개과동물-나머지 승냥이 딩고등..

[대 박]

Blanford’s fox, 아프간 여우라 불리는 녀석입니다.
Blanford’s fox의 신체측정표및 분포도,이스라엘에서의 서식현황 입니다.

이스라엘에서 개체군이 안정적인가 보군요.

체중은 이스라엘의 19마리 수컷평균 1킬로
아랍에미리트의 9마리 수컷평균 1.2킬로네요.

수컷이랑 암컷 차이가 나질않는..오히려 아랍에미리트쪽은 암컷이 더크게 나오네요.

Food

In Israel, Blanford’s foxes are primarily insectivorous
and frugivorous (Ilany 1983; Geffen et al. 1992b).
Invertebrates are the major food with beetles, grasshoppers,
ants, and termites eaten most often (Geffen et al. 1992b).
Plant foods consisted mainly of the fruits of two caperbush
species, Capparis cartilaginea and C. spinosa. Fruits and
plant material of Phoenix dactylifera, Ochradenus baccatus,
Fagonia mollis, and various species of Gramineae were also
eaten. Remains of vertebrates were present in c.10% of
faecal samples analysed (Geffen et al. 1992b). The diet
differed significantly between two sites examined in Israel,
but seasonal and individual differences in diet were not
detected (Geffen et al. 1992b). Blanford’s foxes in Pakistan
are largely frugivorous feeding on Russian olives (Elaeagnus
hortensis), melons, and grapes (Roberts 1977).

Social behaviour
Data from 11 radio-tracked Blanford’s foxes studied over
two years in Israel indicated that they were organised as
strictly monogamous pairs in territories of c. 1.6km² that
overlapped minimally (Geffen and Macdonald 1992;
Geffen et al. 1992c). Locations and configurations of
home ranges were stable during that study. A shift in
location of home range was observed only once following
the death of a pair member. Three of five territories
contained one, non-breeding, yearling female during the
mating season, but there was no evidence of polygyny
(Geffen and Macdonald 1992)

Competition
Blanford’s foxes have been observed to flee from a red fox.
However, occasionally, individuals will stand at a safe
distance and bark at larger potential predators (e.g.,
leopards and humans).

Natural sources of mortality

In Israel, old age or rabies were the primary causes of death (Geffen 1994). Only a
single known case of predation was recorded, where the
suspect was thought to be a red fox.

이스라엘에서 Blanford’s fox의 주된먹이는 곤충과과일류라 합니다.
이스라엘에서 두지역에 따라 먹이군의 차이는 있는데 계졀별이나 개체차이별
먹이 차이는 별로 없었다는군요.

그리고 파키스탄의 녀석들은 과일에 대한 의존도가 높다 합니다.

사회성은 이스라엘에서
11마리의 Blanford’s fox를 2년간 추적한결과 한쌍의 짝을 이뤄살며
영역너비는 1.6제곱키로이며, 정착해서 산다하는군요. 영역이 변한것은 짝이
죽었을때..

경쟁상대는 붉은 여우이며 그러나 붉은여우에게 안전거리를 유지하고
짖는걸 보면 큰 잠재적 포식자 역시 될수 있다 합니다.
붉은여우에게 늙은개체가 먹힌것으로 보이는 사건이 있다는군요.

 pale fox의 신체측정표및 분포도입니다.
체중은 2.0~3.6키로 정도라 하는군요.

Food

 Well-developed molars suggest pale foxes are
essentially herbivorous, eating mainly berries, wild fruit
such as melons, and vegetable matter. They also feed on
small rodents, ground-nesting birds, small reptiles and
invertebrates (Dorst and Dandelot 1970; Kingdon 1997).

Social behaviour
Little is known of their habits, but they are gregarious and
have been observed in pairs and small family parties
(Dorst and Dandelot 1970; Rosevear 1974; Coetzee 1977).
In captivity, a group of one female and two males got
along amicably (Bueler 1973). They are active from dusk
till dawn, resting during the day in extensive burrows,
occupied by several individuals (Coetzee 1977).

Competition
Unknown.

Mortality and pathogens
Unknown, but probably susceptible to predation by other
desert carnivores and aerial predators and pathogens like
rabies and canine distemper. Anderson (1902) mentioned
skulls of the species found in the nest of a kite near Khartoum.

잘발달된 어금니는 pale fox가 초식동물에 가깝다는것을 시사하며
주요먹이는 과일같은 채소류이나 조그만 설치류나 새, 파충류도 먹는다합니다.

사회성은 알려진바가 적으나 이녀석들은 사교적인 성격이며
사육상태에선 한쌍이나 조그만 무리로 다닌다 합니다. 더운 낮에는 쉬고
선선한 저녁과 새벽에 주로 활동한다는군요.

경쟁자는 알려지지 않았으며 포식자역시 알려지지 않았으나
사막 포식자에게 민감하게 반응할것으로 보인다 합니다.
질병은 광견병이나 개 홍역에 걸릴수 있다는군요.

