter 8 - Instinct

• ●  Chapter 9 - Hybridism

• ●  Chapter 10 - On The Imperfection Of The Geological

  Record

• ●  Chapter 11 - On The Geological Succession Of Organic

  Beings

• ●  Chapter 12 - Geographical Distribution

• ●  Chapter 13 - Geographical Distribution--Continued

• ●  Chapter 14 - Mutual Affinities Of Organic Beings:

  Morphology -- Embryology -- Rudimentary Organs

• ●  Chapter 15 - Recapitulation And Conclusion

• ●  Glossary Of The Principal Scientific Terms Used In The

  Present Volume

  Bibliographic Details

Origin	Project Gutenberg
Source File	etext99/otoos610.txt (1999/04/04, 1286956 bytes)
Published	unknown

---

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,
or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.1 2

Charles Darwin, M.A.

Fellow of the Royal, Geological, Linnæan, etc. societies;
Author of Journal of researches during H. M. S. Beagle's Voyage round the world. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859
– Edited and annotated by Dann Siems (2007)3 –

Preface – An Historical Sketch 

자료; Darwin, Charles, and Gavin De Beer. "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, The Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life." (1956).

[PDF] The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, The Preservation

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,
or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

Charles Darwin, M.A.

Charles Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species’ is unquestionably one of the most culturally transformative achievements in human intellectual history. This annotated abridgement is intended to make Darwin’s ideas more accessible to a broader audience and to provide historical context and connections to current evolutionary thinking. This work may be freely copied and distributed but please do not delete or modify editorial comments or footnotes. This is an evolving ‘social text’ and suggestions or criticisms are welcome and should be directed to Dann Siems, Department of Biology, Bemidji State University, Bemidji MN 56601 – dsiems@bemidjistate.edu.

Lone figure from ‘Origin of Species’

A Summary of the Logic of Natural Selection

Three inductions from observation and two necessary deductive conclusion

If Inductions 1-3 (derived directly from observation) are true then the Deductions (A & B) necessarily follow. The inductions derived from observations are corroborated by empirical evidence therefore evolution by natural selection is inevitable; all that remains as controversial it to determine its relative significance as a causal process.

Induction 1 – Adults on average produce (many) more offspring than required for their own replacement Induction 2 – Populations remain relatively constant in number (at least they don’t increase continuously)

Deduction A – Therefore, it follows that some (many) offspring must fail to survive and/or to reproduce. Induction 3 – Within any population there are heritable variations in form and physiology (ie., species have no

immutable essence)
Deduction B – Any heritable variations which enhance prospects for survival and reproduction will

increase in frequency over time within a population (this is Natural Selection)

IMPOR TANT NOTE: Deduction A in no way implies the inevitability of competition. Many offspring fall prey to predators, are victims of pathogens or parasites, or are victims of environmental events. The widespread belief (past and present!) that natural selection requires competition reflects cultural rather than biological foundations!

Table I. Structure and origins of Darwin’s strategy of argument(s) in “The Origin of Species”

Part	Strategy	Tactic	Chapters
I. Variation and selection under domestication	Vera causa	Establish accepted idea	I. Variation under domestication
	existence	Argue from analogy	II. Variation under nature III. Struggle for existence
II. Variation and selection in nature	[after Herschel]
		Make case	IV. Natural selection V. Laws of variation
	Vera causa competence	Consider difficulties	VI. Difficulties of the theory VII*. Miscellaneous objections (added in 2nd edition) VII. Instinct VIII. Hybridism IX. Imperfections of the geological record
III. Explanatory trials of the theory	Vera causa responsibility	Present evidence favoring responsibility	X. Geological succession XI. Geographic distribution
	Consilience of inductions [after Whewell]	Make sense of a large class of otherwise disparate facts	XII. Geographic distribution XIII. Mutual affinities of organic beings
Recapitulation	Allay fears, Convert ready	Humility & Reverie [after Humboldt]	XIV. Recapitulation and conclusions

