개과동물-남아메리카-2

[대 박]

멋진 이름이네요. Darwin’s fox입니다.

신체 자료및 서식지, 개체수입니다. 서식지가 좁은만큼 개체수도 적군요.

Food

 Darwin’s fox is omnivorous, has a broad diet
spectrum, and is highly opportunistic; these traits facilitate
its survival in a prey-poor and highly fluctuating
environment (such as Nahuelbuta and Chiloé; Jaksic et al.
1990; Jiménez et al. 1990). It changes its diet as the
availability of food items changes in the environment,
which renders marked seasonal changes. Based on faecal

analysis, Jiménez et al. (1990) reported that the mainland
population ate mainly small mammals, reptiles, insects,
birds, and arachnids (in that order of importance). The
proportions of these prey classes fluctuated strongly among
seasons. More recently, analysis of faeces of trapped foxes
indicated that, by number, insects were the most abundant
prey in the diet, followed by small mammals and reptiles
(although small mammals constituted most of the diet
biomass). Berries were also included in the diet, showing
up in c. 20% of the faeces.

Social behaviour
Telemetric information on Chiloé indicates that when not
breeding, Darwin’s foxes are solitary carnivores (J.E.
Jiménez unpubl.). They would, however, congregate at a
food source when faced with concentrated resources (e.g.,
carcasses and seaweed stranded on beaches). A pair appears
to be the standard unit during the breeding season. In the
island population, home ranges are about 1.6km² for males
and 1.5km² for females (J. Jiménez and J. Rau unpubl.).
Given the very large range overlaps among neighbouring
foxes, and that individuals share their home range with an
average of 4.7 males and 3.3 females, the Darwin’s fox
appears to be a non-territorial species (Jiménez 2000).

Competition
The only other terrestrial carnivores that live on Chiloé
Island are the kod-kod or guiña (Oncifelis guigna), the hognosed
skunk (Conepatus chinga), and the little grison
(Galictis cuja). However, there are no data to support
potential competition of these carnivores with the fox. The
sympatric rufous-legged owl (Strix rufipes) is another
potential competitor of Darwin’s fox for small mammal
prey.
The mainland population overlaps geographically with
six carnivore species. These include the puma (Puma
concolor), the culpeo and the chilla, the guiña, the hognosed
skunk and the grison.

Natural sources of mortality

In Nahuelbuta National Park, puma, culpeo, and chilla are all potential predators
of the Darwin’s fox. The larger culpeo has also been
trapped in the same area as the Darwin’s fox, but based on
telemetry data, these individuals were passing through the
area and therefore less likely to be serious competitors. Of
the 29 radio-collared foxes we have followed over four
years, there have been five mortalities attributed to larger
carnivores, of which one was a puma. This latter fox had a
home range adjacent to the park and was often in open
patchy habitat. However, the main habitat of the Darwin’s
fox includes extremely dense undergrowth, which may
prohibit serious pursuit by pumas (E. McMahon pers.obs.).

In Nahuelbuta National Park, survival rates of radiocollared
juvenile and adult Darwin’s foxes are 84% for
females and 93% for males. Analysis of cause-specific
mortality rate for the mainland population indicates that
74% of mortalities are due to natural causes while 26% are
human caused (McMahon 2002).

다윈여우도 다른 여우처럼 잡식성이나 사회성은 다른여우들관 다르게

짝짓기시기를 제외하면 혼자 살아간다 합니다. 그리고 섬에 있는녀석들의 경쟁자들은

그리슨이나 스컹크등의 경쟁자들정도지만 본토에선 원래 경쟁자들에다가 올빼미,퓨마,culpeo,chilla

같은 더크고 다양한 포식자들과 경쟁을 하게 됩니다.

그리고 이녀석들의 천적은 자신보다 더 큰 여우종인 culpeo가 다윈여우를 죽이는것이 목격되었으며 자신보다 더 큰 포식자에게 살해당하는것이 5건 목격되었는데 그중 하나가 퓨마라 하며

본토의 다윈여우들의 개체수가 급감하는원인은 퓨마의 공격 때문이라는듯 합니다.

본토 여우들의 사망률의 74%는 자연에서 벌어진 일이며 26%는 인간으로인해 벌어진 일이라는군요.