Rüppell’s fox 의 신체측정표및 분포도입니다. 중간의 u의 표시는..?
어쨌든 체중은 사우디 아라비아의 179마리 수컷평균 1.62키로
이스라엘의 9마리 수컷평균 1.638킬로 이집트의 13마리 수컷평균 1.79킬로라 합니다.

Food

Rüppell’s foxes are generalist predators. Their diet
includes a high invertebrate content, as well as rodents,
lizards, snakes, birds, and wild fruits (Valverde 1957; Osborn
and Helmy 1980; Lindsay and Macdonald 1986; Kowalski
1988; Kingdon 1997). Lenain (2000) found that small
mammals are an important component of their diet and
that in the absence of small mammals, they will turn to
beetles (Coleoptera). Scats also contained the remains of
desert locusts (Schistocera gregaria), which were found in
large numbers during some study periods (Olfermann
1996; Lenain 2000), suggesting that they may be very
opportunistic.

Social behaviour
Little is known, but reports indicate that the species may be
gregarious, having been sighted in groups of 3–15 (I. Linn
pers. comm.). These may represent extended family groups.
Grouping may be incidental, a result of close aggregation
of dens in the few areas where denning sites are available.
In Oman, Lindsay and Macdonald (1986) found that
home ranges were very expansive covering some 69km²,
and social units were spatially separate. In Mahazat as-
Sayd, Olfermann (1996) found a mean annual home range
of 16.3km², while Lenain (2000) gives a figure of 10.2km².
Olfermann (1996) found that males had significantly larger
seasonal home ranges than females. Adults were usually
organised as monogamous pairs.

Competition
In Saudi Arabia, Israel and Morocco, the red fox is
present in the fringes of the desert, particularly those
colonised by man. Rüppell’s foxes may only be able to
compete in the harshest desert areas, where the red fox is
not able to survive, or in protected areas where red fox
control is taking place (Yom-Tov and Mendelssohn 1988).
The settlement of new areas represents an opportunity for
the red fox to increase its range, at the expense of Rüppell’s
fox. In the Aïr, Niger, Dragesco-Joffé (1993) suggests that
the density of Rüppell’s fox is higher in areas where other
carnivores, such as golden jackal (Canis aureus), caracal
(Caracal caracal), sand cat (Felis margarita), striped hyaena
(Hyaena hyaena) and fennec fox are absent.

Natural sources of mortality

The fragments of the jaws of a young fox were found in pellets of an owl (Bubo
ascalaphus) near Idjil (Mauritania) by Heim de Balsac and
Heim de Balsac (1954), while Olfermann (1996) recorded
predation by steppe eagles (Aquila nipalensis) and owls
(Bubo ascalpahus) in Arabia. Lenain and Ostrowski (1998)
recorded the death of a Rüppell’s fox in a cage trap as a
result of a honey badger attack. However, the honey
badger is unlikely to be a predator of Rüppell’s foxes and
this was probably an opportunistic attack.

Rüppell’s fox는 다양한먹이를 섭취하며 그중엔
무척추 동물의 비중이 높다 합니다. 즉 벌레의 비중이 높단 소리죠.
그외 설치류,과일,뱀,도마뱀,뱀,등을 먹는다 합니다.

사회성은 잘 알려지지 않았으나 3~15마리의 무리를 이루어산다는 보고를
보면 사교적이라 보인다 하며 무리의 영역너비는 69제곱키로에 달한적이 있다 합니다.
그리고 평균 영역너비는 16.3, 10.2제곱키로라는 결과가 있습니다.

경쟁자는 붉은여우외 황금자칼,카라칼,모래고양이,줄무늬 하이에나,사막여우가
있다 합니다. 천적은 어린여우가 올빼미에게 당한적이 있다 하며 초원수리에게
당한보고도 있으며 꿀오소리는 포식자로 간주되진 않는다 하는듯 하군요.

사막여우의 신체측정표및 분포도 입니다.
체중은 이집트의 아마리 수컷평균 1.1킬로군요.동물원 녀석들은 더 무겁고..

Food

Fennec foxes are omnivorous and are reported to
consume insects, small rodents (e.g., Jaculus jaculus,
Gerbillus spp. and Meriones spp.), lizards (e.g.,
Acanthodactylus spp.), geckos (e.g., Stenodactylus spp.),
skinks (e.g., Scincus albifasciatus), eggs, small birds (e.g.,
larks and sandgrouse), various fruits and some tubers
(Dragesco-Joffé 1993; F. Cuzin pers. obs.). Captive fennec
foxes have also been reported to capture and kill an adult
rabbit (Gauthier-Pilters 1962).

Social behaviour
Fennec foxes are thought to be moderately social, but this
evidence is based mainly on captive animals. The basic
social unit is believed to be a mated pair and their offspring,
and, like some other canids, the young of the previous year
may remain in the family even when a new litter is born
(Gauthier-Pilters 1967). Play behaviour is common, even
among adults, although males show more aggression and
urine-marking around the time of oestrus. Captive fennec
foxes engage in high levels of affiliative behaviour, and
typically rest in contact with each other. In captivity,
fennec foxes often bury faeces by pushing loose substrate
with their noses or hind feet (Gauthier-Pilters 1962).