Darwin built his case in the ‘Origin of Species’ specifically to address Victorian expectations concerning the nature of sound scientific practices. In particular, Darwin presents a vera causa (= ‘true cause’) argument in Chapters 1-11 that is a direct response to the practices advocated by John Herschel in “Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy” (1830). In a vera causa approach, one must first demonstrate the existence of some potentially causal process, then demonstrate that the process is in principle competent to explain the phenomenon of interest, and finally that the process is in fact responsible. In Chapters 12 & 13 Darwin follows the approach put forth by William Whewell, the first philosopher of science, in his “History (1837) and Philosophy (1840) of the Inductive Sciences.” Whewell (who incidently had coined the then rather controversial term ‘scientist’ in 1833) argued that the quality and utility of a scientific theory could be judged based on its capacity to makes sense of large class of otherwise apparently unrelated facts and coincidences. In carefully and intentionally structuring his argument in this way, Darwin was actively seeking the approval of Herschel and Whewell as a strategy for enhancing the likelihood of a positive scientific and public reaction to his theory of evolution by natural selection. In the final chapter, Darwin echoes the ‘nature reveries’ of Humboldt’s “Personal Narrative of Travels to Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent” which Darwin had read as a youth and which shaped his rather Romantic views of nature throughout his life. Table adapted primarily from Hodge, M. 1977. The Structure and strategy and Darwin’s ‘Long Argument.’ British Journal for the History of Science 10: 237- 246 and Waters, K. The arguments in the Origin of Species. pp. 116-140. In: Hodge, M. & Radick, G. The Cambridge Companion to Darwin. Cambridge University Press. 2003; see also Sloan, P.R. 1991. The sense of sublimity: Darwin on nature and the divine. Osiris 16: 251-269. Janet Browne's (2007) "Darwin's 'Origin of Species': A Biography" provides a concise analysis of the context and development of Darwin's theory.

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,
or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.1 2

Charles Darwin, M.A.

Fellow of the Royal, Geological, Linnæan, etc. societies;
Author of Journal of researches during H. M. S. Beagle's Voyage round the world. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859
– Edited and annotated by Dann Siems (2007)3 –

Preface – An Historical Sketch

I WILL here give a brief sketch of the progress of opinion on the Origin of Species. Until recently the great majority of naturalists believed that species were immutable productions, and had been separately created. This view has been ably maintained by many authors. Some few naturalists, on the other hand, have believed that species undergo modification, and that the existing forms of life are the descendants by true generation of pre-existing forms. [...]

Lamarck was the first man whose conclusions on the subject excited much attention. This justly-celebrated naturalist first published his views in 1801; he much enlarged them in 1809 in his "Philosophie Zoologique,' and subsequently, in 1815, in the Introduction to his "Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertebres.' In these works he upholds the doctrine that species, including man, are descended from other species. He first did the eminent service of arousing attention to the probability of all change in the organic, as well as in the inorganic world,

1 The first edition of this work (1250 copies) was published on November 24th, 1859. In seeking support for his theory, Darwin sent complimentary copies to one hundred leading men of science. A second edition (3000 copies) following quickly on January 7th, 1860. A Preface first appeared in the third edition (2000 copies) published in 1861 but the preface version reproduced here is from the 6th edition published in 1872 (3000 copies; 4th edition 1500 copies) Interestingly, Herbert Spencer’s phrase “survival of the fittest” did not appear in the Origin until the 5th edition published in 1869 (2000 copies). Spencer had coined this language in his 1864 book “Principles of Biology” where he wrote: "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life." Although many of Darwin’s contemporaries urged him to use “survival of the fittest” as a synonym for natural selection in the Origin, Darwin consistently resisted these entreaties believing Spencer’s phrase simplistic and misleading. [Note that only 12,750 copies of the Origin were printed in the first decade; however, it is likely that most, if not all members of the Royal Society had a copy or were familiar with its contents].

2 First edition full text is available on-line at http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/origin.html. John van Wyhe provides another excellent on-line first edition at http://darwin-online.org.uk/; this site has the advantage of preserving original page numbering.