다윈여우와는 다른의미로..우리에겐 특이한 이름의 Chilla 입니다.

신체자료측정표및 분포도이며..

Social behaviour

The basic component of social organisation in Parque
Nacional Torres del Paine is the breeding monogamous
pair, accompanied by occasional female helpers, male
dispersal, and occasional polygyny (Johnson and Franklin
1994a). Solitary individuals were seen from March to July
(94% mean monthly visual observations), while pairs
comprised 42% of sightings during August. Male and
female of the pair maintained an exclusive home range
year-round, which did not overlap with home ranges of
neighbouring grey fox pairs. Intraspecific interactions
displayed were few and usually aggressive. Individual
home range sizes (n=23) varied between 2.0 ± 0.2km2
(minimum convex polygon) and 2.9 ± 0.3km2 (95%
harmonic mean) (Johnson and Franklin 1994a, b, c).

Food

Chillas are omnivorous generalists, feeding on a
variety of food types including mammals, arthropods,
birds, reptiles, fruit, and carrion (Medel and Jaksic 1988).
Fruits ingested include berries of Cryptocarya alba and
Lithraea caustica in Chile (Yáñez and Jaksic 1978; Jaksic
et al. 1980), pods of Prosopis spp., and the berry-like fruits
of Prosopanche americana and of several Cactaceae in
Argentina (González del Solar et al. 1997, unpubl.).

In Argentina’s
Patagonian steppe (Neuquén), artiodactyl carrion was the
most important food item in 42 stomachs collected in
winter (representing 62% of biomass ingested), followed
by hares and cricetine rodents (Novaro et al. 2000)

In the harshest habitats of its distribution range, the
diet of the chilla includes increasingly higher proportions
of non-mammal food as small mammal availability
decreases (Yáñez and Jaksic 1978). For example, lizards (44% minimum number of individuals) were the most consumed vertebrate prey in winter, the season of lowest
small mammal availability in coastal northern Chile (Simonetti et al. 1984).
 

 In central Chile, where small mammal availability decreases towards autumn, berries
appeared in 52% of the droppings (n=127) collected in that season; while in spring, when small mammal availability is the highest, berries were present in only 18% of the faeces (n=62; Jaksic et al. 1980).

 In north-eastern Mendoza (Argentinean Monte desert), fruit (61% annual mean of weight of remains [MWR]) was represented in mean of weight of remains [MWR]) was represented in
35% of faeces (n=116), followed by small mammals (19%
frequency of occurrence [FO], 15% MWR) – mostly the
murid (Eligmodontia typus). Small mammal consumption
decreased from autumn (28% MWR) to summer (8%
MWR), while fruit consumption simultaneously increased
from 59% to 71% (MWR) (González del Solar et al. 1997).

Chillas might favour species richness in terrestrial
ecosystems by acting as key predators to competitor
rodents (J. Rau unpubl.). Chillas may also have an influence
on vegetation structure by restricting the low-scale spatial
distribution of rodents (e.g., Octodon degus) through
predation (Martínez et al. 1993), and through seed dispersal
(Yáñez and Jaksic 1978; Campos and Ojeda 1997; R.
González del Solar unpubl.).
Foraging behaviour Feeding behaviour ap

Natural sources of mortality

Little known. A culpeo was reported to attack and kill a chilla at Parque Nacional
Nahuelbuta (Jiménez et al. 1996b).

 In Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, five out of 11 radio-tracked individuals
lost during the study died from natural causes, and one
unmarked individual was killed, but not eaten, by a puma
(Puma concolor) (Johnson and Franklin 1994a).

다른 여우들처럼 짝을지어 새끼를 기르고 잡식성이며 장소,계절에 따라 먹는 먹이의 비율이 틀립니다.

아르헨티나 파타고니아 평원의 겨울에선 우제목의 시체가 62%로 가장 주요한 먹이이며

칠레의 겨울에선 도마뱀이 적어도 44%를 차지하는 주요한먹이이며 그리고 중앙칠레의 가을에선

베리가 52%로써 가장주요한 먹이이나 봄이되면 조그만 포유류들이 가장 주요한 먹이가 되며

이때 베리의 비율은18%에 지나지 않는..등이 기록되있으며

천적은 역시 덩치가 더 큰 culpeo 가 chilla 를 공격하여 죽이는것이 관찰되었으며

퓨마에게 공격당하고 죽었으나 먹히진 않은 사례도 관찰되었다 합니다.