Competition
The fennec fox is partly sympatric with, and thus may face
competition from, Rüppell’s fox (Lindsay and Macdonald
1986), although direct observations have not been made.
In southern Morocco, encounters between these species
are rare, as Rüppell’s fox rarely goes into large sandy areas
(F. Cuzin pers. obs.). At its southern limit, the fennec fox
is sympatric with the pale fox (Dragesco-Joffé 1993).

Natural sources of mortality

In the wild, jackals, striped hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) and domestic dogs are reported
to prey on fennec foxes (Gauthier-Pilters 1967), though
this is anecdotal and possibly questionable. The capture
of fennec foxes is likely very difficult, as they are fast and
able to change direction very quickly. Nomads consider
them very difficult to capture, even for the saluki, a local
greyhound-like dog (Monteil 1951; Dragesco-Joffé 1993).
However, the eagle owl may prey on young fennec foxes
(Dragesco-Joffé 1993). There is significant mortality of
neonates in captivity, generally attributed to the sensitivity
of the parents to disturbance (Petter 1957; Volf 1957;
Gangloff 1972).

사막여우는 잡식동물로써 곤충,작은설치류,도마뱀붙이,알,과일등을 먹는다 합니다.
사막여우는 중간정도로 사회성을 가진다 생각되지만 이건 사육개체들을 토대로낸
말이라 합니다. 자기들끼리 신나게 노는데 발정기 시기엔 수컷들이 보다 공격적이 된다
합니다.

경쟁자로는 Rüppell’s fox , pale fox 가 있다 합니다.

천적은 재칼,줄무늬하이에나, 개가 사막여우를 먹이로 삼는것이 있다 하지만
이건 일화적인 이야기여서 의문점이 있다는군요. 사막여우는 빠르고 방향전환이
잽싸서 살루키조차도 잡기 어렵다는군요. 오오..영양을 잡는다는 살루키도..

그외 초원수리에게 당한기록이 있다하며 사육상태에서 혼란에 빠진 부모가
자신의 갓태어난 새끼를 죽인적이 있다 합니다.

나름 악명이 자자한 돌,즉 승냥이..의 신체측정표및 분포도 입니다.
체중은 태국의 3마리 수컷평균 16키로 인도 칸하국공에서의 1마리 수컷이
15.5키로를 기록했다는군요.

Social behaviour
Dholes usually live in packs of 5–10 individuals, but groups
of as many as 18 (Alas Purwo, Java, Indonesia; Hedges and
Tyson 1996), 24 (Kanha, India; L. Durbin unpubl.), and 25
(Mudumalai Sanctuary, India; Venkataraman et al. 1995)
have been recorded on a regular basis. These group sizes
included juvenile animals. Group size and composition
may vary under different environmental conditions, but
most of the current data are from India. Packs studied by
Johnsingh (1983), Venkataraman et al. (1995), and L.
Durbin (unpubl.), contained significantly more males than
females, perhaps a reflection of female-biased dispersal (Venkataraman 1998).

Pack members regularly play together, engaging in
mock-fights, rolling, and allo-grooming. Social rank is
established by pushing and holding, but rarely by aggressive
biting (M. Boeer pers. comm., L. Durbin unpubl.). Groups
have a strong hierarchical structure, with a dominant male
and female who are the main, or sole, breeders.
Pack members over-mark each other’s faeces and urine,
producing latrines throughout the group’s range. Latrines
may serve intra-group communicative functions (e.g.,
relaying information about hierarchical or sexual status)
as well as territorial ones. The ranges (or at least core areas)
of neighbouring packs are often quite separate (Johnsingh
1982; Venkataraman et al. 1995; L. Durbin unpubl.), though
interactions between groups can be either friendly or hostile.

In Bandipur, India, Johnsingh (1983) reports a home
range size of 40km2 and Venkataraman et al. (1995) found
ranges of 54 and 83km2 in Mudumalai. Durbin et al. (pers.
comm.) radio-tracked an adult male within a breeding
pack (12 adults; 12 pups) in Kanha, India, and during the
three month tracking period, when adults were tending
pups at den sites, the pack used a range of 55km2. In a more
recent study in Thailand, three adult male dholes were
captured, radio-collared, and tracked for one to ten months
in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, between March
2000 and June 2002. A total of 101 radio-locations were
recorded for two animals and used to calculate home range
sizes. The overall home range sizes of two of the males were
12.0km² and 49.5km² respectively, while the third male
could not be tracked after radio-collaring. The dholes did
not utilise the habitat within their ranges in a uniform
manner; instead, open forest/grassland was used
proportionately more than closed forest (L. Grassman in litt.).