3 Selections reproduced here are intended to provide an abridged overview of the style and structure of Darwin’s argument. This abridgement was developed to provide background information for students participating in a ‘Reacting to the Past’ series game entitled “Charles Darwin, the Copley Medal, and the Rise of Naturalism.” Game players should pay particular attention to the introductory remarks at the head of each chapter as they highlight the conceptual content and the strategic rhetorical role of subsequent material. In addition, GAME NOTES specific to various issues are interspersed throughout the text as are CHARACTER ALERTS specific to particular roles. Editorial comments and annotations are presented in [italicized brackets] or footnotes and include brief descriptions of deleted material, contextual commentary, and connections to contemporary evolutionary theory. Contact: Dann Siems, Bemidji State University, Bemidji MN 56601 (dsiems@bemidjistate.edu).

i

being the result of law, and not of miraculous interposition. Lamarck seems to have been chiefly led to his conclusion on the gradual change of species, by the difficulty of distinguishing species and varieties, by the almost perfect gradation of forms in certain groups, and by the analogy of domestic productions. With respect to the means of modification, he attributed something to the direct action of the physical conditions of life, something to the crossing of already existing forms, and much to use and disuse, that is, to the effects of habit. To this latter agency he seemed to attribute all the beautiful adaptations in nature; — such as the long neck of the giraffe for browsing on the branches of trees. But he likewise believed in a law of progressive development; and as all the forms of life thus tend to progress, in order to account for the existence at the present day of simple productions, he maintains that such forms are now spontaneously generated.

[...] It is curious how largely my grandfather, Dr Erasmus Darwin, anticipated the views and erroneous grounds of opinion of Lamarck in his 'Zoonomia' [...] published in 1794. According to Isid. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire there is no doubt that Goethe was an extreme partisan of similar views, as shown in the Introduction to a work written in 1794 and 1795, but not published till long afterwards. [...] It is rather a singular instance of the manner in which similar views arise at about the same time, that Goethe in Germany, Dr Darwin in England, and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire [...] in France; came to the same conclusion on the origin of species, in the years 1794-5.

[There follows a compilation of thirty-four examples of others who apparently espoused evolutionary views and even some who recognized the principle of natural selection between 1800 and 1859. Interestingly, Darwin does not claim that he was the first to propose the idea of natural selection and he even uses prior recognition of the principle by others to support the legitimacy of his argument. Only several of the excerpts most relevant to present concerns are included here. GAME NOTE: Look for references to your character (or an ally or adversary) of your character here. Darwin’s comments on Owen are particularly revealing.]

The 'Vestiges of Creation' appeared in 1844. In the tenth and much improved edition (1853) the anonymous author4 says (p. 155):- 'The proposition determined on after much consideration is, that the several series of animated beings, from the simplest and oldest up to the highest and most recent, are, under the providence of God, the results, first, of an impulse which has been imparted to the forms of life, advancing them, in definite times, by generation, through grades of organisation terminating in the highest dicotyledons and vertebrata, these grades being few in number, and generally marked by intervals of organic character, which we find to be a practical difficulty in ascertaining affinities; second, of another impulse connected with the vital forces, tending, in the course of generations, to modify organic structures in accordance with external circumstances, as food, the nature of the habitat, and the meteoric agencies, these being the ''adaptations'' of the natural theologian.' The author apparently believes that organisation progresses by sudden leaps, but that the effects produced by the conditions of life are gradual. He argues with much force on general grounds that species are not immutable productions. [...] The work, from its powerful and brilliant style, though displaying in the earlier editions little accurate knowledge and a great want of scientific caution, immediately had a very wide circulation. In my opinion it has done excellent service in this country in calling attention to the subject, in removing prejudice, and in thus preparing the ground for the reception of analogous views. [...]

Professor Owen, in 1849 ('Nature of Limbs,' p. 86), wrote as follows:- “The archetypal idea was manifested in the flesh under diverse such modifications, upon this planet, long prior to the existence of those animal species that actually exemplify it. To what natural laws or secondary causes the orderly succession and progression of such organic phenomena may have been committed, we, as yet, are ignorant.” In his Address to the British Association, in 1858, he speaks (p. li.) of “the axiom of the continuous operation of creative power, or of the ordained becoming of living things.” Farther on (p. xc.), after referring to geographical distribution, he adds, “These phenomena shake our confidence in the conclusion that the Apteryx of New Zealand and the Red Grouse

4 Revealed to be Robert Chambers in 1884. This work was widely read on both sides the Atlantic and brought natural history to public attention. For more see http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/chambers.html.