팜파스 여우의 신체측정표및 분포도, 개체수표 입니다.

Food

 Like most other medium-sized foxes, the Pampas
fox is a generalist and adaptable carnivore. Its diet shows
great geographic variation and may include both wild and
domestic vertebrates (particularly rodents and birds), fruit,
insects, carrion and garbage. Based on stomach contents,
wild mammals and sheep appeared to be the two most
important food items in Uruguay (Cravino et al. 1997),

while in La Pampa Province, Argentina, European hares
and rodents were the most important food items, followed
by birds and carrion (Crespo 1971). Recent studies in
Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, using faecal analysis,
report high frequencies of occurrence of rodents and
birds, but also of insects and fruits (Farias 2000a; D.
Birochio and M. Lucherini unpubl.) and crabs (in a coastal area; Vuillermoz and Sapoznikow 1998).

However, in a study where ingested biomass was estimated, mammal
carrion, rodents and hares were the main dietary
components (Farias 2000a). Seasonal and local variations
in diet are likely connected to variations in food availability
(Vuillermoz and Sapoznikow 1998; Farias 2000a; García
2001; D. Birochio and M. Lucherini unpubl.). No sex/age
differences in food habits have been reported, but
occasional observations of food remains at den sites (M.
Lucherini pers. obs.) suggest that cubs feed mostly on
small- to medium-sized vertebrate prey.

Social behaviour

Pampas foxes are thought to form monogamous
pairs. However, they spend most of their time solitarily:
in the Paraguayan Chaco (Brooks 1992) and La Pampa
Province, Argentina (Branch 1994) 88–93% of
observations, respectively, were of single individuals. Pairs
are frequently observed from mating until cubs leave the
natal den.

Natural sources of mortality

Little is known about natural causes of mortality. Pampas fox remains have
been found in puma scats collected in the Lihuel Calel
National Park, Argentina (Wander et al. unpubl.). Kills
by feral dogs have also been reported (A.A. Farías pers.
obs., A. Canepuccia and D. Queirolo Morato pers. comm.)

팜파스 여우도 다른 여우들처럼 잡식성이며 영리한 포식자라 합니다.

쓰레기도 먹이에 포함되는군요. 암수한쌍씩 무리를 지어사는것으로 알려져왔으나

실상은 팜파스여우들은 생애 대부분을 혼자 보낸다는군요.

팜파스 여우가 포식당한 사례는 적게 알려져 있으나 퓨마의 배설물에서 팜파스여우의 잔해가

나온적이 있다 하며 떠돌이개에게 죽임을 당한것이 보고된바 있다 합니다.

Sechuran fox의 신체측정표와 분포도 입니다. 이녀석도 상당히 좁은지역에서 서식하는군요.

Food

A generalist, omnivorous species, the Sechuran fox
varies its diet opportunistically, preferentially consuming
vertebrate prey or carrion when available, but often
depending predominantly on seeds or seed pods. Studies
during late winter and early spring in the inland Sechuran
desert found droppings containing mainly the remnants
of seeds or seed pods of Prosopis juliflora (algarrobo),
Capparis scabrida (zapote) and C. avicennifolia (vichayo

Social behaviour
Little is known about the social behaviour of this species.
Groups larger than three individuals are rare, and usually
only observed in cases where food sources are concentrated.
Of four radio-collared foxes, the home range of one adult
male adjoined that of one adult female accompanied by
two almost full-grown juveniles (one male and one female)
(Asa and Wallace 1990). However, each individual foraged
separately during the night and occupied separate, though
nearby, dens during the day.

Natural sources of mortality

According to local reports boa constrictors prey on pups. Predation by other
carnivores, like pumas (Puma concolor), other felids and

culpeo foxes is possible in some areas, but pumas and
jaguar (Panthera onca) are now uncommon in the Sechuran
fox´s habitat. Large raptors in these areas normally prey
on smaller animals (e.g., Geranoetus melanoleucus,
Sarcorhamphus papa, Buteo spp., and others).