Dholes have a broad and unusual vocal repertoire that
includes whines, mews, and squeaks (Fox 1984). Growls,
growl-barks, chattering calls, and screams are used as
alarms to alert other pack-mates to danger (Johnsingh
1982). This large range of alarm calls may have evolved to

alert pack-mates to danger from humans or other predators
(e.g. leopard, tiger). Such calls could also act as a threat to
intimidate adversaries. A repetitive whistle-like contact
call may allow dispersed pack members to identify one
another and to re-group (Durbin 1998). Maintaining group
cohesion in this way is likely to be highly adaptive in areas
with other large predators. Whistle calls travel well at
ground level due to their frequency and structure and allow
easy location of the source (L. Durbin unpubl.).

무리 규모는 환경상태에 따라 매우 다앙하며  대개 5~10마리를 이루나

 태국,인도등지에서 18,24,25마리의 무리를 이룬것도 관찰된바 있다 합니다.
 무리규모마릿수에선 아성체의 숫자도 집어넣은것이라 하는군요.

반디푸르에선 영역너비가 40제곱키로미터,Mudumala에선 54~83제곱키로미터,
칸하에선 55제곱키로미터,태국의 두마리 수컷은 12,49.5제곱키로의 영역을 가졌다는군요.

그리고 승냥이는 독특한 울음소리를 가지고 있는데 이것은 큰포식자를 만나는상황등에서
무리를 재빨리 모을수 있다는군요.

Food

The main prey of dholes varies throughout their
range. Beetles, rodents, and birds have all been recorded
among dhole prey items (e.g., Adams 1949; Davidar 1975);
and dholes also occasionally consume grass and other

plants like most other carnivores (A.J.T. Johnsingh pers.
comm.). However, dholes hunt mainly vertebrate prey,
with a preference for medium to large ungulates. Studies of
prey selection by sympatric carnivores in Nagarahole, in
southern India, showed that dholes prefer medium-sized
prey between 31kg and 175kg in weight (Karanth and Sunquist 1995, 2000).

 The average weight of prey killed by dholes was 43kg in Nagarahole.

 In Bandipur, prey weighing less than 50kg were most preferred (Johnsingh 1992).

In Mudumalai Sanctuary, India, Venkataraman et al. (1995)
reported the occurrence of prey remains in scats for two
packs: chital remains comprised 70% and 41%, sambar
(Cervus unicolor) 22% and 23%, cattle 4% and 15%, and
lagomorphs 3% and 20%, for the two packs, respectively.
In parts of Russia, the main prey species were reported to
be reindeer (Rangifer rangifer), wild sheep (Ovis spp.), and
wild goats (Capra spp.) (Sosnovski 1967).

In Alas Purwo National Park in East Java, Indonesia, banteng (Bos javanicus)
were frequently eaten by dholes during a study
in the mid- to late-1990s (Hedges and Tyson 1996).

Elsewhere on Java, dholes seem to take Javan rusa (Cervus
timorensis) and red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac) in
preference to banteng (Hedges and Tyson 1996).

In Khao Yai, Thailand, prey occurrence in scats comprised: sambar,
63%; red muntjac, 18%; East Asian porcupine (Hystrix
brachyura), 5%; insects, 3%; birds, 3%; reptiles, 3% and
vegetation, 5% (S. Austin unpubl.).

In Kanha National Park, India, dholes have been seen
to return to scavenge on prey remains several days after the
prey was killed (L. Durbin pers. obs.). Dholes were also
occasionally observed to eat carrion (elephant (Elephas
maximus) and gaur (Bos gaurus) carcasses), in Mudumalai
Sanctuary (A. Venkataraman and R. Arumugam unpubl.)
and have been seen feeding on a red muntjac carcass
originally killed by a python in Thailand (Nettelbeck 1995).

It has, however, been suggested that such scavenging only
occurs during periods of prey scarcity, particularly during the dry season.

Dholes will occasionally eat vegetation and invertebrate
prey. Grass is ingested, but may serve an anti-helminthic
function rather than a nutritional one (L. Durbin unpubl.).
Prater (1971) also writes “In the South Indian hill ranges
dholes are said to feed greedily on the fallen fruits of bael and
black wood trees”. Cohen (1977) found vegetable matter in
only 25% of scats; Johnsingh (1983) found grass to be a
major component in only 7% of scats.

Competition
A number of instances have been recorded where dholes
were killed and eaten by tigers and leopards (Venkataraman
1995). However, Venkataraman (1995) reported that
injuries or deaths as a result of interactions between
dholes and leopards or tigers were rare. Interactions are
usually limited to intimidation and harassment,
presumably to reduce competition resulting from use of
common hunting grounds. In Nagarahole National Park,
southern India, Karanth and Sunquist (1992) found dhole
hairs in leopard scats, evidence that dholes are occasionally
eaten by leopards. However, the effect of intra-guild
competition on dhole densities is unknown.
In some areas humans scavenge dhole kill; for example,
Kurumba tribes of the Niligiris in southern India
(Venkataraman 1999), and among at least one Mon Khmer
speaking tribal group in Laos (Chamberlain 2003).

