The plaintiff is a person or entity that files a lawsuit. The lawsuit includes a complaint and a summons which must be filed in the appropriate court.
The defendant the person or entity that is being sued.
■ threat (협박)과 blackmail (공갈=협박 갈취)
battery
noun (CRIME)
공격
[ U ]
the crime of attacking and beating someone
assault
noun
폭행
C2 [ C or U ]
a violent attack:
He was charged with sexual assault.
UK The number of indecent assaults has increased alarmingly over the past year.
an assault on a police officer
They launched an assault on the capital yesterday.
[ C ]
a determined or serious attempt to do something difficult:
Women's groups have demanded a nationwide assault on sexism in the workplace.
She died heroically during an assault on the world's second-highest mountain.
assault and battery [ U ] LAW specialized
a threat to injure someone followed by a violent attack on them :
Six fans were charged with assault and battery in connection with last week's game.
More examples
The assault was premeditated and particularly brutal.
Cash Junior made a full-frontal assault on Hollywood's 'moral delinquency'.
Racially motivated assaults on Asians are increasing.
Assaults on hospital staff have increased over the last year.
Police are hunting a student attacker after an unprovoked assault in a night club.
contact noun (TOUCH)
C1 [ U ]
the fact of two people or things touching each other:
Don't let that glue come into contact with your skin.
Have you been in contact with (= touched or been very near) anyone with the disease?
He hates physical contact of any kind - he doesn't even like to shake your hand.
contact verb (TOUCH)
[ I or T ]
to touch something:
If the solution accidentally contacts the skin, rinse the affected area thoroughly with water.
사람에 대한 torts
Battery (구타?)
Assault (협박?)
False Imprisonment (감금?)
Intentional Infliction of Mental Distress (정신적 고통?)
사물에 대한 torts
Trespass to land and chattels
Conversion
■ threat (협박)과 blackmail (공갈=협박 갈취)
[Battery] 공격
Intentional harmful or offensive (=unpermitted) contact to plaintiff’s person
Garratt v. Dailey, 46 Wash. 2d 197, 279 P.2d 1091 (Wash. 1955) 는 의도적 tort를 이야기하는데 있어서 빠지지 않고 등장하는 단골손님입니다.우리 모두 언제 어디선가 한번쯤 만나보았을 법한 악랄한(?) 친척꼬맹이라던가, 식당이나 기타 공공장소에 가면 꼭 하나씩 존재하는 질풍노도의 악동이 등장하는 이 케이스는 Battery의 의미를 보여주기에 적합한 사건이지요.
1951년의 한 평화로운 여름날, 다섯살배기 꼬마 Brian Dailey는 Ruth Garratt여사의 집을 방문합니다. 개럿의 정원에서 함께 즐기던 평화는, 개럿부인이 의자에 막 앉으려는 찰나에 브라이언이 그 의자를 확 잡아 빼어 그녀를 정원에 꽈당 주저앉게 만듦으로써 깨지고 말았습니다. 안그래도 신경통이 있던 개럿부인은 이로 인해 엉덩이 골절상을 입었고, 이 고약한 꼬맹이를 고소하게 됩니다.
개럿의 변호인은 intentional torts에 기반한 battery를 주장했으나, 1심은 꼬마의 손을 들어주었습니다. 이 꼬마가 중후한 노부인을 상해하고자했던 의도를 도대체 찾을 수가 없다는 이유였습니다.
하지만 2심은 원심을 파기하고, 유죄를 선고했습니다. 설사 상해하려는 의도는 찾을 수 없다 할지라도, 그자신이 의자를 빼면 개럿이 엉덩방아를 찧을 거란 사실에 대해 충분히 인지하고 있었다는 사실이 "의도"를 대체할 수 있다는 논리였습니다.
실제 Battery 사건의 피의자가 피해자에게 손해나 까딱않더라도, 피의자의 행동으로 말미암아 피해자에게 일어날 결과가 충분히 인지될 경우 (with substantial certainty) 유죄로 간주된다는 것이지요.
[Assault] 폭행
다음주까지 돈을 안 갚으면 두들겨 패주겠다 협박 (Assault)에 해당할까?
"Assault" Intentional creation of a reasonable ①apprehension (=②understanding) of ③immediate harmful or offensive contact
살인적 이자로 돈을 빌릴 수 밖에 없었던 동건씨는 이를 갚지 못하게 되고, 결국 건달선생들의 방문을 받게 됩니다. 그중 한 건달이 동건씨에게 이렇게 말합니다 "다음주까지 돈을 안갚으면 흠씬 두들겨 패주마". 한때 나름 껌 좀 씹었던 동건씨는 이 말을 듣고도 딱히 겁을 먹지는 않았습니다. 자, 법률적 지식없이 그냥 보기에도 엄연한 이 협박상황은, 그러나 미국 torts law상의 assault는 아닙니다. 왜일까요?