다른 여우들처럼 잡식성이며 사회성에 대해선 잘 알려져 있지 않으나 3마리이상 무리짓는것은

드물며 먹이가 상당히 풍부할시 4마리의 무리를 짓는것이 목격되었다 합니다.

천적은 보아 구렁이에게 새끼가 당한게 보고되었으며 퓨마,재규어같은 대형 고양이과나 보다 큰

culpeo가 천적이 될수있다 합니다. 그러나 퓨마와 재규어는 이제 Sechuran 지역에 드물어서

파충류가 천적이라고 하는듯 하군요.

Hoary fox의 신체측정표및 분포도 입니다.

Food

 Omnivorous, though diet mainly of insects,
particularly ground-dwelling harvester termites
(Synthermes spp. and Cornitermes spp.), recorded in 87%
of faeces collected in six localities across its geographical
range (Dalponte 1997; Silveira 1999; Juarez and Marinho-
Filho 2002; O. Courtenay unpubl.; J. Dalponte unpubl.).
Dung beetles are consumed in great quantities when
seasonally abundant. Other dietary items include small
mammals, grasshoppers, birds and reptiles. Seasonal
variation in most diet components has been noted
(Dalponte 1997; Silveira 1999; Juarez and Marinho-Filho
2002; O. Courtenay unpubl.).

Social behaviour
Monogamous. One study group living in pasture comprised
an adult breeding pair and five (3M:2F) juvenile offspring
that shared largely overlapping home ranges of 4.6km²
(range = 4.5–4.6km²) (O. Courtenay unpubl.). In Bahia,
an adult female occupied a home range of 3.8km² (Juarez
and Marinho-Filho 2002). Contact rates of a single
breeding pair estimated by radio-telemetry indicated that
they spend up to 35% of their activity period in close
proximity, with substantial variation during offspring
rearing (October to May) (O. Courtenay unpubl.). Spot
sightings in different habitats and localities revealed that
groups were composed of single animals on 75% of
occasions, followed by pairs (30%), and groups larger
than two (4%) (J. Dalponte and E. Lima unpubl.).
Vocalisations include a roar and threat bark;
vocalisations are most common during the mating season
(J. Dalponte unpubl.). Hoary foxes urinate using a raised
leg urination position; frequent urination in small
quantities is typical of territory marking behaviour (J.
Dalponte unpubl.).

Natural sources of mortality

Hoary fox remains (hairs,
teeth and bone fragments) have been identified in 0.3–4%
of maned wolf faeces from three different sites in Central
Brazil: Parque Nacional de Chapada dos Guimarães (J.
Dalponte and E. Gomes da Silva unpubl.), Parque
Nacional de Emas (Silveira 1999; A.T. Jácomo pers.comm.),

and Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas (J.
Dalponte unpubl.), suggesting that maned wolves are
opportunist consumers of hoary foxes, presumably as
scavengers. It is debatable that maned wolves actively
hunt live adult foxes. Hoary foxes are not represented in
stomach contents or faeces of large predatory birds or
large felines, though Xavante hunters in the Rio das
Mortes Indigenous Reserve, Mato Grosso state, reported
at least one fox being killed and eaten by a puma (Puma
concolor) (E. Lima pers. comm.).

Hoary fox의 먹이는 대개 곤충이며 사회성은 대개한쌍의 부부라 하며

천적은 갈기늑대가 있는데 갈기늑대가적극적으로 살아있는 Hoary fox를 사냥하러 하는가에

대해선 이론의 여지가 있다 하며 최소 한번은 퓨마에게 죽임을 당하고 먹힌바가 있다 합니다.

나름대로 인지도 있는 숲개입니다. 신체측정표및 분포도가있습니다.

체중은 5~8킬로사이산이라는군요.

Food

Primarily carnivorous, bush dogs are most
commonly observed hunting large rodents such as paca
(Agouti paca) and agouti (Dasyprocta spp.) (53.1% and
28.1%, respectively, of reported sightings in central western
Amazonia; Peres 1991). Their diet may also include small
mammals (i.e., rats, Oryzomys spp. and Proechimys spp.,
rabbits, Sylvilagus brasiliensis, opossums, Didelphis spp.
and nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus; Van
Humbeck and Perez 1998; Zuercher and Villalba 2002).