Natural sources of mortality

Most observed injuries to dholes are probably inflicted by prey animals, but dholes
have been wounded and killed by leopards and tigers (e.g.,
Connell 1944; Venkataraman 1998).

위의 표및 자료는 승냥이,표범,호랑이의 먹이사냥이 관찰된것과
그들의 소행으로 보이는것을 나열한 표와

승냥이 무리의 규모와 그때 승냥이들이 반탱을 사냥하고 성공여부가 나와있는
자료입니다. 웹에서 돌아다니던거 퍼온거라 출처는 잘..

본문의 먹이에 대한 설명은 나가홀에서 승냥이는
중간크기, 즉 31~175키로의 먹이를 선호하며 사냥당하는 먹이의 평균무게는
43키로라 합니다. 반디푸르에서도 50키로 미만의 먹이를 선호했고

Mudumalai 보호구에선 두무리의 조사결과 치탈이 70,41%,
삼바가 22,23%, 가축 4, 15%, 토끼류가 3,20%를 차지했으며

러시아에선 주요먹이는 순록,산양,야생염소등이 주요 먹이라는군요.

그리고 인도네시아 동쪽 자바의 승냥이들은 1990년대 중후반 이루어진 조사에서
반탱을 빈번히 사냥하고 있었다는군요. 위의 반탱 사냥한다는 자료는 1993~94년대인걸
보면 다른자료인듯..

그리고 태국에선 삼바 63%,muntjac사슴 18%,호저 5% 곤충5%,새3%,파충류3%,
그리고 채소류 5% 였다는군요.

그리고 죽은지 며칠된 시체도 먹는데 가우어나 코끼리의 시체를 먹는것이 가끔 발견되며
 Mudumalai 보호구에서 원래 비단뱀이 죽인 muntjac사슴을 먹는것도 관찰되었으나
이런행위는 오로지 먹이가 부족한 ,즉 특히 건기에 이루어진다 합니다.

그리고 위에 언급되었듯이 벌레와 채소류도먹으며 풀도 집어삼키는데 이건
회충약용도로 쓰이는듯 하다 합니다. 호오..

그리고 동남아시아의 승냥이들은 나무에 떨어진 과일들을 게걸스럽게 먹어치운다하며
이때 과일이 먹이에 차지하는 비율은 25%에 달한다 합니다. 풀은 7%정도 차지한다는군요.

경쟁자및 사망률은 승냥이는 호랑이와 표범에게 죽임을 당한기록이 있으며
호랑이 표범과 승냥이의 부상,죽음에 이르는 대립은 드물다 합니다.

대개 서로 위협을 가하는 신경전수준. 그외 나가홀에서 표범배설물에 승냥이털이 발견되었으며

라오스에서 사람이 승냥이의 먹이를 빼앗는경우도 있다는군요.

그외 발생하는 많은부상은 먹이를사냥할때 얻은 상처들의 감염이라 합니다.

인도여우의 신체측정표및 분포도 입니다.
체중은 수컷이 2.7~3.2키로수준이라 하는군요.

Food

Indian foxes are omnivorous, opportunistic feeders
and generally consume any food that they can handle.
Their diet consists mainly of insects (e.g., crickets, winged
termites, grasshoppers, ants, beetle grubs, spiders), small
rodents, including soft-furred field rats (Millardia meltada),
field mice (Mus booduga), and Indian gerbils (Tatera indica),
and birds and their eggs, including Indian mynah
(Acridotheres tristis), ashy-crowned finch lark (Eremopterix
grisea) and grey partridge (Francolinus ponticerianus). Other
prey species include ground lizards, rat snakes (Ptyas
mucuosus), hedgehogs (Paraechinus nudiventris), and hares
(Lepus nigricollis) (Johnsingh 1978; Rahmani 1989;
Manakadan and Rahmani 2000). Shepherds have also
seen Indian foxes eating the freshly voided pellets of sheep
(Johnsingh 1978). Amongst vegetable matter, the Indian
fox has been reported to feed on fruits of ber (Ziziphus
spp.), neem (Azadirachta indica), mango (Mangifera indica),
jambu (Syizigium cumini), banyan (Ficus bengalensis),
melons, fruits and the shoots and pods of Cicer arietum
(Mivart 1890; Prater 1971; Mitchell 1977; Roberts 1977;
Johnsingh 1978; Manakadan and Rahmani 2000). The
scats of pups are almost exclusively composed of rodent
hair (Johnsingh 1978; Manakadan and Rahmani 2000).

Social behaviour
The basic social unit of the Indian fox is the breeding pair,
formed through pair bonds that may last for several years.
Larger aggregations may exist when grown pups remain
in the natal group for longer than normal (Johnsingh
1978). Other observations suggest that the Indian fox may
be more social at times. Johnsingh (1978) reported
observing two lactating females suckling pups in a single
den during one year. Four adult-sized foxes were also
observed resting together on two occasions and once
emerging from a single den in Rollapadu (Manakadan and Rahmani 2000).