동건씨가 협박에도 불구하고 겁을(①apprehension) 먹지 않았기 때문이라구요? 동건씨가 겁을 먹었단 사실을 증명할 필요는 없습니다. 단지 동건씨가 건달패의 말이 협박하려는 내용임을 "이해"(②understanding)하는 것만으로 assault는 성립되니까요. 그렇다해도 저런 단순 협박을 동건씨가 못 이해했을리는 없는데 왜 assault가 성립되지 않을까요?
왜냐하면 "즉각성 (③immediacy)"이 결여되었기 때문이네요.
건달패가 분명 동건씨에게 "다음 주까지…"라고 이야기했지요? 그 말은 즉, 동건씨에겐 죄송스러운 이야기지만, 두드려 맞더라도 다음주나 되어야 두드려 맞는다는 이야기지요.
동건씨가 받은 협박이 만약 "당장 돈갚는다고 여기 도장 안찍으면 바로 한방 맞는다"라는 식이었다면, 건달패는 assault를 범한 것입니다.
하지만 여기엔 신체적 상해의 협박에 대한 이해는 있었지만, 그 상해의 즉각성이 결여되어 있었기 때문에 동건씨는 건달패를 assault로 고소한다해도 그 죄를 입증하긴 힘들겠습니다.
Plaintiff vs. Defendant — What is the Difference?
When you need a lawyer’s services, it can be difficult to understand all the terms that get thrown around as you discuss your case.
Two words used frequently are plaintiff and defendant. Understanding the differences between the two and when to use them is extremely important when talking about your case.
Learn how to use these legal terms correctly in a personal injury case
It is important to understand the terms mentioned when you are discussing your case. Many times, lawyers can use overly-technical language or “legalese” to explain different aspects of your legal matter.
Two of these terms that are used frequently are plaintiff and defendant. We are going to take a look at the key differences as well as when to use the terms properly.
What’s the difference between a plaintiff and a defendant?
The plaintiff is a person or entity that files a lawsuit. The lawsuit includes a complaint and a summons which must be filed in the appropriate court. The defendant the person or entity that is being sued.
Plaintiff and defendant are terms usually used in civil cases and/or a civil lawsuit. These can be anything from personal injury claims to negligence, to breach of contract, and family law cases.
In criminal cases, the person charged is still referred to as the defendant. However, the term plaintiff is replaced by complainant in most cases.
The plaintiff’s name is generally listed first while the defendant is named second. So, one can identify the parties by looking at the case name.
Remembering the difference
A simple way to remember the difference between the two terms is that defendant has the word defend in it. So, defendants must defend or be defended against any wrongdoing.
When you thinking of criminal defendants, OJ Simpson and Casey Anthony may come to mind. Both cases gained tremendous media attention where both defendants were acquitted of the murder charges they faced at trial.
The term plaintiff, is related to the verb complain. When someone complains or is a plaintiff, they have an issue that they want resolved.
A well-known case where the judge ruled in the plaintiff’s favor was Brown vs. Board of Education. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools is unconstitutional. The plaintiff, Oliver Brown, filed a class-action lawsuit against the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas after his daughter was not allowed to attend all-white elementary schools.
The burden of proof
While making distinctions between the two terms plaintiff and defendant, it is important to know that in a civil case, the plaintiff generally has the burden of proof. This means that the plaintiff must prove the allegations.
The burden of proof in civil cases is usually preponderance of the evidence. This refers to the weight of the evidence, not the amount. The plaintiff must convince the judge or jury that there is a greater than 50% chance that the claim is true. In criminal cases, the charges must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
While the burden of proof lies with the plaintiff, the defendant must defend themselves against the accusations brought against them. If they can’t do that, they risk losing the case.
Other terms to know
When a case is appealed, the parties involved are seldom referred to as the plaintiff and defendant. The party appealing the ruling is called the appellant. The party responding to the appeal is called the appellee. It does not matter which side they were on in the original case.
If a plaintiff sues the defendant, the defendant can turn around and file a claim against the plaintiff. This is referred to as a “counterclaim”. When this happens, the defendant is called the “counter-claimant” or “counter-plaintiff”. The plaintiff can be referred to as the counter-defendant.
When you are entering a lawsuit, your attorney should explain any unfamiliar terms. Knowing the difference between plaintiff and defendant is a good way to start to build your legal vocabulary.
When you need legal advice, help with child support enforcement, or child custody contact a Family Law attorney from the legal professionals at the Jimenez Law Firm. Contact us here.