Other prey items include teju lizards (M. Swarner pers.
obs.), snakes, and possibly ground-nesting birds. Local
people report that bush dogs can take prey considerably
larger than themselves such as capybaras (Hydrochaeris
hydrochaeris), and rheas (Rhea americana), as well as deer
(Mazama spp.), and possibly even tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
(R. Wallace pers. comm.) by hunting in packs (Deutsch
1983; Peres 1991; Strahl et al. 1992). Their diet is reported
to vary seasonally.

Social behaviour
Although solitary individuals have been observed, the
bush dog is considered the most social of the small canids
(Ginsberg and Macdonald 1990; Sheldon 1992), reportedly
living in groups ranging from 2–12 individuals with most
observed groups comprising 2–6 members (M. Swarner
unpubl.; L. Silveira pers. obs.). Captive bush dogs, too,
are compulsively social, rarely spending more than a few
minutes from companions (Macdonald 1996). Strahl et al.
(1992) state that the bush dog is probably a cooperative
species, and report observations by indigenous hunters
and colonists in Venezuela of bush dogs hunting in groups
of up to six individuals. The ability of a pack to subdue
larger prey appears to be a primary benefit of sociality for
bush dogs (Kleiman 1972; Drüwa 1983)

Adult bush dog vocalisations have been classified into
six categories: (1) whines; (2) repetitive whines; (3) pulsed
vocalisation; (4) screams; (5) barks; and (6) growls (Brady
1981). Infant vocalisations include whines, grunts, growls,
and barks and are thought to either elicit care or reduce
aggression. Habitat and social organisation are thought
to influence the physical structure of bush dog
vocalisations. The elaborate set of close-range vocalisations
assists in communicating subtle changes in mood as well
as changes in location (Kleiman 1972; Brady 1981). The
use of this close-contact call has been noted in a bush dog
group travelling through tall grass during the day in
Colombia (Defler 1986). Bush dogs also have a vocalisation
similar to the short-distance vocalisation (Brady 1981)
but at a different frequency. This particular vocalisation
has been reported from Paraguay during the early morning
(K. DeMatteo pers. comm.) and night (Beccaceci 1994).

Natural sources of mortality

 Indigenous peoples in Paraguay, Bolivia, and Ecuador report finding bush dogs
killed by jaguars and puma.

먹이는 파카, 아구티같은 조그만 포유류가 대다수이며 도마뱀이나 새,뱀등도 잡아먹는다 합니다.

현지인들은 숲개가 앞의 동물들보다 훨씬 큰 동물들인 캐피바라,사슴,레아,

심지어 맥도 무리를 지어 사냥한다 말한다 합니다. 현지인의 말들은 과장의 여지가 있겠죠.

그리고 무리의 규모는 2~12마리이며 대개 2~6마리의 무리가 관찰된다 합니다.

이들의 대화방식은 1.낑낑거린다 2. 반복적으로 낑낑거린다 3.진동을 낸다 4.비명지른다

5.짖는다.6. 으르렁거린다. 이런방식으로 이루어진다 합니다.

그리고 천적은 파라과이,볼리비아,에콰도르의 현지인들에 의하면 재규어와 퓨마에의해

죽임을 당한다 합니다.

[베트남여자가꼭나쁜건아닐꺼야]

정말 좋은자룐데.... 죄송해요....

[옮앎]

개는 늑대과 아닌가요...??ㅋㅋㅋ아니면 ㅈㅅ...

[모텔켈리포니아]

개는 개과 늑대도 개과

[고기사랑_]

좋은 자료 잘봤습니다. 대박님 요즘 어디에서 활동하세요?~ 전 맹사모에 c****r_ 입니다.

[대 박]

헛 안녕하세요. 맹사모분들을 이종에서 뵈니 정말 반갑습니다.^^

전 요새 동물관련커뮤니티는 맹법을 제외하면 다 탈퇴했고 게시글작성은 여기 이종과
네이버 블로그에서 하고 있습니다.

[대 박]

항상 감사합니다.^^

그러고보니 그렇군요.재규어는 관대해서 그런가봅니다.(?) ㅋㅋㅋ