The common vocalisation of the Indian fox is a
chattering cry that seems to have a major role in
maintaining territoriality and may also be used as an
alarm call. Besides this, foxes also growl, whimper, whine
and make a sound which could be called a growl-bark
(Johnsingh 1978). Scent marking by scats and urine may
serve as a “book keeper” (Henry 1977) to indicate if an
area has been hunted recently.

Competition
Grey wolves (Canis lupus pallipes) have been observed to
appropriate fox holes and enlarge them to make their dens
in the Bhal and Kutch areas (Jhala 1991). Wolves and
jackals (C. aureus) were both recorded to appropriate fox
holes in Rollapadu (Manakadan and Rahmani 2000). On
one occasion wolf pups and fox pups shared the same den
site in Velavadar National Park (Y.V. Jhala unpubl.).

Natural sources of mortality

 Wolves and feral dogs do predate on the Indian fox, but such events are not a threat
to the population.

인도여우는 다양한 먹이를 먹는 잡식성포식자로서
주요먹이는 곤충, 쥐같은 조그만 설치류라 합니다.그외 땅도마뱀,
쥐잡이뱀,토끼도 사냥하며 과일도 먹는다 합니다.

사회성은 기본적으로 한쌍의 부부가 이루어살며 몇년간 지속된다 합니다.
그외 2마리이상의 성체가 같이 사는경우도 있구요.
의사소통의 수단으로는 울음소리외 똥이나 오줌도 쓰인다 합니다.

경쟁대상은 회색늑대이며 천적은 늑대와 개로 지목되었지만
개체수에 위협을 느끼게 한적은 없다 합니다.

딩고의 신체측정표및 분포도,각나라에서의 딩고의 현황입니다.

체중은 호주의 51마리 수컷평균 15킬로 태국의 21마리 수컷평균 12킬로
뉴기니의 9마리 수컷평균 12.2킬로라 합니다.

덩치가 생각했던것보다 많이 작네요.

승냥이보다 작은수준이고 거의 덩치가 아주큰 붉은여우수준..

그리고 호주외에 태국등의 동남아등지에서도 서식하는군요.

population trends

Dingoes were formerly widespread throughout the world (Corbett 1995) and although
populations of wild dogs remain abundant in Australia
and other countries, the proportion of pure dingoes is

declining through hybridisation with domestic dogs (Table
9.1.2). The data in the following table refers to estimated
populations of pure dingoes and/or hybrid populations as
based on general body form, pelage colour and breeding pattern.

The ecological and behavioural information in the
following sections is largely based on wild-living dingoes
in Australia and Thailand.

딩고는 전에는 널리 퍼져 살았으나 지금 호주외 다른나라에 번성해살고 있다 하더라도

순수한 딩고의 개체수는 집개와의 교배때문에 계속 줄어드는 실정이라는군요.

딩고가 많이 살고있는곳은 호주외에 태국이 있군요.

Food

 Most of the dietary information comes from studies
conducted in Australia, where dingoes eat a diverse range
of prey types and over 170 species have been identified
ranging from insects to buffalo (Corbett 1995). However,
in a particular region they usually specialise on the most
available (common) vertebrate prey. The main prey in
Australia are magpie geese (Anseranas semipalmata),
rodents (Rattus colletti) and agile wallabies (Macropus
agilis) in the northern tropical wetlands (Corbett 1989);
rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), rodents (Rattus villosisimus,
Mus musculus), lizards (Ctenophorus nuchalis) and red
kangaroos (Macropus rufus) in arid central Australia
(Corbett and Newsome 1987; Corbett 1995); euros
(Macropus robustus) and red kangaroos in arid northwestern
habitats (Thomson 1992); rabbits in the southwestern
deserts (Marsack and Campbell 1990); and
wallabies (Wallabia bicolor, Macropus rufogriseus),

Social behaviour
Throughout most of their range in Australia and Asia,
dingoes are usually seen alone but most individuals belong
to socially integrated groups whose members meet every
few days or coalesce during the breeding season to mate
and rear pups. At such times, scent marking and howling
is most pronounced and there are frequent skirmishes
with adjacent groups (Corbett 1995).
In remote areas of Australia, where dingoes and their
prey are least disturbed by humans, discrete and stable
packs of 3–12 dingoes occupy territories throughout the
year. The home ranges of individual pack members overlap
considerably but neighbouring pack territories do not
(Thomson 1992; Corbett 1995). Packs have distinct male
and female hierarchies where rank order is largely
determined and maintained by aggression, especially in

male ranks. The dominant pair may be the only successful
breeders but other pack members assist in rearing the pups
including coaching the pups in hunting (Corbett 1988b,1995).

Territory size varies with prey resources and terrain
but is not correlated with pack size. For individuals, home
range size also varies with age (Thomson 1992). The
largest recorded home ranges (90–300km²) occur in the
deserts of south-western Australia (Thomson and Marsack
1992). Home ranges recorded elsewhere are 45–113km² in
north-western Australia (Thomson and Marsack 1992),
25–67km² for arid central Australia (Corbett 1995; L. Best
pers. comm.), mean 39km² for tropical northern Australia
(Corbett 1995) and 10–27km² for forested mountains in
eastern Australia (Harden 1985; McIlroy et al. 1986).
Most dingoes remain in their natal area and mean distances
travelled per day average less than 20km. Some dingoes
disperse, especially young males, and the longest recorded
distance for a tagged dingo is about 250km (Thomson and Marsack 1992; Corbett 1995).

Dingoes frequently howl but rarely bark as domestic
dogs do. There are three basic howls (moans, bark-howls
and snuffs) with at least 10 variations (Corbett 1995).
Dingoes howl over large distances to locate other dingoes
for the purposes of attracting pack members and repelling
intruders. Dingoes howl with distinct pitches in a chorus
howl and as the number of animals howling in a group
increases, so do the variation in pitches (Ortolani 1990);
this suggests that dingoes can estimate the size of an
unseen pack. The frequency of howling varies and is
influenced by breeding, dispersal and social stability of
packs (Thomson 1992; Corbett 1995). The New Guinea
singing dog has a distinctive shriek-like howl that is
characterised by a very sharp rise in pitch at the start and
ends at a very high frequency (Ortolani 1990).

Dingoes also communicate with pack members and
rival packs by defecating and urinating on grass tussocks
and other conspicuous objects at shared sites such as
waters, trails and hunting grounds. Males scent-mark
more than females and both sexes perform more in the
breeding season (Corbett 1995). Dingoes also scent-rub
whereby an animal rolls on its neck, shoulders or back on
a ‘smell’ that is usually associated with food or the scent
markings of conspecifics (Thomson 1992; Corbett 1995)

먹이에 대한 연구는 대부분 호주의 것으로
딩고는 벌레에서 물소에 달하는 170종에 달하는 다양한 먹이군을 가지고 있다 합니다.
그리고 특정지역에선 채소류를 흔히먹는곳도 있다는군요.

호주 북쪽의 열대지방에선 기러기,설치류,왈라비이고
중앙의 건조지대에선 토끼,설치류,도마뱀,붉은 캥거루이며
북서쪽사막에선 왈라루캥거루,붉은캥거루,
남서쪽 사막에선 토끼,왈라비를 먹는다 합니다.

무리규모는 3~12마리정도이며 의사소통은 하울링과 냄새자국을 통해 한다 합니다.

영역너비는 남서쪽사막 호주에선 90~300제곱키로 사이수준이며
북서쪽 호주에선 45~113제곱키로, 중앙호주에선 25~67제곱키로,
열대의 북쪽 호주지방에선 평균 39제곱키로였으며
숲지대가 있는 동쪽호주에선 10~27제곱키로였다 합니다.

대부분의 딩고는 자신이 태어난곳에서 평균 20킬로미터미만정도 이동을해 독립해
산다하는것 같으며 어떤수컷은 250킬로미터를 이동한녀석도 있다는군요.

딩고는 거의 짖지않고 대부분 하울링으로 의사소통을하며
이런것으로 서로 떨어져서 무리간의 규모,응집도등을 파악할수있다 합니다.

Competition
The demise of two endemic marsupial carnivores, the
thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) and the Tasmanian
devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), on the Australian mainland
soon after the dingo’s arrival about 4,000 years ago is
attributed to competition. It is assumed that the dingoes’
superior social organisation enabled them to better exploit
scarce resources during droughts or after extensive wildfire (Corbett 1995).

Dingoes may now present red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
and feral cats, both exotic species to Australia, with a
similar kind of competition. There is some evidence that
dingoes limit fox and feral cat access to resources and
there is evidence of an inverse density relationship between
dingoes and foxes (Fleming et al. 2001). One implication
of these findings is that reducing dingo density (via human
control) might result in an increase in other predators with
overlapping diets (‘mesopredator release’). It is therefore
possible that removing dingoes from a system where foxes
and cats also occur will result in an increase in their
numbers with consequent increased predation on small native mammals.


Natural sources of mortality

Starvation and/or dehydration during drought or after extensive wildfire;
infanticide; drowning by kangaroos (Corbett 1995);
possums (Trichosurus vulpecula, Pseudocheirus peregrinus)
and wombats (Vombatus ursinus) in the east and southeastern
highlands (Newsome et al. 1983; Robertshaw and
Harden 1985; Corbett 1995). In recent years, rabbit
populations throughout Australia have greatly declined
due to rabbit calicivirus disease, and dingo diet in former
rabbit-infested regions is likely to change (Fleming et al.2001).

In Asia, dingoes live commensally with humans in most
regions and their main food items are rice, fruit and other
table scraps provided by people or scavenged (Corbett
1995). In rural areas of Thailand and Sulawesi, dingoes
have been observed hunting insects, rats and lizards along
roadsides, rice paddies and in forests (Corbett 1985, 1988a).
In the Papua New Guinea highlands, Newsome (1971)
reported rodents in canid scats. Bino (1996) noted that wild
dogs commonly eat cuscus (Phalanger spp.) and scavenge
harpy eagle kills and human-trapped animals.

snakebite; predation on pups by wedge-tailed eagles
(Fleming et al. 2001); buffalo and cattle goring and kicking (Fleming et al. 2001).

원래 유대류 경쟁자였던 태즈매니안 늑대와 태즈매니안 데빌이 사라지고
현재 경쟁자는 외래종인 붉은여우와 집고양이라 합니다.

사망률은 기아나 탈수로 인한 사망이 많으며
새끼 딩고가 캥거루에 의해 익사된 사건도 있는듯 합니다.음..?

그리고 주요 먹이였던 토끼가 사라지니 역시 포식자인 딩고의 개체수도 상당히 줄고
이로 인해 먹이사냥의 모양이 달라지려 한다합니다.

그외 사람과 같이사는
녀석들의 경우 주요먹이는 사람이 기르는 쌀이나 과일이라 합니다.
그러다 사람들 덫에 걸려죽는 경우도 있으며
하피이글에게 당하기도 하고 새끼가 초원수리에게 당하거나
물소나 가축에의해 받히거나 차여서 죽는경우도 있다 합니다.

[대 박]

감사합니다.^^

음..미쿡에서 곰들이 사람을 공격한 사건들을 나열한건 있습니다만
그것도 영어글자들을 사진없이 쭈욱~나열한것이여서..;;

음. 곰이 사람습격한 영상이랑 같이 묶어서 올리면 되겠군요.ㅎ

그리고 아시겠지만 딱히 반응받으려고 하는글은 아닙니다. 소수의 좋아하시는분들 보라는..글이죠.
뭐 저번엔 이런글이 허리둘레 20인치 여전사 글이랑 비슷하다는 말도 들어봤습니다..ㅠㅠ ㅋㅋㅋ

[노돈]

동물들 사이의 실제 대결에 대한 자료도 올려주세요
족제비과 vs 맹금류 같은거 ㅋ

[대 박]

족제비와 맹금류의 대결에 대한것은 딱히 없구요..ㅎㅎ

늑대와 다른동물들간의 대립관계를 나열한 글은 올릴 예정입니다.

그외 다른 호랑이와 사자..
러시아불곰이랑 호랑이..흑곰이나 호랑이,,호랑이사자나 황소..황소랑 회색곰..10여개..재규어랑 황소..
러시아불곰이랑 사자..북극곰이랑 사자 2개.. 승냥이와 호랑이..리카온에게 죽임당한 수사자.. 하이에나 2마리를 죽인 수표범..그리고 포식자들간의 죽고죽이는 상관관계도..등등 같은건

맹사모같은데 보시면 다 있을겁니다. 이미 다 보셨을거 같구요.

아..호랑이가 멧돼지한테 죽임을 당한사건들은 올리지 않았는데, 올려드릴까요.?
물론 사진한장 없는 텍스트..들이죠.

[vc231]

하나같이 다 곱상하게 생긴게 금방 멸종될 상이네요

[황희정승]

딩고는 개가 야생화된놈인가요.. 아니면 딩고같은게 길들여져 개가 된것일까요 -_-;;

[넌이미죽어있다]

야생들개 입니다. 얼마전에 다큐멘터리에서 본건데 인간이 기르던 최초의 개는 짖지 않고 울었으며 딩고가 중요한 연구자료가 된다고 하더군요
정확히 말하자면 사람에게 길들여진 개가 다시 야생화 된 들개라고 합니다

[대 박]

넌이미 죽어있다님의 말씀이 맞습니다.

딩고는 지금으로부터 5000~1000년전쯤에 아시아주민들이 호주로 옮겨가면서 데려온 개인데. 다시 야생화된것이죠.
즉 아시아에서 야생동물에서 길들여진 개로 되었다가
호주로 가면서 다시 인간과 멀어지며 야생화된것 같습니다.

즉 딩고는
개가 야생화된것도,딩고같은게 길들여져 지금의 개의 핏줄에 존재하고 있다는것도,둘다 맞다고 할수있습니다.

딩고,늑대,개 모두

학명이 canis lupus로 같은종들 입니다.
다만 그다음 아종명에서 갈라지지요.

[나옹이하이킥]

조만간 그럼 딩고라는 개과동물은 멸종을 하겠군요..ㅠㅠ 알토란 같은 자료 잘보고 갑니다.

[대 박]

예 말씀처럼 그럴수도 있다 보입니다.

남동부 호주 딩고의 경우 40년전에도 딩고숫자중 (잡종딩고 포함)순수한 딩고가 50%정도였으나 20년전의 조사로는 17%로 급감했다더군요.
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